The owner of the dye pits (background) explains the indigo dying process to an American tourist
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Women selling a variety of foods seek the shady side of the street
The mountain slopes around Rio include some park areas
Sign reads: "Known as Place d'Armes from around A.D. 1768, it was renamed Columbus Square in 1893 in honour of the discover of the New World. The court house and the market were formerly located here. About 1838 Governor Sir Dudley Hill had it planted with ornamental trees (note the old saman tree). Measurements E-W 336 fee, N-S 292 feet."
Palm trees stand out against the twilight clouds
Palm trees fringe this quiet beach in the Rio outskirts
Standing more than 2300' above sea level, Corcovado ('hunchback') dominates the skyline of Rio. It is known globally for the statue of Christ atop it.
Cocoa grows in an unusual fashion. It flourishes in very warm, shady places. Pods appear on the trunks of shrubs [kept clipped to facilitate harvesting]. When they are orange and thus ripe, they are cut down
and further processing occurs. Professor Welch appears in the picture.
Mammoth brewing vessels, Heineken brewhouse
Industrial scale brewing can be seen here, as thousands of liters of Heniken's beer are prepared in these giant tanks.
Rembrandt lived in this ornate house from 1639 to 1656. Its size and location indicate the author's wealth. Inside, the visitor can find a recreation as the studio existed in Rembrandt
s day, while next door a detailed collection of his etching is on display.
These uncomfortable clogs, although cheap and durable centuries past, now serve as tourist items
Despite signs to the contrary, these pigeons are being well-fed!
Rijksmuseum (Royal Museum), Amsterdam, with canal
This massive 1885 building houses some of the world's masterpieces, including numerous canvases by Rembrandt, Vermeer or Frans Hals.
The hooks at the top of each home serve to move furniture or other large items to upper floors, using the extra large windows. The size of the windows also brings much-wanted light during the winter.
Founded in the late 1300s as a Béguinage, a community for unmarried or widowed women with limited means, this lovely Amsterdam square has become one of the city's main tourist attractions.
Although he's outside his home country, this British Socialist defends his viewpoint to a very small Dutch audience, late on a chilly spring afternoon.
Nigerian college students on way to class
Women attending this teacher-training wear both traditional long skirts or Western-style dresses. Men, by contrast, usually wear Western-style garb.
This contemporary politico displays his significance with an elaborate gown and cap
Cheap public transport can be found throughout Africa via trucks like this: hard wooden benches
Steam engine and freight train, northern Nigeria
Steam locomotives were still being used in Nigeria in the mid-1970s. They have since been replaced by more efficient diesels
Motorcyclists waiting at railroad crossing, northern Nigeria
The British built two major train lines through Nigeria, one starting at the port of Lagos, the other at Port Harcourt. This crossing is near Kaduna.
Straw left from harvesting teff, tukuls in distance
Teff is native to the Ethiopian highlands, and is used to make njera, the local equivalent to tortillas, chupatis and the like. A tukul is the term for home, usually of the humble sort shown here.
Because of unsettled conditions, tourists were advised in the early 1990s to hire on-site armed guards when they visited remote places
The power and wealth of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church can be inferred from the size of the cross
The unusual way in which this and Lalibela's other churches were constructed becomes clear in this image.
The tree growing above this church indicates erosion that, unless stopped, will destroy this and other Lalibela structures in a few centuries.
A worshipper stands outside the entrance to this church.
The unusual nature of Lalibela's churches can be readily discerned here. They were excavated through relatively soft rock, rather than built above ground.
This man is carrying Professor Ludwig's sandals on the climb up from a Lalibela church. Another person stands guard above with an AK-47, testimony to the still-unsettled conditions in late 1993.
Since they are open to the elements, the churches of Lalibela (which are UNESCO World Heritage sites) require periodic restoration.
Because the churches at Lalibela are 20 or more feet underground, this façade rarely receives full light.
This priest stands inside one of Lalibela's stone churches, built underground ~1200
This priest sits inside one of Lalibela's stone churches, built underground ~1200
Ethiopian Orthodox Church priest in full clerical garb
The splendor of the priest's robes and the elaborate decoration around him hint at the wealth and importance of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
Ceiling and archway religious frescoes, historic Ethiopian Orthodox church
Though faded with time and the ravages of civil war, these images indicate the deep significance of religion in Ethiopian life.
These images decorate the world-famous Debre Berhan Selassie Church in Gonder.
Destroyed passenger terminal, rural Ethiopia
The civil war in Ethiopia, which lasted from the mid-1970s until 1991, killed over 1 million people and destroyed a great deal of property. The passenger lounge and control tower at Lalibela show the impact of the conflict. Professor Ludwig stands in front.
Rural areas of Ethiopia were well-served by veteran aircraft, such as this DC-3. Production of this type started before World War 2, and scores remained in service well into the 1990s.
This pilot sits at the controls of an Ethiopian Airlines DC-3, used for a long period of time to serve rural areas.
These crowns and the church in the background suggest the close relationship between the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and political leaders. Ethiopian society was and remains quite hierarchical.
Axum lies in a poor, very dry part of Ethiopia. When this picture was taken, families could get water only when family members - invariably women - carried it from reservoirs.
This obelisk dates from the height of the kingdom of Axum (~100-950CE). It likely marked the grave of a major leader.
The kingdom of Axum, located in northern Ethiopia, flourished ~100-950CE. The column shown here likely was toppled by Muslim invaders or simply collapsed with time. The tallest column measured well over 100' in height.
Ethiopia boasts one of the oldest Christian denominations in the world. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church received official sponsorship in 330CE. It is the largest indigenous Christian church in Africa.
Ethiopian society is hierarchical. Until late 1974, when a military junta deposed Haile Selassie, Ethiopia was an empire with a wide variety of royal titles.
This reservoir provides the only source of cooking and cleaning water for several hundred Ethiopians. It is transported by women in heavy clay pots or jerry cans.
Early morning in highlands Ethiopia: cattle going to pasture and women carrying wood
This image suggests the difficulty of life in upland rural Ethiopia. Firewood is scarce. Cattle find little to graze on.
Njera is a staple of Ethiopian cuisine. Prepared from teff (a grass native to upland Ethiopia), it is a sourdough-risen flatbread, rather spongy in texture.
Since she lives in a poor rural area, this girl has little chance of attending more than 3 grades of school.
The elaborate, heavy necklace, earrings and other items of clothing show the relative wealth of this young woman.
This young woman shows off her beauty via a time-consuming hairdo.
In 1994, when this picture was taken, the adult literacy rate in Ethiopia was ~27%. The government and private advertisers used strong symbolism rather than words in posters as a result.
Professor Jeannette Ludwig waits with some Ethiopian women while an Ethiopia Airlines flight prepares for loading. Note the white cotton clothing.
Cooking in rural areas is done using firewood. The responsibility for gathering it falls upon women.
Almost all of Ethiopia is a high plateau, where (in populated areas) almost all trees have been cut down for firewood. These men and women are trading foodstuffs.
Lalibela contains 11 monolithic churches that were dug directly into existing rock, rather than erected on the ground. They date primarily from the end of the 12th century, and have been designed a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage site.
Bible written in ancient Ethiopian tongue
Ge'ez is the liturgical language used in Ethiopian Christian ceremonies. It is related to Amharic, which is widely spoken through central Ethiopia.
Africa Hall, headquarters of the African Union, features several very large stained glass windows. This depicts the ending of colonial rule
The soft stone from which the 12th-century churches were hewn has eroded with time, making descent to them difficult. Professor Ludwig has an assistant here.
The Odeon of Herodes Atticus is a stone theatre structure located on the southwest slope of the Acropolis of Athens, Greece.
The Blue Grotto is a sea cave on the coast of the island of Capri, southern Italy. Sunlight, passing through an underwater cavity and shining through the seawater, creates a blue reflection that illuminates the cavern.
North frieze at the Siphnian Treasury, showing the Gigantomachy, the battle fought between the Giants and the Olympian gods for supremacy of the cosmos.