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                    <text>Open wooden medical kit containing a metal inhaler device, leather mask, and rubber hose in a drawer.</text>
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                    <text>Antique metal inhaler with spherical chamber, leather mask, and rubber hose.</text>
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                  <text>Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection</text>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Ombrédanne inhaler</text>
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                <text>State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries</text>
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                <text>L1.2</text>
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                <text>Inhaler</text>
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                <text>Ombrédanne, Louis (Louis Marie Arsène), 1871-1956</text>
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                <text>Alex Peck (Firm)</text>
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                <text>1908</text>
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                <text>Image 101-1704</text>
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                <text>Used to administer ether  (anesthesia) during surgery; metal body with stand, hard rubber mask, and rubber tubing in a wooden box with a bottom drawer.</text>
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                <text>First image: An open wooden box with metal latches reveals antique medical equipment inside. The upper compartment contains a metal spherical container, a small metal valve assembly, and a brown leather mask. A black rubber hose is coiled inside a pull-out drawer at the bottom. The box is made of light-colored wood with visible grain and silver-toned hardware. &#13;
&#13;
Second image: A metal medical inhalation device is displayed upright next to a detachable brown leather mask and a black rubber hose. The device has a spherical metal chamber mounted on a vertical stand with a round base. The leather mask is attached to a short metal connector, and the rubber hose is coiled loosely beside it. The background is plain and light-colored.</text>
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                <text>Inhalers</text>
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                <text> Anesthetics--Administration--Equipment and supplies</text>
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                <text> Anesthesiology--Apparatus and instruments</text>
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                <text>Nebulizers and Vaporizers</text>
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                <text> Anesthesiology--instrumentation</text>
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                <text>2009-11-04</text>
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                <text>McGuire Medical Instrument Collection</text>
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                <text>Robert L. Brown History of Medicine Collection</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>Disassembled antique medical pump with metal rods, valves, rubber tubing, and braided hose.</text>
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                    <text>Open purple-lined case containing antique medical pump, metal rods, valves, and rubber tubing.</text>
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&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Aspirator set</text>
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                <text>McGuire Medical Instruments Collection</text>
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                <text>Health Sciences Library</text>
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                <text>Late 19th cent.</text>
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                <text>Metal, Rubber, Glass and Wood</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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                <text>12.5x27.5x4.5 cm</text>
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                <text>Image 101-1687</text>
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                <text>Used to draw off gases and fluids from various parts of the body</text>
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                <text>Set includes exhausting syringe, stop cock, stopper, Trocars and cannulae contained in purple-lined black wooden case.</text>
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                <text>First image: A collection of antique medical instrument components is arranged on a light background. The set includes a cylindrical metal pump with a T-shaped handle, several metal valves and connectors, long slender metal rods with threaded ends, a braided flexible metal hose, and a brown rubber tube with a small glass bulb at one end. The pieces are separated and laid out to show their individual forms and attachments.&#13;
&#13;
Second image: An open rectangular case lined with purple fabric displays a set of antique medical instruments arranged in fitted compartments. The case contains a cylindrical metal pump, several long metal rods secured with black straps, metal valves and connectors, a brown rubber tube, and a braided flexible hose. The interior lid is also lined with purple fabric, and the exterior of the case is dark with brass-colored latches.</text>
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                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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                <text>Aspiration and aspirators—Equipment and supplies</text>
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                <text>Suction--instrumentation</text>
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            <name>Date Created</name>
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                <text>11/4/2009</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>Amber glass bottle with 1903 University of Buffalo chemical laboratory label.</text>
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                    <text>Amber May Brook Whiskey bottle with black and gold Hagen &amp; Travers label.</text>
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Whiskey bottle</text>
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                <text>McGuire Medical Instrument Collection</text>
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                <text>K1.2</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Hagan &amp; Travers (Firm : Buffalo, N.Y.)</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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                <text>Amber glass with wooden stopper</text>
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                <text>Image 101-1679</text>
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                <text>Used to hold whiskey alcohol for medicinal purposes</text>
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                <text>Amber glass bottle with a wooden stopper at the top opening. Label on both sides;  one side details the company name and logo;  the other side details from Herbert N. Hill, Ph.D. "Gentleman:- I have carefully examined the sample of MAY BROOK WHISKEY, A BLEND submitted for analysis and find the same to be free from fusel oil or other deterious substance. Respectfully, [signed Herbert N. Hill].</text>
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                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>Whiskey decanters</text>
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                <text> Bottles</text>
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                <text>Drug Packaging--instrumentation</text>
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                <text> Food Packaging--instrumentation</text>
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                <text>Receptacles</text>
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            <name>Date Created</name>
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                <text>11/4/2009</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>Framed National Prohibition Act prescription form for whiskey with handwritten entries.</text>
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                <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                    <text>National Prohibition Act prescription form with handwritten entries and decorative border.</text>
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                  <text>Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection</text>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Prescription for whiskey during Prohibition</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>McGuire Medical Instrument Collection</text>
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                <text>Health Sciences Library</text>
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                <text>State University of New York at Buffalo</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>K1.1</text>
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                <text>LIB-HSL001</text>
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            <description>An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific.</description>
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                <text>Whiskey prescription</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>1927</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>Prescription</text>
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                <text>Image</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289688">
                <text> Still image</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="114">
            <name>Medium</name>
            <description>The material or physical carrier of the resource.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="289676">
                <text>Wood and glass frame</text>
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          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>Frame: 28.5 x 23.5 cm</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Image 101-1684</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="289684">
                <text>Used to obtain whiskey for medicinal purposes during Prohibition</text>
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                <text>Paper, filled-out prescription for whiskey in a wooden and glass frame.</text>
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                <text>A framed document displays a “Prescription Blank National Prohibition Act” form with decorative floral borders and a patterned background. The top reads “Issued by U.S. Internal Revenue” above the title. Printed details include “Book No. D192251,” “Blank No. 18,” and a handwritten “Permit No. 91751.” The form contains handwritten entries, including a date in 192_, names, and signatures. Printed sections read “For Use of Druggist or Pharmacist Only,” “This Prescription Must Not Be Refilled,” “See Regulations for Penalties Imposed,” “Form No. 1403,” and “Revised Feb. 1922.” A label beneath the document within the frame reads, “A Prescription for Whiskey During Prohibition.”</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1980033">
                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Whiskey--Controlled release</text>
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                <text> Drugs--Prescribing</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="289681">
                <text>Alcohol Drinking--therapy</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text> Prescriptions</text>
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                <text>Prescription</text>
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          <element elementId="91">
            <name>Date Created</name>
            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
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                <text>11/4/2009</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1963828">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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  <item itemId="16920" public="1" featured="0">
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              <element elementId="41">
                <name>Description</name>
                <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                    <text>Antique metal tongs with a central pivot and curved hook ends on a white background.&#13;
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                <name>Description</name>
                <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                    <text>Rusty antique metal tool with a central pivot and three hooked arms spread open on a white background.&#13;
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                  <text>Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection</text>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <name>Identifier</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Dental pelican</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>McGuire Medical Instruments Collection</text>
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                <text>Health Sciences Library</text>
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                <text>State University of New York at Buffalo</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>Pelican</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>19th cent.</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>Dental Instruments</text>
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                <text>Image</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="289666">
                <text> Still image</text>
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            <name>Medium</name>
            <description>The material or physical carrier of the resource.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="289655">
                <text>Steel</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Used in the extraction of teeth</text>
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                <text>Long steel shaft with two attached arms that extend and rotate to multiple positions depending on the desires of the doctor.</text>
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                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Teeth--Extraction--Equipment and supplies</text>
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                <text>Tooth Extraction--instrumentation</text>
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                <text>Dental Surgery</text>
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                <text>Image 101-1452</text>
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                <text>Used by people that are hard-of-hearing to amplify surrounding noises</text>
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                <text>Brass ear trumpet with an ivory earpiece and a metal plate of the front stating "Hawksley London".</text>
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                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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                <text>Hearing aids</text>
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                <text>11/4/2009</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1963824">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Brass "Jones" improved compound monocular microscope</text>
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                <text>Jones improved compound monocular microscope</text>
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                <text> Compound monocular microscope</text>
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                <text>G. Adams (Firm : London, England)</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>Brian M. Powers (Firm)</text>
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                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>19th cent.</text>
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                <text>Microscope (Monocular)</text>
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                <text>Image</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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            <name>Medium</name>
            <description>The material or physical carrier of the resource.</description>
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                <text>Brass</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>36.5x14 cm</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Image 101-1308</text>
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                <text>Used to magnify and examine items such as cells too small to be seen otherwise</text>
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                <text>Brass, monocular, compound microscope with a detachable and moveable lens attached to the stage.</text>
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                <text>A brass microscope mounted on a rectangular wooden base is displayed against a light background. The device features a long cylindrical brass tube extending vertically, along with adjustable components including a circular gauge, a lens holder, and a small rotating wheel. The polished brass elements contrast with the dark wood base.</text>
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                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Compound microscopes</text>
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                <text> Microscopes</text>
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                <text> Monoculars</text>
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                <text>Microscopy—instrumentation</text>
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            <name>Date Created</name>
            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
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                <text>11/4/2009</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1963823">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                    <text>Polished brass antique microscope with mechanical stage and mirror.</text>
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                  <text>LIB-HSL001&#13;
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Powell &amp; Lealand "No. 1" Stand Microscope</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>McGuire Medical Instrument Collection</text>
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                <text>Health Sciences Library</text>
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                <text>State University of New York at Buffalo</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>88.11.1</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1700791">
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            <description>An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific.</description>
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                <text>No. 1 Stand Microscope</text>
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                <text> Stand microscope</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Powell &amp; Lealand (London, England)</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>1884</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>Microscope</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="289551">
                <text>Image</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="289552">
                <text> Still image</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="114">
            <name>Medium</name>
            <description>The material or physical carrier of the resource.</description>
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                <text>Brass and glass</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Image 101-1665 (Cropped from Image 101-1498)</text>
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                <text>Used for viewing small organisms not visible to the naked eye</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="289549">
                <text>Metal microscope, which is taller and heavier than most microscopes. Manufactured in 1884, it represents perhaps the height of microscope design and craftmanship in England.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1980039">
                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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          <element elementId="37">
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            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="289548">
                <text>Merrilees, William H.</text>
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            <name>Date Created</name>
            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
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                <text>R. &amp; J. Beck (Firm)</text>
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                    <text>Silver folding fork with a hinged set of stacked tines.</text>
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>08.07.10.1</text>
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                <text>Baby bottles</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>M. &amp; R. Gordon (Firm)</text>
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                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
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                <text>Late 19th cent.-early 20th cent.</text>
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                <text>Receptacles</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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            <name>Medium</name>
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                <text>Glass</text>
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                <text>Used to bottle feed babies</text>
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                <text>Glass, oval shaped bottle with an opening at the top  and an opening in the larger chamber.</text>
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                <text>A clear glass vessels with an elongated, bulb-shaped bodies shown against a light background. One end of each bottle narrows into a long, straight spout with a small flared tip. Near the top of the rounded section, there is a circular opening with a raised rim. The transparent surface shows minor imperfections and light reflections in the glass.</text>
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                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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                <text>Infant and invalid feeding utensils</text>
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            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>Small blue glass vessel with a rounded body and silver-toned metal lid and base on a white background.</text>
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                    <text>Blue glass bottle with a threaded neck and detached silver-toned metal cap, lying on its side on a white background.</text>
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&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Kaczmarek, Jessie</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="289380">
                <text>Metal and glass</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="289381">
                <text>14.5x4.5 cm</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Image 101-1390</text>
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                <text>Used to assist patients in the inhalation of medication to treat asthmatic symptoms</text>
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                <text>Metal instrument used to help asthmatic patients inhale medication. Metal plate on the front of the instrument says: Dr SIEGELS PATENT 1864 Npo 1012 SOLE MANUFACTURER KROHNE &amp; SESEMANN LONDON". Came inside a small case with an extra glass tube and a piece of rope.</text>
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                <text>The images show a tall black cylindrical device with a round base displayed alongside its open rectangular storage case lined in bright blue fabric. The device features a vertical cutout window revealing an internal chamber and a curved clear glass tube fitted into the top, secured with a dark stopper and a brass oval plaque on the front reads. One image shows the device standing next to the open case with a separate clear glass component placed in front, while the other views present closer details of the cylindrical body, side window, brass plaque, and the glass tube at the top.</text>
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                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Inhalers</text>
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                <text> Respiratory therapy--Equipment and supplies</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289385">
                <text>Nebulizers and Vaporizers</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289386">
                <text> Respiratory Therapy--instrumentation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289387">
                <text>Therapeutic</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="91">
            <name>Date Created</name>
            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="289394">
                <text>11/4/2009</text>
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          </element>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1963815">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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  <item itemId="16907" public="1" featured="0">
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                    <text>Open red-lined case containing cylindrical metal medical instrument with detachable rods.</text>
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                <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                    <text>Cylindrical metal medical instrument with brass fittings and three detachable rods.</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="286181">
                  <text>Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="286182">
                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <name>Identifier</name>
              <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                  <text>LIB-HSL001&#13;
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      <name>Still Image</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="289345">
                <text>Dr. Bloch's sphygmomanometer</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="289346">
                <text>McGuire Medical Instruments Collection</text>
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                <text>Health Sciences Library</text>
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                <text>State University of New York at Buffalo</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="289349">
                <text>07.10.12.4</text>
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                <text>LIB-HSL001</text>
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            <name>Alternative Title</name>
            <description>An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific.</description>
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                <text>Sphygometer</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="289351">
                <text>Bloch, Dr.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="289352">
                <text>M. &amp; R. Gordon (Firm)</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289363">
                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="289353">
                <text>1880</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="289354">
                <text>Measuring Instrument</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289366">
                <text>Image</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289367">
                <text> Still image</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="114">
            <name>Medium</name>
            <description>The material or physical carrier of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="289355">
                <text>Steel, silver, brass and cork</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="289356">
                <text>6.5 cm and 8.5 cm</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Image 101-1667</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289362">
                <text>Used to measure blood pressure</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289364">
                <text>Four tools made of silver, steel, brass and cork.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="1964522">
                <text>The first image shows an open rectangular case lined with red fabric displays a set of metal medical instruments arranged in fitted compartments. The set includes a cylindrical metal instrument with gold-toned fittings and engraved text on the barrel, along with several detachable metal rods and attachments of varying lengths. The interior lid is padded and lined in matching red fabric, and the dark exterior case has a textured finish with a small latch at the front. In the second image, the metal instruments are removed from the case and arranged on a light background.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="1980047">
                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="289358">
                <text>Sphygmomanometers</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="289359">
                <text> Blood pressure--Measurement--Equipment and supplies</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289360">
                <text>Sphygmomanometers</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="289361">
                <text>Diagnostic</text>
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          <element elementId="91">
            <name>Date Created</name>
            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="289368">
                <text>11/4/2009</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1963814">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
              </elementText>
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  </item>
  <item itemId="16906" public="1" featured="0">
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                    <text>Handheld optical device with brass lens housing and black handle.</text>
                  </elementText>
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              <element elementId="41">
                <name>Description</name>
                <description>An account of the resource</description>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="1964676">
                    <text>Brass handheld optical device engraved “DU DR. DONNÉ” with black handle.</text>
                  </elementText>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection</text>
                </elementText>
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                <elementText elementTextId="286182">
                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <name>Identifier</name>
              <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                  <text>LIB-HSL001&#13;
</text>
                </elementText>
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    </collection>
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      <name>Still Image</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="289318">
                <text>Dr. Donne's lactometer</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="289319">
                <text>McGuire Medical Instruments Collection</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289320">
                <text>Health Sciences Library</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289321">
                <text>State University of New York at Buffalo</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="289322">
                <text>07.10.12.1</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="1700800">
                <text>LIB-HSL001</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Alternative Title</name>
            <description>An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="289323">
                <text>Lactometer</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289324">
                <text> Lactoscope Du Dr. Donné</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="289325">
                <text>Donné, Alfred, 1801-1878</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289326">
                <text>Chez Soleil une de l'Odeon a Paris</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="289327">
                <text>M. &amp; R. Gordon (Firm)</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289339">
                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="289328">
                <text>19th cent.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="289329">
                <text>Obstetric/testing Instrument</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289342">
                <text>Image</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289343">
                <text> Still image</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="114">
            <name>Medium</name>
            <description>The material or physical carrier of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="289330">
                <text>Brass, ebony and glass</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="289331">
                <text>11x3.5x3.5 cm</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Image 101-1368</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289338">
                <text>Used to measure the quality of the mother's milk</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289340">
                <text>Instrument contained in a wooden case.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="1964678">
                <text>A handheld optical device with a brass circular lens housing and a black handle is shown against a light background. The front features a large round lens surrounded by a ridged brass ring. A small cone-shaped brass attachment protrudes from the side of the lens housing. The handle is smooth, tapered, and dark, likely made of wood or hard rubber, connected to the brass head by a short metal neck. The second image shows engravings on the brass, including "DU DR. DONNÉ."</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="1980048">
                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="289333">
                <text>Breast milk–-Equipment and supplies</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289334">
                <text> Breastfeeding--Equipment and supplies</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289335">
                <text>Milk, Human--instrumentation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289336">
                <text> Breast Feeding--instrumentation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="289337">
                <text>Testing and Measurement</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="91">
            <name>Date Created</name>
            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="289344">
                <text>11/4/2009</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                  <text>LIB-HSL001&#13;
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>M. Trilety's nose shaper Trados 25</text>
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                <text>McGuire Medical Instruments Collection</text>
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                <text>Health Sciences Library</text>
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                <text>Nose shaper Trados 25</text>
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                <text>Trilety, M.</text>
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                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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                <text>Pamphlet</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Scans "NoseCorrector_FrontBack.jpg"</text>
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                <text>Pamphlet that describes the nosepiece and what it does for the patients nose.  Front and Back Cover of Pamphlet: M. Trilety, "Pioneer Noseshaping Specialist",  Binghamton, NY.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Price &amp; Rowe's patent lice comb</text>
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                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
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                <text>19th cent.</text>
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                <text>Hygienic Comb</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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                <text>Image 101-1503</text>
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                <text>Used to comb the hair of an individual that has been infected with lice</text>
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                <text>Very rare 19th century lice comb in a cranberry-scoop form with a wooden handle.  The fine, metal teeth meticulously gather the lice from the hair into the chamber. The chamber then opens from the bottom so that the lice can be removed from the comb.</text>
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                <text>Combs</text>
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                <text> Pediculosis--Equipment and suppplies</text>
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                <text>Lice Infestations--instrumentation</text>
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                <text>11/4/2009</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection</text>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
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                <text>Electric chest and lung protector</text>
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                <text>Health Sciences Library</text>
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                <text>07.03.15.5</text>
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                <text>LIB-HSL001</text>
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                <text>Chest and lung protector</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Electric Appliance Co. (Burlington, Kan.)</text>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
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                <text>Michael Gordon (Firm)</text>
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                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>Early 20th cent.</text>
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                <text>Quackery</text>
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                <text>Image</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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                <text>Cloth and copper</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Image 101-1500</text>
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                <text>Used to prevent diseases of the chest and lung through a "Voltaic Galvanic Principle".</text>
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                <text>A pink cloth vest with 20 metal buttons on the front and another 20 buttons on the back side of the vest. Used to place over the back and chest area. One shoulder has a tie to adjust to the size of the patient. Reportedly, the protective electrical current was activated via the secretions of the body as one came into contact with the metal discs of the device.</text>
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                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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                <text>Quacks and quackery</text>
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                <text> Electric machinery--Therapeutic use</text>
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                <text> Alternative medicine--Equipment and supplies</text>
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                <text>Quackery</text>
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                <text> Complementary Therapies--instrumentation</text>
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                <text>Quackery</text>
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            <name>Date Created</name>
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                <text>11/4/2009</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1963807">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>LIB-HSL001</text>
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                <text>DeZeng, Henry</text>
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                <text>Cataract Optical Co. (Buffalo, N.Y.)</text>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
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                <text>Michael Gordon (Firm)</text>
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                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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            <name>Type</name>
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>03.12.30</text>
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                <text>Torso with removable parts</text>
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                <text>Alex Peck (Firm)</text>
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                <text>Image 101-1737</text>
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                <text>Used to teach human anatomy</text>
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                <text>Colorful, anatomical model of the human torso. The center of the torso is filled with removable parts such as the liver, stomach and large intestine.</text>
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                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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                <text>Human anatomy--Models</text>
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                <text> Brass</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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                <text>Brass, monocular, compound microscope in wooden case. The stage is 8.5 cm with the eyepiece extending 4-5 cm.</text>
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                <text>Compound microscopes</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Surgeon's needle kit</text>
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                <text>Feb. 1978</text>
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                <text>Surgical Needles</text>
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                <text>Snakeskin, paper and steel</text>
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                <text>Scans "SurgicalNeedles_Cover.jpg"</text>
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                <text>Snakeskin-covered book with each page displaying different steel needles used by surgeons.</text>
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                <text>Surgical instruments and apparatus</text>
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                <text>Rozek, Edward C.</text>
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                    <text>��40
ICHTHYOSIS
Ichthyosis is a general or partial malformation of
the skin characterized by dryness, roughnt:'Ss and
thickening of the epidermis which is cast off in furfuraceous to plate-like scales. lnllammatory phenomena are absent. The condition is congenital
though it may not be sufficiently pronounced to attract attention for a year or more after birth. There
are various grades of the deformity. The mildest is
described as xerosis or xeroderma. In this there is
mere harshness and branny scaliness of the skin
more marked on the extensor surfaces of the extremities and associated perhaps with some conic
epidermic elevations about the mouths of the hair
follicles on the outer aspects of the arms and thighs.
Next in intensity is ichthyosis simplex in which the
skin is rough, dry, slightly lustrous and crinkly, with
the upper layers of the epidermis cracked to form
pea to fmgcr nail sized, mica-like, polygonal scales
which adhere at their centers but loosen and often
warp outward at the edges. The plate-like scaliness
recalls the appearance of a fish skin, as the name
indicates, but the scales of ichthyosis never ovcrl::l.o. The lines and furrows of the skin are more
wldely separated and deeper than normal. In more
marked cases the scales are thicker and often discolored a dirty or greenish gray or brown, and regions seldom affected by the milder forms, such as
the face, scalp, and flexor surfaces of the joints,
may be more or less involved. But even with a
universal ichthyosis the skin of the face is usually only moderately changed, so that it appears somewhat shiny and tense, abnormally dry,

and in places crackled and rough. Occasionally
there is a more o r less pronounced ectropion. The
scalp is furfuraceous and the hair fine, dry and lusterless. Ichthyosis hystrix is a very rare form in
which occur circumscribed patches of dark colored,
verrucous, spiny or bark-like horny masses of
thickened epidermis. This type is never universal.
In any case of ichthyosis the skin deformity increases somewhat from childhood to adu lt life, and
then remains about stationary. Ichthyosis simplex
nc\"cr develops into ichthyosis h;ystrix. As a rule,
the condition causes no subjective symptoms other
than occasional slight itching, though sometimes the
elasticity of the skin is so impaired that painful fissures are formed in the flexures about the joints.
No cause for ichthyosis is known other than heredity. The malformation frequently occurs in various
members of a family. It may skip one or more
generations. There are many cases in which a
hereditary influence cannot be discovered. DIAGNOSIS: Ichthyosis is so nearly unique that if its
characteristic features are borne in mind the diagnosis connot be difficult. TREATMENT: Prolonged treatment may do much to impro\'C th e texture of the skin. Frequent warm baths with the free
usc of sapo moJlis arc to be recommended to remove
the crusts. After each bath the ski n may be rendered pliable by inunction with a bland ointment,
such as adeps lanac hydrosus, to which may be
added from two to eight per cent. of salicylic acid.
Salves which contain a high percentage of water are
the most serviceable.

���100

SYPHILIS TERTJARIA
Cicatrices palati mollis.
Not in· ..t.·&lt;ttH:I1tly in the terti:try ~tage of c;yphilis
a carcUIJb\"flh-.:fl or ditfuscd gu:nmatou'&gt; intihratlon
of the snit palate occur... It develop" ~lowly and in~ cliousl}·.
\\'hen the.• pharyngeal surface hi tirst in voln·d tlu:rt• are no signs other than some ~tifTncss
and tmnwhilily of till· n.·hnn palati. \\' ht:u tlu.~ oral
""'face j.,. afft·ctctl the.· nature of tiH.· procc-... j.., tu be
n·co~ni7f&lt;1 hy the red &lt;'dcmatou"' ancl nodular apJH:arance of the mucous memhrane. The inflltratt•d
tis·mc is pron(' to ukt•rat&lt;' and tlu: procss may tiH.·n
cause some nw&lt;lc.•rah· t•ain or disromfort Pnfora-

tion ofttn results

The

UYUia

is not uncommonly

complctt:ly dc .. trn) cd. or may dl ... app~ar a~ the
result of cJcatrit·l;al contr:u:t1un folio\\ tng a more
nul(kratc ulceration, or it ma)' become consolidated
with the soh palate by ad h esion~ along its free bor ..
dcr. The whole soh palate 1s usually greatly dcrormtd hy the n·..,ulting cicatri1ation. The raUiatin~o:
or h:lncl.Jike scar... produced arc almosl pathog
nomnnic. ancl thC"ir pn· ... t:nc:c may be an important
a~d in the cliagno ... Js o£ otlu.·r tertiary syphilitic mam
fl'station~.

��14

DERMATITIS VENE NATA
Rhus poisoning. Ivy poisoning.
Dermatitis vcncnata is a generic term which des
ignatt·s a gr~,.•at munht•r of dermic irritations l'&lt;llhl'cl
by contact with cldctcrious suhstanl'cs, among
which arc many common drugs such as arnica.
mercurial._, iodoform, turpentine.•, tar, etc., many
cht•mical n•ag&lt;..·nts. numerous dye-stuffs and matc.·rial:; h:uullcd in trade. liut the most prolific soun:c
nf the di:o.order in this country is the emanatiun of
certain plants especi:dly those of the rhus genu.,,
the rhus toxicmkndron or poison-ivy, the rhus
di\'t•r..;iloba or poison-oak, the rhus ,-ent·nata or
JH)ison-sumac, -dogwood or -elder. and mhn .species
of less common occurrence. lmJi,·iclu:ds cUTer in
"l1'H.''-'JHibility, many can handle the plants with im~
punity while others sufTt.•r from the slighh:'t touch.
The parts of the t'kin involved arc the exposed por·
tinns which come in conlat.:t with th~ h.•;ln.•.;, and
the regions to which the poison may be tran~fcrn:d
hy the hands. The symptoms develop u.;ually aftl•r
a icw hou r s. A feel"ng- of warmth and itd1ing lirst
:tttrac-ts the patient's attention to the :tfft"cted an•a
which then appears erythematous and slig-htly
swnllcn. Sometinu.:s wheals arc pn·..;t:nt. .-\11 thr
symJl:nms increase g-radually in se,·erity. Tlw itdt
in·~ a111l burning may become intense and the swell
ing n·ry pronounced. c.·spccially whcn.•,·c :- the tis.-uc"
arc lax, as upon the face and ~crotum
Soon

111}"riad srn:dl Yesicles appear. discrete but closely
c.·ro\\ ded on the rcddt:ncd sk111 and sume may show
hcyond the limits of the cr)"thc.·ma. Comparatively
ft•w run togc.·thcr to form largc.:r bleb-;. Their con·
lents are clt-ar or only slightly turbid. As they
rupture t he serou:-. oozing hccomes profuse .\fter
a few da_ys the acute s_ymptoms begin to subside.
Tht.• redncs~ ckcrca..,t:s, the lesions dry to crusts
which fall ofT and lt:a\"c no ~cars and the skin con·
dition is gradually restored to normal.. In sc,·cre
cases the dnmatitis may ~i n.• nsc to a persistent
and .sonwtimes rccurn·nt tt'zl·lna
DI AGNOSI S :
The points to be t·onstdcrc.&gt;cl in &lt;litlt:rc.·ntiating the
condition from t·esin•lur u.:tmu arc. the history of
exposure to contact with plants, the size of the
ve!oiiclcs and their slight tendency to rupture, the
ahs~:nce of papules. the nonstickiness of the exudate, and the rapid iiH·olution of the lesions.
TREATMENT : Tht :-.uh~:ancc which causes the
irritation is soluble in alcohol and is precipitated by
lead accwte. then·forr hathing the exposed regions
of the skin with a s:\turatcd :dcnholic solution of
lead acetate will destroy the poison and pre\'&lt;'11t the
dc.:\"clopmt•nt of a &lt;krmatais. Par;s already inflamed
should he co\·crcd with cloths k~pt w~t with a lotion
nmtaining three per cent each of zinc oxid and
calamin.

��25
ECZEMA V ARICOSUM
.\ variety of c:c:zcma i!" named u'ually from the
pnmary or con:-t·t:utivc l} pe oi lesion that p redominates, e.g.. erythl·matou.,., papular, n·sicular. pustu
Jar, 511uamoulli, c.:rustcc..l, or tlssurcd. cc.:zcma; or from
~ome prominent clinical !")'Olptom, e.g., cc7.ema
rubrum, ec-zema madidans. Occasinnally an t·czcmatous lesion takes its name from its most important cuolof$ical factor, t·.g., eczema intertrigo.
eczema vancosum. The lt:f.{:-. arc a l'ommon s1tc
for eczcm::t in patit·nts pa"'t middle life and although
varicose veins may be prf..'scnt for yt·ars hcforc the
dcn:lopmcnt of an eczma it is undoubtedly true that
the varices, when present, extrt a ~trong intlucnce
upon the character and cour-;t· of the malady, and
that the c11sturhance of circulatiun pn:dispos&lt;.·s to
and frccjutntly determines the outhrc..·ak of eczema
cruri... The dis&lt;.·ase appears almost invariably, and
i~ ah\':I.YS n:or~: prominent, on the lower half of the
leg. It may !'&gt;tart as any of the primary variehc~.
but ahhou~.rh the erythematous and papular forms
are common, the vesicular is uncommon and the
pu\'itular is quite rare. They all cvoh·c rapidly, as
a rule, into one of the secondary typt~. ec1.ema
squa1nocoum. ruhrum or madidans, but some of the
elena·ntary ft.,ions often persist at the border or in
the ra•ighhorhood of the ~ccondary patch. The
cour~e is nearly always protract&lt;.•d ancl in any long·
standing case the infiltration anrl induration of the
skm arc apt to hecorne \'Cry pronounced, ~omctimcs
sunici&lt;.·ntly to jtl'•tify the ~ppellation ecztma sclcro·
sum. Hxccptionally the thickening and thr ac;soci~
ated t"clcma arc so considerable as to !ltiUJ.ra-cst elephantiasl~. The natural furrows of the ~kin are ac~
centcatt·d. Occa..,ionally petechiae or larger pur~
puric spoh ar(' found scattered about the patch.
Papulrs and dry patches are a]&gt;t to be dusky red or

C\'C' n violac-eous and tltu!l; re5embl~ in color th~ lesion ... uf licht·n planus. .\her some time the skin
hecomrs more ur lt·ss darkly pi~mcntcd and the
browni ... h stain is u~ually permanent. The nutrition
nf the !'kin is frc.·qucntly so imp:1ired in old c:ases
that tl1t·rc result~ 3 complete disorganization in
places with lht' formation o f shallow, shelving, slugJ{ish ulcers. ukcra varicosa. The leg is the only
region in whirh eczema lca,•cs permanent traces
either as scars or pigmentation. DIAGNOSIS:
The locali7.atinn. the associated ,·aricc~, the protean
and oh&lt;.·n multiform character of the l'arlv lesions,
the brawny induration, pigmentation ancl ·tendency
to ulceration in the later stages. together with the
other charartcri·qics of the various form~ of eczema.
elsewhere tlc ..crihed, tend to make the (liagno~is
usually ,·ery easy. TREATMENT: The treatment
is suhstantia.ll}' that of the corresponding lf:sional
or secondary typt..~ in other regions, combined with
the treatment of the varicec;. (Sec E . erythema·
tosum, E. ruhrum. E. sc1uamosum .) The t.·sscntial
thing is rclid of the- hlood stagnation. That alnn_c
may effect the cure of a mild case, and without It
all other mcasun·s arc sometimes of no avail. The
best method is to put the leg at rest hori;r.ontally.
\Vhen that i~ unft.•asihle th e leg slwuld be wrapped
from the tocs to the knee or higher with a two~inch
wide. cotton clastic webbing bandage. To protect
the handagc from tht· salves, lotions or the ec:zema~
tous discharge it is bt·st to cover the leg smoothly
\\"ith layers of gau1.r, and a &lt;i.he('t of oih·d ~ilk if ntc·
essary, suJ•I'ortt·cJ by a stocking. and then apply
the bandage C'\'t.'nly over all. The l"lrl'S ... urt should
be moderate and uniform, and cau ... c no discomfort.
The dressing should he renewed once a da}· or
oftener.

��26

ECZEMA VESICULOSUM
Eczematous n:siclcs arc not infrequently ac;sociatcd with other lc::;ions of eczema. but u-.ually in
small numbers ami oitcn in a transitional stage
of dc\'elopmcnt, as vesica-papules or vesica-pustules.
An eruption composed entirely of vesicles, or in
which the vesicles predominate sufficiently to warrant the title eczema vesiculosum, is not uncommon, but is usually so acute in its onset and rapid 111
its evolution that the typical groups of this primary
lesion arc comparatively rarely seen. They occur
upon any part of the skin, but arc most frc&lt;JUCntly
encountered upon the face. particularly of infants
and young children, also behind the ears and upon
the Hcxor surfaces of the limbs, especially near the
joints. Upon a more or less intensely hyperemic
base develop rapidly immense numbers of pin·
point to pin~head sized, clear vesicle~. discrete but
closely packed together in groups or forming a con·
tinuous sheet of eruption. Their outbreak is preceded by tingling and burning and accompanied by
itching, which is usually intense. lf the vesicles arc
uot ruptured by rubbing and ~cratching they soon
burst spontaneously, except in those regions in
whic:h the epidermis is very thick. as upon the volar
surface of the hands. Crops of new vesicles may
follow the first. In early cases upon close inspection are to be made out minute superficial losses o f
tissue at the sites of the ruptured vesicles. From
these closely studded points oozes a clear mucilaginous fluid that dries to form a yellow glaze or
peculiar light gummy crusts. \Vhcn the crusts are
removed a raw, tumid. weeping suriace is exposed.
About the diffuse borders of a patch, less often
intermingled with the vesicles. a few papules o r
vesico-papules are often to be found. and the contents of some of the more persistent vesicles may
become turbid or purulent. Resolution rarely occurs sufficiently early to prevent palpable infiltra-

tion of the skin, though the roursc of vesicular
eczema is not long. This type of the di~easc, however, may be but the Jin;t stage of an exceedingly
protracted attack of the malady, in which case it
C\"Oives usually into eczema rubrum.
As a rule,
after several days or WCl•ks the subjective symptoms
ab:Hc, the discharge ceases, the color fades, scaling
takes place and the skin returns gradually to normal, although for some time the new epidermis may
retain a red and lender look. DIAGNOSIS : Dermatitis z:eueuatu. is usually easily differentiated by
the larger size of the vesicles, their slight tendency
to rupture, the presence of occasional bullae, the
non~sticky character of the exudate, the subjective
symptom of burning rather than itching, the history of exposure to contact with rhus plants or the
application of irritating substances and the rapid
involution upon rcmo\·al of the cause. \Vhen in.
impeti~o co11Jagiosa a large area becomes crusted
the history of the lesions from which the crusts developed or the presence of a few discrete lesions
will scn•e to differentiate the disease from the·
crusted stage of eczema vesiculosum. The vesicles
and pustules of impl'tigo arc pea to dime size and
tend to dry to crusts without rupturing. Itching is
slight or absent. Involution is rapid and there is
usually evidence of autoinoculation and contagil"ln.
TREATM E NT: The crusts should he gently removed and a lotion, containing 6 per cent each of
calamine and zinc oxid and 3 per cent of boric acid,
sopped on several times a day. ..\s soon as the
most acute stage is passed a paste composed of two
parts each of zinc oxit! and starch and four parts of
vaselin is to be applied. This should be renewed
once or twice a day and the old salve removed with
sweet oil. The use of soap aud water is scrupu·
lously to be avoided.

��28
EPITHELIOMA

E pithelioma superficial•.
The great majority uf ~dl q,ithclionta~ fl\.'l'Ur about
the face 31Hl, cxc.:t:pt up(ln thl· lu\\U lip. the- ... upcrti·
Clal, di~t.·01cl or flat 'aricty is the more common
The- c:puhdi&lt;Jill:t appear~ a~ one or sc,cral, du~ely
,._ggrl·gatt:cl, pmk or l1ght p:llo\\, wa"() loukmg pap
ut ..·s, or as a ..~imilar tlat mliltration ui the :-.kin, or
it m:J.y an!'lc from a pn:viou:,ly c:\i:-.llng warr. mule
or kt,:ratotlc patch, whidt is a hcaJ) u l scale~ upon a
moi·u or oily ba ... t.•, rcscml&gt;hug a !'ltnall lcs:on ot
~..·ocma M.·horrho1cum and lounc.l t'n•qm.•ntly on the
scuilc.· :-.1-.in. The usual history i~ t hat one of these
l1.:sions, afh·r a long tinh..', incn.·a .....·!'l :-.lowly in diamch:r, hl'l'OillC!'i cxcuriatt:d aiHI IH:J.{III., to crust, ami
the- uu~t. t:;u:h time it is rcmnn:d or {ails off, is
soHn r':plan:d hy ano;hcr
.\ut.·r so111c months the
pearly nudult.·, \\art or mnlc j.., p;utl}· ur wholly
gun\.' ami in its pla'c i~ a -.mall. ~upcrfit.·ial ulcer
\\hich «.'Xt:rt'll':"' a 4.:lc~tr, '1-.cul. f&gt;,:rou!'t fluid that may
dry to form a t.·rust, or, when it i-., not \'Cr)· ph:nllful,
ml·rdy a '.trnish · likl.' gla1c UIW11 thl• red granul:uing tloor The t:cl~l·~ of ~udt an ukcr arl· clt.'an('Ut ;11HI ha\·c an clc\·at&lt;·(l. hare! ro11·likt.·, pl·arly bord~.:r. uf tIll' ~;Hnc appearance as the waxy papules
mcntionl·d aho\'C..'. .\crm,, this hordcr there commonly ~,.-uur"'l' many Uilatcd capillant.·..,. Somctim.cs
whc:n an cpHhcliuma arbcs from a papillomatous
w:trt the fir!'it change is a gcnl·ral incrcast.• 111 the
si1.c o{ the papilloma, which th('n ti-.,surcs and in
some moiH locabtic:;, as upon the J:'l'ltltalia. may
t.•xcn·te a {nul discharge. The papitlomatolh character may be retained after a tya&gt;ical waxy horclcr has {ormecl about the base. Soon('r or later,
howc"c:r, the characterbtic ulceration dt.·n:luvs. This
type ts rare anc.l seen mor..: frequc.·ntly upon the

genital!~

1ncl th«.· hack of the hancl. On the- face the
-.itcs or dl'\.'lion uf the .. up('rlioal «,·pithl'iinma &lt;~re
the nose l''}'cnallv 1111 the side ncar tla• anner can·
thus oi tht.· cy«.', thl· t.·.y htb and the tempora l regions.
It occur~ fTt.'(lncntly al~o upon the ch...:ek~. {orehc:ul
ancl nn the cars. The upper lip b very rarely otifected. l'hc !»UJH:rticial et,ithclaum;l, before ukcrataun. causc:t no :oouhjecti\C ~ymptoms &lt;.~nd after uln·ration only "li~ht discomfort. DIAGNOSIS:
The only dilli~,·ulty is to distinguish a hcnign mole,
wart or st.·urfy J•alch from one t hat ha~ ju .. t a:,suntt.•&lt;l a tn;d.J.mant character. \Vhcn in an old person snrh a k:ooion n·mains persistently tls~ured,
ahrach.:d or ~,·nastt.·d. it i~ to be rtgardcc.l as an c: pi
t hdl&lt;lma. TREATMENT: T he a\cr•gc SUI&gt;crticial cpith4.:lioana 1s l':tsily cured. The- hcsl tnatment
i~ congdation ,,·ith _..;olul carbon Uioxid. A mass of
carhon dioxid snow ~llould be !'O molded ancl whit·
tied that une ::.uriacc will completely CU\'cr tla· epi·
thclinmatoth uodull.· or ulcer to be frOJ:l'll, unll·s-t
the ulcer is murc than -' em. in diamc:h:r. in which
case it !»hould he altackcd in sections. The l'Sscn
tial part to dc~troy is the waxy marg1n. An}' papil·
lumatous ma~'i(,'~ growing from the lloor or the
ulc...:r 'iiHnaltl he n:mn\'cd with a curetlc Ucforc the
congel:\tiun
Th(' surface o{ the !,1lUW is to he
dipped liKht ly 1nto ether and then applied to the
h.·s1on with linn pressure for from one to two min
utcs. The csd1ar which forms in forty-c.·igh t hour ...
i~ to he allowt:d to fall off spontaneously, which It
will do in ahuut ten days. lt:a\'ing a smooth ~car.
Jf part o{ the waxy ·looking epitheliomatous tissue
remains, as nut infrequently happens, the trcatme.tt
is to be rt.·vcatcc..l.

��EPITHELIOMA

Ulcus epitheliomatosum
Epit hchomat&lt;.His ukcrs, like epit heliomatous tu
mors, may be ..·lassilicd a~ supcrtlcial and deep.
The supcr!icial i~ 'ariously known a lso as Rodent
ulcer, Jacob's ulcer, Cancroid ulcer. lJlcus cx ..·dcn!'i,
and Xoli me tangere. \\ hen tirst formcU it is shal·
low and r oundish, with :;harp edges and an c lc,·atc&lt;l,
waxy, telangiectatic border.
The lloor may bt.•
crusted. m o ist, o r CO\'ercd with a ,·arnish-like glaze.
It is red or hrown i~h n·d and often slightly unC\'l'll
or m;:umn:llatt.·d. The ukc,:r may remain almost !-tlati on:\ry for yt·ars and then increase in size. or it
m:1y sp read slow ly and .,tcadily from the start. I n
its prog-ress it us uall y becomes irngular in outlinc,
Som&lt;:timt:s the waxy border d isappears in great part

and only a few n odules of it rcnuin. Quite rarely
cit·atrization ocntrs in the olde r portaon of the u l
t•cr. \\' it h increa..,ing act ivity, in some cases, the
raw b nsc may sprout fonh pink or red m asses oi
vascular tissue rcst·mb lin g exu berant granula t ions,
b ut much more linn T hese mnsses somt·times as
su mc papillom atous or caulillower"l ik e forms The
supc:rlicia1 ulc&lt;:r ultimate ly becomes convertc&lt;.l to the
dcql iorm, but not as a rule for seve ral or many
yc:ars, and u ntil such change ocrurs the epithelioma
cxhihts very little tendency to invoh·c lymph glands
or to propagate by m et:t s ta s is. Thl' &lt;.h.• cp ulcer is
like the other except that its delicately ,.a..,~ulari1cd
waxy horclcr is oh~.-·n much more prominent and the
c..·cl!.:"es of th e u lct:r ar{' u..;ually s t eeper ancl some·
tim~·s undcrminecl. The tloor is mor e irrt_•gu li.tr because nf the tendency ot the growth to encroac-h far
beyond tht.· skin upon mu sc1c, fascia, cartila gt:' aml
bone. Th&lt;'n~ i" Olpt to he a more pronounctctl ~ec·
on\lary inllammation, with con~cquent greater Yascularity and t~ndcncy to hlec:d. \Vit h pain, redness,
infiltration nnd purulent discharge. though th e last
is never pr ofuse, as it is wi t h S)'l)hilitic ulceration,

29
f,1r exam ple. The cl&lt;.'structinn i~ u&lt;o.ually stead ily
progrt:~si\'C and n.·latin:ly rapid. Thl' only c,·idcncc
o£ any tendency to rcco'"cry is the ra re form a tion
of sc..·ar ti~sue in an old part of the ulcer. Xcighbor·
in g lymph gLan &lt;ls soone r or later become 111\'olvcd.
I.a~1ci nating pa111s arc ofte n experienced as the result of nerve lilamcm impliration. The prognosis is
alway ... grave and e:-.pccially after glandular invohcment. DIAGNOSIS:
\ ssf'llililic lllar u ~uaLy
starts earlier in life. sprc.:ads with grcau:r ra1&gt;idity
;tncl is assoclatt.•d with or follows other manifc..,ta
tions of the disca~c. It is o:te n mult;ple. frcc1u~n tl y
reniform or horsesh oe ~hapcd, with a more m.ukcd
tt:ndcnry to cicatrize. The discharge i~ general ly
in·c and di-;tinctly purulent. The syphilitic ulcer is
n ut painful
Its margin rarely bears any r{'Sc..'mhlann to the roll like. waxy, ,-a-.;cular edge of the
t:Jiithe.ioma
Luprts 'i.·u/;.:aris hcgms at a m11ch t'&lt;rrlic..·r age. lts ulcers arc s h allow. \Vi th soft and oftt•n
un d crmi~r ed edges.
The \('IH1~nc..·y to th e forma:1on
oi scar ti ... suc is p ronouncc&lt;l. and apple jellv nodules
arc fn•qucu tl y to he found TREATMENT: T he
trt:atnH'Ilt of the :-.uperlicial ulcer ha:-s alrea dy been
given under Epit helioma snpcrli.ciale. .\n cxtCH!o&lt;oivc
ulcer need not be tn•atcd all at one ope r ation. It is
hc..·ttcr to make..• sen•ral applic:uions of the carbon
dio xid upon difTt'rl'tll part s of the lesion. I f papillomatous n:asscs spri n g up unckr the cs1.·har it is
a n indil·ation that the destruct ion has not hct.•n t horough . The crust shou ld he rc..·mo,·cd. t he lll i1"'-Sl'S
cur\!ttcd away ami the part ag-ain frozen with a
longt•r application of the carbon dioxid . The deep
ulcer j.._ no t suitable for congelation. It should be
complctdy exci..,ul together w ith th e nci~hhoring
lymph glands. l r the epithelioma is inoperahle the
carbon dioxid may be usccl to c heck it~ progress
~omc cases ha,·e been g r eatly bcnef1tcd or even
cun;d with the X-rays.

��30

ERYSIPELAS
Erysipelas is an acute in fectious nnd contagious
dtrmatitis characterized by sh1nin,:r redness. swelling, pain and tenderness of the affected part or the
~kin, and caused by Streptococcus pyogcncs. The
organism gains entrance through some breach in
the skin, which, however, may be so smaH as sometimes to escape detection. The appearance of the
ra&lt;h is prrceded for about a dny by malaise, hendach~. anorrxia and even vomiting. chillinrs&lt;~~ or
chills, and fever. Then is noticed n •lightly swollen.
coin-sized patch. rtd and peculiarly smooth and
!ithining. "'dth a well-defined and more or Je~s ele\'ated border. The Je-;ion is hot and tender and
cau!oles throbbing pain, tingling, burning or mild
pruritus. The redness. which at first is rosy but
4100n become~ a brilliant crimson. faclt."s momentarily under pressure. but leaves a ytllow stain. The
patch may re1ain its original s1ze. but far more
commonly it ~preads peripherally. Tn typical cases
of moderate grade the inAammation reachc~ iu
maximum extent and ~cvcrity in about a week, cluring which time the conc;titution~ll c;ymptoms continue and the fever pcrsi ... ts with evening exacerbations to tO.l~-roo• F \\'ith r esolut:on all the
symptom!'! subside, the skin desquamates and gradually returns to normaL Occasionally vesicle~ or
hullae form upon the surface of the lesion. Their
contents may become turbid. purulent or even
blnody. and dry into cru~~s. Cnmparatively rarely,
with det'"p infiltration, gangrene of the 0\k!n may result. Erysipelas migrans is the name gi\"en to that
type of tht d;sease which exhihits more than the
ordinary trndency to spread. Tt~ progress m:ty he
slnw or rapicl. and by equal advancement of th('
margin c;;o that an entire re~inn hecome"' cO\"trecl,
or the original IC'sion may c;cnd nut irrrgu lar pro·
longations. \\' hile the di,..~ase ad\"anres in one part
it may heal in another; occasionally it reappears in

an old nrea. The course of the disease may be prolong&lt;.•d in this way for weeks or even months. The
face i!i the most common scat of erysipelas. It begins, as a rule, on or ncar the nose, starting frequently JUSt ms1tlc the nostril, from fis!:iures or infected ,·ibrbsa foll1cles, and spreads usually over
both hal'"es of the face. hs progress is sometimes
arrested at the hair line of the beard or scalp. If
the cars and eyelids are affected they become very
edematous and painful. The lips may be greatly
swollen and e\·crtcd. Serious and often fatal complications ari~e when the inflammatory process
spreads onto the mucous membrane, as of the eye, or
through the mouth to the larynx and lungs; or when
by deep invasion the meninges arc invoh•cd. A.,
a rule however lt is only in the aged. the debilitated
or 111 ,·cry young infants that a fatal termination need
be ar&gt;r&gt;rehended. Causes of death other thnn tho&gt;e
mentioned arc exhaustion from prolonged fe\"er or
toxemia, metastatic infections or septicemia. One
attack predisposes to another, but frequent recurrence in the ~amc region indicates usually that the
original portal of entry remains open. DIAGNOS I S:
Dt&gt;rmat;lis t·ol~lltii&lt;J and cn·thtmalous u:tma both
differ from erysipelas in that ·they are unaccompanied
by c&lt;m-.titutional s_ymptom!J, their lesions are less
brilliant in color and lack the peculiar smooth,
shining :mrfacc and sharply detined, elevated border.
They start frCflUcntly fro m sc,·eral points. The
lesions of dermatitis \"cnenata do not creep and the
patchu of eczema are often scaly and scratch
marked and usually itch intensely. TRE AT M E NT:
The general symptoms require symptomatic treatment. Locally c-ompresses wet with 95 per cent
alcohol or a 25 po1 cent aqueous solution of ichthyol
somctimes seem to help. An ichthyol ointment may
be preferred.

��31
ERYTHEMAINDURATUMSCROFULOSORUM.
This clis(•asc is characterized by an crupc ion o{ &lt;lct.:p
seated nodes whtch almo.st i1wariably ouupy the
calf reg1un on bot h leg .. and an.· nn11:h kss frctjttcntly round also upon the thighs and huttocks or
in other localities. \\'hL'Il lir:-.t dn;.con~rcd the h:sions
arc usually firm. pea s1zcd noduh.•s that can be made
out only by palpation, in the subcutaneous tissue.
There lll&gt;~Y be few or many. ·nll'Y dc,·clop very
._Juggishly, each to the size of a cherry or a large
nut. and gradually invade and cau.;,c some elevation
of the t rue skin which at the same time acqUires a
dusky rt•d disco lor;ltion that btt·r assmnc.s a purplish tinge. \\'ith their increase in ~izc the nodes he
come less dastic, sometimes almost doughy, and
of~cn fuse wn h t he surrounding tissue until the outlitH: of the infiltration is quit e indt•tinite 1n this \vay
neighboring lesions may p:trtly coalesce though
there gen erally r emains a palpable lobula t ion. Involution may begin at any stage and the nodes
gradually dio;appcar by absorptio n. There is often
a !'olight desquamation of t he skin, and its violaccmh color slowly gives way to a brownish pigmentation t hat per sists for a long time. Occasionally a
rl"'ultant atrophy of the skin leaves permanen t de·
prc~sions to mar k the sites of the original nodes.
.\11 the lesions do not always undergo absorption. It
is not uncommon for t he nodes to necrose either en
ma ... se or at one or two points. 1n the for mer in~l&lt;lnce the whole node sloughs away and lca\"es a
large, punched out, circular, sluggish ulcer. :\l ore
oh(:n the infiltratccl skin becomes softcn &lt;'d in one or
two spots and discharges a :;ero·pu rulen t fluid which
carries away more or less necrotic material un til a
sinus-like tract i-; formed extending into the substance of the node. There is never di~tinct abscess

formation . The ulcers leave smooth clt•prcsscd scars
when they h eaL &gt;Jew nodule~ may make their appcar am;c \Vhilc others arc under going i1nolutlo11.
T he lc~io n s arc not painful, though there may tJc
more or less tenderness on pressure. The disease IS
met with by far most frcllucn t ly among anemic ~a iHI
flabby girls and you ng women, c~pccia ll y t ho..,~· who
arc much of the time upon the ir feet. lt 1s oftt:n a::; .
~ociatcd w:th tuhcrcu luus adenitis or other tuhcrc.:ulous afTcctiQn. al.huugh occasionally the lesio n., occur in an otherw1se apparently healthy ind.ndual
!\c\"erthcless the disca.;,c is pr ohably a cnt::tlll'''us
manifestation or tuberculosis. DIAGNOSIS: 1:1)'tluwa 1wdu.sum is a n acute disease, a Yaricty of t:ry·
th~·m:l nn:ltiiormc.
It is frcqUl"IHiy associalc&lt;l with
rheuma t ic ... ym p toms.
Its nodes an• not sharp1y
l·ircumscribcd, t hey occur upon t he front of the ll'J.:S
and arc at fir~t supcrticial and bright red or pink
and the later color changl'S a r c those of a bru ..;\!"
with hlood eqra,·asation. The lt::;ions nrc nearly always painful and ver y tender and ncYer undergo
necrOSIS. Syphilitic gum11.ata bear a much c!oscr
resemblance, but are ran:ly numerous and rardy
on hoth legs. The infiltration is often de~.·pcr and
more wide spread . the ulcer!; may hl' much la.rgcr
and arc a lways more pu r ulent. ~lore&lt;)\·cr there is
genera ll y corr oborath·c l'Yidencc of syphilis. aud the
!-.yphilitic le.;,ions yit·ld rap1d ly to antisyphi lit:c remedies. TRE ATM E N T : The disl':tse is persisten t.
'T he general roborant measures employed in tuberculosis arc indir:ucd
The ulcers should be kept
clean and the leg" snugly bandaged Rec;:,t in bed
wi th ete,·ation of the leg:-. is an essential part of th e
tr eatment in must cases.

��33

ERYT!iEMA MULTIFORME
Synonym: Erythema exsudativum multiforme.
Erythema mulufotmc 1.5 an acute inllammatory
disc~sc- o£ the ~kin c:haractcnzcd by a ra~h that may
ht• compo~ctl of m;.u.:ulcs, papules, tuhcn:lcs, n~ .. iclcs
or hullae, or sonu.· combino:ltion of these. There is
lhtnlly a mar kld pn:dom:nanrc of one tyJH.' o£ lc..•sinn
and ncarly always a rough ly ~ym m ctrical di!-itri1Ht
tinn. In its simplt:st form the eruption ron!'iSt!'l oi
4

p;nk p:tpules of p:n hc:ul to pea si1.c.·, "hict. ap11Car tin.t
upon the hacks or the h:utd.5 and feet or on the hanrl~
alone. :and &lt;:nlargc gradually. as!'&gt;uming a , ·iolan.·ou..;,
or purplish hue. In the hcginning the color is clue
t:nun:ly to a local hyperemia and di.,.appcars uncler
JIH·ssurr. hut later a brownish pigment is ch·pn!'itcd
111 tht• skin
Frc.·sh pink lc . . ion:-&gt; may ari~c among
tho . . t: a ln•ady prcsl'tlt, or on othl'r parts of tht· hndy
as upon the hack of th e..• forcarm!'i, :. . h ins, thiJ{hs,
hrf.'ast. face-, etc. T he..· evolution of til&lt;" t·lilorc..·sctncc-;.
oftt·n dol'• not progrc"~ ht;)'ond thi" ~tage ( Erythc..·m:t
papulosum). Oc-casionally however. with furthc..·r c..·n
lar~~c..-meut of the ori~inal papule-. or tuhcn.·lc..·s, tli ... c
likf." lt. !'ions arc formed, the..· midcllc portions of wh!C.:h
u'ually become depressed and cyanotic..· whilr- th~
:ulvanc..·ing margins arl• alway ... of a 1Jrightc..•r :.hack·
c·f pink or red. Sometime..·" aher a Ic ... ion has thus
as;unwcl a dcli.nite ring tdmpc a papnl\.' may arise at
the ccnt~r of the- th-pn·~st:d area ancl spnad in a
"'imilar manner; or from MtcCC"-'h·e cxuclations new
riclgc..·s ma_y form he_yoncl tht: older one..• su that tW•l
or three concentric ri11g~ nr(" to be seen, whiC'h. on
acC'c~unt of tile diffc..•retiCC." in their ag~s. nr&lt;" u~ually of
0\ &lt;hfTcrc:nt color ( Frylhtma iris) .
\\'hrn the exudation is considcrahlc the papuleco nr~ !&amp;inmt·timc..-.
th•mgh rarely. converted into bti ... u·rs. ami these hy
growth and coalc.&gt;o;ccnc:c.• may hecome l:HJt{t' hlehs CE.
bullosum) \'e~ich:s a r ising from ring shaped ksions

have :'llso :t C'ircular .:uran~cmcn t (Herpes circinatus
!'c..·u iri!, ). The largt• eli it' fihapcd and the..· n::o;lcul a.r
lc ... im:s arc tll":J.rly a),,;,ys con!Jnc:d in their distribu·
t~nn to thl• c:xh.-nsor ,urfan·~ of thl' cxtn·mitil"~. The
more gcnl"ral form of erythema multifornu.· is of a
mac..·ular or mixed maculopapular ty pe. The c.&gt;ry·
tla·ma &lt;IJllH'tlrs in patches o f va ri ous siz..!s a n cl shaJWS.
Th~· .. c..· frccpt~ntly coalcsre to form larger le-.ions wit h
~trikingly ~·nn\·olutccl and ...umctimcs slight!)· rai!&gt;'t:d
horckrs (E. marginatum).
Like the papulc:s tl1e
patrla·s tuually change color or clear at the n·ntc..·r
and largl• a1111UI:Ir ksiou~ rc:tuh (E. circinatum sc..· u
;lunubrt·). ~\!'sociatcd with a cutaneous eruption of
an)· type:, lc~ions "Otnt•timc..·s ornar upon tht• muc..·ous
lllt''llhranc, l'Spccially of the.• mouth, in th e form of
small t•ro~ion~ con·red with gray or yt ll ow til.m; ,
'l'ht· suhjl·c..·tive symptom~ of uythcma mult iformc
an• ran•ly trouhlt.•some. Tht•r c is some burning or
~lig-111 itd1ing.
The dur;1tinn of an attack j, fro m
twn tu (our week .., hut sut·n·~sivc outhreak' may
&lt;'cc..·nr lor month~ or n·:tr' Tl1f." dlscasc i~ occas on·
1llv assol·iah·d with S&lt;'rinus inter na l disorclc..·n; it is
a iuot uncommon complication of rheumatic h·v('r.
Thl· c..·ruptin11~ t·auscd by pota,sium iodid. cop.:uha
and ~omc of the coal tar drug ... ;1rc sometimes of the
t·rythc..·ma multifornH~ type. In many instanc..'l'S the
disl'asc..• 'l"l'lllS to be the resu lt oi a n int\.' 1Hinal autn
intoxkation
DIAGNOSIS: Thl• ksions of urti·
&lt;ari,J han· not the ch .~ractt·ri!-LIC symm\.'t r ical d11
trihution, they arc paler and more t'\·anesct·nt &gt;nil
rau~e a more intt'ncoe pruritus
TREATMENT!
Constipation ancl indigt',tinn arr t o be corrcl·&amp;,·d.
l.ocallr a milcl an t :pruritic lot inn.... uC'h "' a o 5·1 pe
cen t alcoholic solution of ~alicylic or carbolic and,
m:~.y hl• l"mpluycd.
4

��63

PELLAGRA
Pcll~gra

is an endemic, chronic, non-contagious,
systemit· disease characterized by recurrent sympt oms rcfcrahle to disturbances of the cen t ral nervous systent and the digestive tract. and by peculiarly
dist r ihuled skin lesions of an erythemato·squamous
and pigmentary character. After a period of more
or less marked asthenia, often accompanied hy at-

tacks of headache, dizziness. epigastric pains and
diarrhea, the cutaneous eruption appears usually late
in the spring or some time in the summer. The distributi on of the rash is nearly always sym metricaL
The backs of the hands are ilwariably affected; the
other regions that may be involved in combinat ion
with the ha nds arc the forearms. the dorsal surface
of t he feet, the face in women and children only, the
neck and very rarely the extensor surfaces of the
knee s and t&gt; lbows, and the scrotum On the hands
the rash stops abruptly at the border of the volar
surfaces. Often it does not extend upon t he fingers
beyond the first phalanges. The finger nails a r e
never affected. The lesions usually advance onto
the lower third of the forearms and may encroach
upon their anterior surfaces. The intensi ty of t he
skin eruption bears no relation to the in tensity of
the other symptoms, and involution of the skin
lesions may begin at any stage of th eir development.
The rash fi rst appears as coin~sized patches of cry·
thema which spread and coalesce. In a few days the
epidermis begins to desquamate. On the hands only
th e fissures between the flakes sometim-:-s extend to
the cori um and producC somewhat pain ·ul rhaga~les.
Ordinarily th e only subject ive symptoms are shght
burning and a feeling of tension , bu· these arc in~
creased by exposur e of the skin to th~ sun and air.
\\"ith a very intense dermatitis the hands may be
swollen and vesicles and bullae anU secondary erosions and crusts may form. The redness gradually
becomes darker and b rowner from the deposition of
pigment in the skin. On the for earms the marginal

zone of the dermatitis is occasionally several shades
lighter t han the backs of th~ _hands. At this stage
the skin usually 31J))ears thickened, the lines may
he deeper and the skin liclds much more prominent
t han normal. The horny layer is often hyperplastic
and the skin feels ha rsh and rough. These changes
become more and more marked in succeeding at~
tacks. In six to ten weeks, or with the ad\·cnt of
cool weather, all the symptoms abate and the cutaneous lesions may disappear entirely, but thev usually recur each succeeding spring wit h evcr-increaS·
ing severity. J\fter repeated attacks the ski n may
be left smooth and glossy or wrinkled and parch~
m ent-like as in idiopat hi c atrophy. There is often
considerable loss of cu taneous se nsibility. Thus
with seasonal remissions and exacerbations the dis·
case may last for yc.&gt;ars, the general symptoms grow~
ing gradually more severe until the patient becomes
greatly emaciated and despondent.
Hebetude,
chronic mania. melancholia or demen ti a may d e~
\'Clop, with spinal symp toms such as incoordination
of movement. tremors, great muscular weaknes'i or
paralysis. The average duration of life is five yt.'ars
though patients sometimes s urviv e for ten or fifteer~
years. The cause of the disease is not known. I t is
fostered by prh·ation and poor hygiene and in the
great majori ty of cases t he patients have consumed
la rge quantities of d ecompos&lt;'d or fcrmcrte&lt;l corn.
The disease rarely occurs in in£ancy. DIAGNOSIS:
l';Jot s_o t~ntc~ th e typ e of .t h~ enlJ~tion as its pectlllar d1stnbut10n and assocmt10n w1 t h men tal. nervous and intestinal symptom~. make the diaqnosis
comparatively easy. TREATMENT: In early mild
cases the outlook is favorable. There arc no specific rem edies. Good nourishing food in good sur·
roundings ~nd the .administration of tonics, particu·
larly arsen:c and tro n. ar e the e!lisent!als of treatment. Locally the affected skin should be covned
wit h a bland salvt. and protected from the light.

��P ELLAGRA

Pellagra is an endemic, chronic, non-contagious,
systemic disease characterized by recurrent symptoms referable to disturbances of the central nervous system and the digestive tract, and by peculiarly
distributed skin lesions of an erythemato-squamous
and pigmentary character. After a period of more
or less marked asthenia, often accompanied by attacks of headache, dizziness, epigastric pains and
diarrhea, the cutaneous eruption appears usually late
in the spring or some time in the summer. The distribution of the rash is nearly always symmetricaL
The backs of the hands are invariably affected; the
other regions that may be involved in combination
with the hands arc the forearms, the dorsal sur£ace
of the feet, the face in women and children only, the
neck and very rarely the extensor surfaces of the
knees and elbows, and the scrotum. On the hands
the rash stops abruptly at the border of the volar
surfaces. Often it does not extend upon the fingers
beyond the first phalanges. The finger nails arc
never affected. The lesions usually advance onto
the lower third of the forearms and may &lt;'ncroach
upon their anterior surfaces. The intensity of the
skin eruption bears no relation to the intensity of
the other symptoms. and involution of the skin
lesions may begin at any stage of their de,·elopment.
The rash first appears as coin-sized patches of erythema wl1ich spread and coalesce. In a few days the
epidermis begins to desquamate. On the hands only
the fissures between the flakes sometimes extend to
the corium and produce somewhat painful rhagades.
Ordinarily the only subjective symptoms arc slight
burning and a feeling of tension. but these are increased by exposure of the skin to the sun and air.
With a very intense dermatitis the hands may be
swollen and vesicles and bullae and secondary erosions and crusts may form. The redness gradually
hecomes darker and browner from the deposition of
piAmcnt in the skin. On the forearms the marginal

zone of the dermatitis is occasiona1ly several shad~s
lighter than the backs of the hands. At this stage
the skin usually appears thickened, the lines may
be deeper and the skin fields much more prominent
than normal The horny layer is often hyperplastic
and the skin feels harsh and rough. These changes
become more and more marked in succeeding attacks. In six to ten weeks, or with the advent of
cool weather, all the symptoms abate and the cUlaneous lesions may disappear entirely, but they usua11y recur each succeeding spring with ever-increasing severity. Aher repeated attacks the skin may
be left smooth and glossy or wrinkled and parchment~like as in idiopathic atrophy.
There is often
considerable loss of cutaneous sensibility. Thus
with seasonal remissions and exacerbations the disease may last for years, the general symptoms growing gradually more severe until the patient becomes
greatly emaciated and despondent.
Hebetude,
chronic mania, melancholia or dementia. may develop, with spinal symptoms such as incoordination
of moYcmcnt. tremors, great muscular weakness or
paralysis. The average &lt;Juration of life is five years,
though patients sometimes survive for ten or fifteen
years. The cause of the disease is not known. It is
fostered by privation and poor hygiene and in the
great majority of cases the patients have consumed
large quantities of decomposed or fermented corn.
The disease rarely occurs in infancy. D IAGNOSIS:
Not so much the type of the eruption as its peculiar distribution and association with mental. nerv·
ous and intestinal symptoms. make the diagnosis
comparatively easy. TREATM ENT: In early mild
cases the outlook is favorable. There arc no specific remedies. Good nourishing food in good surroundings and the administration of tonics, particularly arsenic and iron. are the essentials of treatment. Locally the affected skin should be covered
with a bland salve and protected from the light.

64

��66

PITYRIASIS ROS E A
Synonyms: Pityriasis m ac ulata et circin ata; Herpes

tonsurans maculosus.
Pityr iasis rosea is an acute mildly inflamm:ttory
disc::ase of the sk10 characterized by an eruption of
~mall, rose.rcd, slightly elevated maculcs, many of
which slowly increase to coin-sized round or oval
patches. After a lesion has attained a diameter of
about half an inch its central portion becomes dull
yrllow or salmon colored, while the slightly ele'"·:Hed border remains a brighter red. The epidermis
O\'cr the yellowish middle part is dry and shiny and
crinkles easily wh en the patch is subjected to slight
lateral compressio n. There is nearly ah.,.·nys a tlne
furfuraceous deS&lt;JUamation from the surface of the
lesion, more marked toward the periphery. Not in·
frcc 1uently a collar of small gray scales remains attaclu:U just at the junction of the yellowish center
and the pi11k border. Large maculcs often clear up
entirely m the middle. Contiguous lesions may coalr .. ce and form irregularly outlined patches in
which the fused borders sometimes, though rarely,
form reticulated pattern~. Most of the lesions cca .. e
to increase in diamrtrr in about a week, some much
sooner; they do not all reach the same stage of de\'clopmcnt. K ew lesions continue to appear, rapidly for a few days or more slowly for a couple
of weeks. The lesions arc exceedingly supcrfacial
and there is rarely any palpable infiltration of the
~kin , though clllorcsccncu located in warm. moist
regions, as in the axillae, beneath the hanging
breasts or about the genitals, may become somewhat thickened, but ne\"cr abraded or covered with
necrotic membranes. The usual distribution of the
rash is upon the trunk; that is, upon the chest, back
and shoulders, and especially on the side• of the
thorax and about the clavicles. Lesions arc not infrequently present upon the neck, arms and thighs,
but they rarely appear upon the face, scalp, hands

or below the knees. On the back and sides of the
chest the o\·al lesions are often roughly arranged in
series along the course of the ribs, with their long
axes inclined in the same threction. Occasionally,
but by no means in every case, there occurs a fairly
large primary effiorescencc, a so-called herald spot,
upon some par t of the body, usually on the trunk,
which is followed in four to twelve days by the general eruption. T he rash persists for three to six
weeks or longer, acquiring gradually a more brown.
ish tinge. The affection sometimes causes a mod·
crate amount of itching, but usually only when the
skin is moi~t with perspiration. There are no other
subjective symptoms. The disease occurs predomi~
nantly among young individua ls and is rare in the
aged. T he cause is unknown. DIAGNOSIS: T he
pink ri ng lesions w ith t he salmon-colored parchment-like centers a re almost pathognomonic. 1n
syphilis 111arrdosa, papuiO-SIJUtliiiOSI.I or circinata the
ellloresccnces are frequently present on the hands or
face and are of a more uniform size and a less bright
red color a nd a r e nearly a lways associated with
other manifestations of !&gt;)'phili~. Psoriasis has a
different distribution and its 5cales arc larger and
far more plentiful.
Ec:~ma
stborrhoicum is a
chronic disease; the lesions, when numerous on t he
body, arc pn•scnt also on the scalp and usually on
the face. The sternal and interscapular regions a r e
particularly affected. The scales a r e t hick and
greasy. 1 riclwp!J)•tosis corporis doe.s not spn·ad so
rapidJy nor O\"tr such wide areas and the fungu'i
can h&lt; found easily with the microscope. TRE ATMENT: Pityriasis ros~a r~CO\'Crs spontant·ously
and treatment does not srcrn to have any markf!'c.l
effect. A 4 to 8 per cent sulphur ointment is usually
prescribed. A 1 per cent carbolic acid lotion may be
used to a llay the itching.

��67
PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR

Synonyms: Chromophytosis ; Tinea versicolor;
Dermatomycosis microsporina seu furfuracea.
P ityriasis versicolor is a vegetable parasitic dis
ease characterized by a rash consi~ting of brown·
ish yellow or yellowish brown sharply circumscribed
small spots or irregular broad patches, that arc
almost imperceptibly furfuraceous and occur chiefly
4

on the upJ&gt;Cr portion of the trunk. The number of
maculcs varies from a few to several hundred. Only
the edges are sometimes very slightly elevated above
the level of the skin. The small spots arc a lmost
circular, but they spread slowly and coalesce to form
larger patches of irregular outline li ke a contour
map. Occasionally islands of normal skin are included in an affected area. New ~pots arise just beyond t he border of the larger patches. ~lany
months may elapse before the rash attains conspicuou s dimensions. It continues to increase almost imper ceptibly for years or decades :\nd disappears
spontaneously only in old age, when for some rcason the skin ceases to furnish suitable nourishment
for the fungus. T he scaling may be hard to detect
in a patient whose skin is naturally moist or when it
is wet with perspiration. but a slight scraping of a
lesion with the finger nai l wilt demonstrate that the
corneous layer is easil y separable from the rete. and
the abrasion at the same time removes the brownish
discoloration, showing that the fungus nou rishes in
the upper layers of the epidermis. T he disease is
exceedingly rarely seen upon the uncovered portions
of the body, ancl beneath the clothing it has its favorite regions. The breast and u pper abdomen,

back, neck :md shoulders arc t he parts most constantly affected. T he flexor surfaces of the arms
or the axillae, the scrotum, inner sides of the th ighs,
mons veneris or the popliteal spaces may be involved
in extensive cases. The distribution is usually, but
not necessarily, symmetrical. The disease is rare
befor e puberty and after middle life. It attacks inc.lividuals of either sex and appar ently w ithout regard to their habits of personal cleanliness, but it
seems to prefer the skin or tho~c who perspire free ly.
Th e disease is contagious, but the causative organism, M icrosporon furfur, like aJI the other parasitic
fungi. is incapable of growth upon e\'ery skin, and
repeated intimate contact will fai l to convey the
disease to a person who is not susceptible. As a
rule, there a re no subjective symptoms, though occasionally m ild itching may be complained of when
the patient is warm or pcrSJ&gt;iring. DIAGNOSIS:
No matt er how closely the disease may resemb le
chloasma, -z.·itili.go, syphilis pigmeutosa or a fading
roseola , it can be distinguished readily by the fur furaceous scaling or the ease with wh ich the pigmented epidermis can be abrased. The heaps of
conidia and masses of interl acing myceli um cannot
be O\'erlookcd in a microscopic examination of a few
scales in a drop of liquor potassae. TREATMENT :
The patient should bathe daily and scrub the affected parts with soap an d warm water and t hen
app ly a 25 per cent solution of sodium hyposulphite.
The spots disappear in a few days, but the treat·
ment is to be continued for some time, as the disease
is very prone to recur.

��85
SYPHILIS PRIMARIA. Sclerosis syphilitica
Synonyms: Chancre; Hard chancre.
Spirochat:t:t palhda finds its w:w into tht" system
by rnocubtion .\her a period of incubation that may
last for two to ten w~eks but is usually about three,
:a the point of entry the first evidence of syphilis
ari~cs and is the chancre. About one week after the
appearann.• of the primary lesion on the p(·nis the
inguinal glands become discretely and painlessly
t.•nlargcd and hard. As a rule the chancre starts as
a macule, scratch or erosion, beneath which a papule
soon forms and increases in size to that or a finger
nail. It is usually surrounded by a dark red arcola.
The !li.Urface may be dry and crusted with byers of
exfoliate(l epidermis or it may be superficially or
Jctply ukcrated. Most often 11 is merely ~br~ded .
polished atal raw looking or ~lightly moist and
partly covered by a gray film of ~dh&lt;rent pseudomembrane. The most marked, constant and typical
characteristic of the chancre is its induration. Surrounding or underlying the surface lesion is an extended or more often a sharply circumscrihed region
of superficial or dcop infiltr~tion This '"u~lly be·
comes palp~hle the fifth to the tenth day after the
appearance of the chancre and reaches its maximum
111 another week when the infiltrated ti~~tu.• may be
of a lmost cartilaginous hardness. The infiltration
may remain long after any ulceration has healed,
even lor several months. though gener~lly both the
ulceration and the induration disappear in four to
.,jx weeks ancl the glandular swelling subside~ soon
a£tcrwards. The chancre does not leave a !!lear unless it has been de&lt;ply ulcer~tcd. In mtn threefourths of ~II genital chancres are locat&lt;d on the

c&lt;rvix of the ptnis. on th&lt; glans n&lt;ar th&lt; frenum, or
on the margin of the preputial opening. The others
art at or ahout the meatus or upon the skin of the
peni"'. !icrotum or groin. The chancre i~ usually
single: twn or more.· may be acquired at the same
time, but it is unusual for o n e chancre to produce
others by auto.inocul~tion.
DIAGNOSIS: S&lt;condary or mixc..•d infection may effectually obliterate
all the characteristics of a syphilitic sore-, and a non.
specific herpetic uosion or a chancroid may at times
clo!H.'Iy rc..,cmblt.· a typical chancre. A leSIOn which
develops h.•ss than five days after exposure to con·
tagion is not a chancre even if ~yphilis was ac&lt;(Uired
at that time. A sore which appears more than ten
days after the la't coitus is probably a ch~ncre.
However in no case is it justifiable to start constitu.
tional syphilitic treatment until Spirochaeta pallida
can be identified in the ~ecretion exprc!"...,rd from the
sore, or un le~~ Hcondary ~yphilitic lf~ion~ art present to confirm the diagnosis. TREATME NT:
The chancre heals promptly when the general mercurial treatment if\ begun. UsuaJiy thr only local
treatment required for an uncomplicated chancre is
cleansing with S031l and water and dusting with
calomel. If the sore u lcerates iodoform may be
used or a wet dressing of one to three thousand
mercuric chlorid As regards the use of arsenic in
the treatment of syphilis. it wiii require many yea rs
to determine whether or not certain arsenic compounds which are now being exten!;ively substituted
for mercury, are a5 harmless in themsr1ves and as
certain in results as the old and well tried remedies.

��89

SYPHILIS SECUNDARIA.
Synonyms:

Syphilis circinata.

Syphilis circinaria ; Syphiloderma
annulare.
. \s. a rule syphilitic papules are len t icular and perSI"\l 111 that shape without tendency to assume any
other, but occasionally crescentic or annular lesions arc seen. most commonly in the neighborhood
of the naso-labial folds or about the mouth and on
the forehead. Jess fr equently upon the neck and
trunk. The ordinar y round and o,·al papules arc
nearly always to be found in one of thei r favor ite
locations at the same time. The diamete r of a circinate patch i-. from one-eighth to one inc h. T he
smaller rings gradually spread pe r ipherally and two
or more may &lt;'nalt·sn· to form gyrat e patterns. The
riclgt' is of Yariahlc- h eig-ht and \Vidth. sometimes
hroarl as thnu~h formrtl hy the a~cregation of many
small pnpnlc:s, mnrr nft(.•n it is 'Illite narrow The

whole lesion may ha,·c the appearance of a broad
papule whose central portion has failed to dcvclo~
""' rapidly as t he periphery, or the enclosed area ot
!lkin rnay be of normal color and u nei C\'atcd Rarrly
a new papule or r ing de,·elops within an older one.
The lesion is usually scaleless, or at most onlv
~lightly scaly.
This form of eruption is rather
e:xccptioual in the whit e race hut is not at all unrommon in the negro. Its period of evolution and
its duration arc those of t he ordinary papular rash
DIAGNOSIS: The a~sociation of other syphilitic
!'-ymptoms usuallv makes the diagnosis easy. Ri,g'\\'t1rm is a hri~htcr red. more rapidly progrc~o,si \'e
and mor r scalv. and often minute \'esiclcs are to he
seen at its outer &lt;'&lt;igc: moreo\'Cr the mycelium and
"pores of the trit·J10phyton arc u..;ually easily found
in a micros;copil· examination oi the s&lt;.'aks.

��96

SYPHILIS SECUNDARIA.
Syphilis p apulosa mucosa e oris. Synonym s: Mucous patch; P laques opalines.
~fucou~ patches a r e the most constant lesion of
secondary syphilis. They occur on the mu cous surfaces especially of the mouth, as superficial ulcerated
infiltrations covered with a grayish nccroric mcmJ,rane, and are t o be regarded as flattened abraded
papules. They may be found upon any par t of the
oral mucous membrane sometimes in large numbers.
though generally there are only two or three. They
are usually very slightly elevated, sharply bordered.
of various sizes. discrete or confluent, and more or
less irregular in outline, with an appearance like
that produced by penciling the mucous membrane
with sih•cr nitrate. The patches often have a pinkish
rod border. When they occur at the angles of the
mouth they are liable to he fissured. As the result
of treatment, or sometimes spontaneously, the grayish membrane may become loose and easily detached, leaving an abraded and raw looking surface.
~Jucous patches occur with the earliest skin rashes
and persist unless treated, and although they yield

readil y to constitutional remedies they are ve r y
prone to recur, especially in hard drinkers and inveterate smokers, even in the tertiary period. They
probably constitute the first stage in the development of some cases of leucoplakia. The lesi on~ arc
slightly pain£ul when brought in contact with solid
iood or wi t h hot and irritating beverages. DIAGNOSIS: Spirochaeta pall ida abounds in the mcmhrane and excretions of the mucous patch. As the
latter is commonly only one of a group o£ syphilitic
symptPms the diagnosis is rarely difficult. The
aphthous sores frequently seen in the mouth, associated with digestive disturbances. may be distinguished by their segregation, small size, acute sensitiveness, and evanescent character.
T REATM E NT : The mouth is to be ke1&gt;t clean. Smokin~
should be prohibited. In addition to the general
mercurial treatment it is well to cauterize the
patches occrasionally with silver nitrate or to recommend painting them two or three times dail y
with a ten per cent. solution. A mild antiseptic
and astringent rnouth wa..,h may be prescribed.

��97

SYPHILIS SECUNDARIA
Syphilis papulo-squamosa.
Tht palms are usually in\'oh·cd in all tht gtneral
!ttcondary rashes except the earlier ro:;eola. \\'hen
the macular rash docs mcJude the palnh the le!'ions tht:re tend to become papular and pcrsi~r
afttr the general rash has faded. The palms are not
•nfrequcntly alone the sites of relapsing secondary

erupuons, which may be identical wtth the earlier
papular syphilid but are more often unilateral and
p rone to coalesce with the formation of irregular
crescentic and serpiginous patches and tracts. indistinguishable from the tubero-squarnous and tuberoSl·rpiginous palm3r and plantar le:t•ons of the teruary
period.

The

appearance

of

the

~c1uamous palmar syphilid is almo:;t
h t i symmetrical, in\'Ohing both

early papulopathognomonic.

palms. On ac·
count of the thickness of the epidermis the papules
attain only slight elevation and remain rather ill
dcline&lt;l peripherally. They are the color of raw

ham. Each soon becomes covered with a dry
shnvelcd broken film of epidermis which i!t rul&gt;hcc.l
off tirst. at the center of the papule _and leaves a nm
of parually detached cptdcrmts wuh a loose, elevated, usually ragged edge directed inward. The
early palmar papular rash is somewhat obstinate,
slower to resolve spontaneou~ly and more resistant
to treatment than the general eruption. DIAGNQ.
SIS: There could be no difficulty in diagnosing t he
early palmar papulo-squamous syphilid, even if it
were not associated with other syphilitic manifcsta·
tions. The later diffuse form' may resemble ecze.
ma. Their differential diagnosis is considered under
the tubero-serpiginous palmar syphilid and the tU·
bero-squamous plantar syphilid. TREATMENT :
The early palmar syphilid:, disappear under general
mercurial treatment. Local measur es arc of no
special advantage.

��107
SYPHILIS TERTIARIA
Syphilis tubero-squamosa.
The tubercula. :,(j\l;llnou.....yphilid on the palms and
sole::. in tb othct lu.:ar..
~: ~ong n:::.cmh~ance to the
papulo-squamous ll":,ion. It .:.tarb a.. .1 shghtly
raised inhltratuJ coppery tuiJcrdc upon which the:
epidermis soon hccomcs dry, Jo;Ti.lY and cr;nkh:d, nnd
then detached at the midcllc leaving ncar the pcriph·
cry a collar of ..,al111g t:pidcnms who~t· lou ... c, c:lc·
vatt:d, irregular cti~L' is c.Jirntcd toward the ct·ntcr oi
the lesion: the stain of the tuhcn.:lc is visible beyond
the lint· of attachlolcnt of the sc:al.:s. But the tubcrntfo~t&lt;((Uamou., lesion i .. much more oitc11 unilateral
and the tubercles u-sually coalc~ce to fnrm dtsl·ui,l
patdtcs which spread slowly IJy peripheral t·xtcn;,ion. Commonly a spreading tuhcrdc or patt:h
dl·ars in one ;o;cl·tor :-tnd at thl' middle ~o as to leave
a sli~htly dcvatcd ilh.'omplctc ring. Two or more
nng ... oitcn untte to form a g)'rak figure. Thc~e
(un·cd ridges creep slowly O\"l'r the surface The
line of scaling is preceded ncarJ)· ah,:ays h)" a well·
dl'lincd s~am of reddish intiltrntion. The lcs10ns
~how a marked tendency to crtl'll upward o111o the
lateral sudaccs of the foot. Un the palm \\ hen• a
ndlo{l' croS"CS nne uf the natural cn·ascs in tht.&gt; skin
a painful fissure ls apt to form. \\. ith this cxn~ptton

suhjct.:lh c symptom;; arc rare. The lesion is very
sluggish, and may pc;st:-.t with little change for

mnnths or e\'en year,

DIAGNOSIS: Onl)· when

the icaturc~ of a tubercula-squamous lesion are not
well marktd can the condition be mistaken for ccze
ma. l~t=tma is more inl\ammatury, as appears (rom
its brighter color, its subjective symptoms o£ itch
ing or burning, and often from its history of oo~mg.
\\"hilc eczema of th~ sole is frcqu('ntly assoc1atc&lt;.l
wilh c.·c.:zcm:uou" pah:-hc:o~ on the top of the foot, un
the legs or in other region~. the plantar lesion it:tclf
rarely cxhihits a te-ndency to spread from the sole
UlltU lh.· .. jdes an1l flnnum of the foot
Eczema 15
rarely sharply circmnscribe&lt;.l and is never distinctly
cirduatc or serpiginous in contour; it is frequently
bilatt·ral m ih di:Urihntinn. TREATMENT: The
plantnr S} philid iJ nftc.·n exceedingly rehelliou~ and
n:quirc.·s vigorous con~tt~utional treatment with
mcrnuy and potassium iodid. ,.,.·hich may be com ·
bincd \\lth such actin! local measure~ as the re·
pl'atetl applications of mercurial plaster or blue
ointn'lcnt, prccecled hy or alternated with the usc oi
ten tu twenty-tin.~ per ~cnt salicylic acid plaster or
sal\"e,

��108
SYPHILIS TERTIARIA

Syphilis ulcerosa.
A syphilitac ulcer is the sequel of a pustulocrustaceous, gummatous or tubercular syphilid. 1t
is found therefore mo!St often upon the favorite sites
of those three lesions. namely the face. especially
about the nose, the forehead, legs and genitalia.
Often the origm of an ulcer cannot be ascertained
from its appearance. The round or irregular more
superficial ulcer met with comparatively early in the
disease and in poorly nouri~hed and anemic imh·
viduals is usually a pustulo-crustaccous lesion from
which the cru st has been cast oJI by increased suppurat ion. The deep ulcers are generally from gummatous deposits. The ulcers arising from the tubercub.r syphiloderm have the same tendency to segme ntal grouping and circinate configuration that the
tubercular lesions themselves exhibit. \Yhen this
feature is marl,cd the lesions arc ca11cd ulcero~cr piginous. Ulcers usually tra,·cl slowly over lhe
skin by healing at one side whi le they advance at
the other. The healin1t margin is often concave,
the advancing convex and elevated by a r idge of
coalescent tubercles, upon which narrow zone of
infiltration the u1cer constantly encroaches. The
area traver~ed is marked by soft scar tissue, or when
the ulceration is very superficial. mere ly by bro\vnish pigmentation. The base of the ulcer is covered
by a grayish yellow, purulent slough which may
dry to form a crust. Jt is unusual fo r such a lesion

entirely to heal spontaneously, although almost invar iably it responds rapidly to specilic constitut ional
t reatment. As a rule syphilitic ulcers are not at all
painful, and only slig htly t ender. DIAGNOSIS :
Traumatic u/crrs have a history of injury and arc
acute and high ly inflam matory, irregular in shape.
and heal rapid ly under simple dressings. A tubercu/dus 1dctr is usually superllcial. irregular, sluggish
with comparatively little. th in discharge under clea!l
dressings; it arises frequen t ly from caseous glands
or diseased bone. and presents sinuses, milky anemic
granulations, and soh .mdcrmined edges. Its scars
are not in frequently keloidal. Lupous ulcers start
earl ier in life, are superficial and incomparably slower in development, the edges are brighter red, softer
and ofu.•n undermined, and a1&gt;ple-jell y nodule3
are frequently to be found; the scars are more dif·
fuse, tough and deforming.
An t/lilllcUomatous
ulcer starts from a pimple. wart or keratotic patch,
is usually a single lesion o n the face, a nd its shar p
border is almost invar iably in som e part typically
hard, everted and waxy-look ing, with dilat ed capil
!aries cr ossing it. TREATMENT: In addition to
the adm inistration of m er cury an d potassium iodid
local t reatme nt may be employed. Ulce rs should
be kept clean and dusted with calomel, or co,·ered
with a ftvc to ten per cent. ammoniated mercu ry
ointment.

��109

SYPHILIS TERTIARIA

Syphilis ulcerosa nasi.
Syphilitic ulc~ration of the nose is a not uncom ·
mon late tertiary manifestation. It is tht· SC&lt;IUc:l of
either fliffu~c or circum.,.cribed gummatous inliltration, though the latter, that is the dbtinct gummalou-. tumor, is much more rare than the former. It
i~ unusual to He either Jc:-;ion hdore ulceration has
occurred, probably because being painless and starting freclttently un the inner wall of th .. nasal c:wity
the process does not attract attention until ulceration supervene-.. Gummata of the external nose
exhibit predilection for the alao and septum. Beginning in the !-tUbmucous or subcutaneous tissue
they spread and invohe cartilage and bone, and
unless promptly and energetically treated cause
marked permanent deformity. The de~truction pro·
duced by a circumscribed node is much less than
that inctdent to the breaking down of a diffuse intlltratlon. The latter extends rapidly and after
cau~ing perichondritis. and periostitis interferes with
the circulation to such an extent that necrosis en~
su~s comparatively early. The slough often appears
to extrnd wide of the original infiltration. \\'hen
the ulceration is deep and the hone ha!\ become involved the nasal discharge is frequently extremely
offensi\"c. Non-specific inflammation and ulceration
often accompany the ~C(IUCStration and may obliterate the characteristics of the typical syphilitic

ulcer. DIAGNOSIS: The h istory nr presence of
other ~pccilic lesion:-; or scars sometimes aids in the
diagnosi:-; \\'hen there is perforation of the septum
the disease is a lmost certainly syphilis. although
very exceptionally tuberculosis may produce the
•amc result. Luf'~·tu ;t/crrs begin at an earlier age.
progress very much more ~lowly :1nd never atta ck
the bone. The syphilitic ulcer is most frequently
confused with ~pit/ar/ioma, although as a rule the.:
distinction is not difficult. The cancerous ulcer
s:arts from a pimple, wart, mole or scudy patch
:md dc\'clops slowly at first. It has an uneven
tloor and a linn, everted, waxy, telangiectatic be rder.
The very rare case~ in which the margin of the
')'!Jhilitic ulcer counterfeits the rolled edge of the
epithelioma can he differentiated by microscopi.-:
examination, serodiagnostic reaction or therapeutic
tc.t. TREATMENT: When there is marked secondary infection mercury and potassium iodid may
not alone suffice to arrest the ulceration, hut oper ative procedures, removal of sequestra, curetting,
etc., should always be postponed until the snecific
remedies have had time to exert their maximum
effect. Cleansing with peroxide of hydrogen or
other mild antiseptic lotion, and dusting with calomel are local measures that s h ould be employed
from the ~tart.

��118

TUBERCULOSIS VERRUCOSA
The disease begins as one or mor e pea· to coinsized. distinct ly circu mscribed, round or oval, r eddish
papules. Several may coalesce to form a pat ch of an
irregular or even a serpiginous configurat ion. T he
surface of the lesion soon shows a tendency to be.
come knobby and furrowed, a nd the more prominent
parts of the growth bet ween the furrows assume at
first a smooth warty and lat er a papillomatous appearance. The papillomata may be fi ne, pointed
and horny, or broad, llat and sclerotic. J n the mor e
ad\'anccd lesions there is nearly a lways considerable
secondar y pyogcn1c infection, and slight lateral pressure will cause pus to wetl up between the papillre.
Somet imes the pus dries to form su perficial crusts.
T he in HJmmatory element is often rcpr e:;cnted alsc.
by a mor e or less bright red, erythematous halo
about the growth. The growth itself is usually a
duskier or br ownish red. Occasionall y the whole
lesion becomes acutely intlamed, swollen an d painful, but that is exceptional. As a rule the disease
causes no subjective sensations. A plaque increases
in size very slowly by the accretion of new lesions
a t its edge. In the grea t m ajority of ca ses the &lt;"Ondition persists indefini tely. There is no tendency to
ulceration. Sometimes r esolution occurs. Jt usually
begins at the center of the lesion. The scar \eft is
smooth an d scaly. The backs of t he hatub afC the
f;worite sites of the malady, though it may occur on
any part of the body. Jt is t hought to be Uuc to
a surface infect ion with the tubercle bacillus, which

would accou nt for its r elative frequency u pon t he
hands oi butchers, pathologists, and all those whose
occupa11ons bring them in contact with t u berculou~
material from cadavers or from living subjects. The
lesion in t his location is often described under t he
title verruca necrogen ica or a natomic tubercle.
DIAGNOSIS : S)•p/Jilts luberosa may look like the
early ~tagc of tuberculosis vcrrucosa cutis, bu t t he
!-lyphilitJC lesio ns are less chrome, more d eeply 111 filtrated, they :,pread by peri pheral extension and
show a much m ore marked te ndency to occ ur 111
segmenta l groups, to coalesce with t he format ion of
serpiginous patches, to travel over the skin, a nd to
ulcerate in some pa r t. Signs of an earl ier er uption
and the history may assist in the differ entiation.
Dermatitis blastom)'COtica may so closely resemble
the later stage of tuberculosis verrucosa that only a.
micr oscopic exarnin:ltion will ser ve to distinguish
t hem. The simplest m eth od is t o mix some of the
pus with a drop of thirty per cent solution of potassiu m hydrate. wait about fifteen m inu tes u ntil the
lcucocyt es have disintegrated and then search with
the oil im mersion len s for the budding blastomycctcs. TREATMENT : T he smaller tu mors yield
very well to cautcnzation with a satu rated aqueo us
sol u tion of chromic acid. The same trea tment may
be employed on the larger growths, one sect ion at
a time, but these may be much more quickly cured
by total excision and skin g r afting.

��131
ZOSTER

Synonyms:

Zona; Herpes zoster; I gnis sacer;
Shingles.
Zoster is an acute, self !united. probably specif1c

infectious disease of the nervous system.
hemorrhagic innammation attacks one

An acute
or more

ganglia of the sensor} roots of the cranial or spinal
nerves. There are often prodromal symptoms, anorexia. slight fever. and neur:llgic pains along the
course of the diseased nerve. On the third or fourth
day the rash appears as groups of Yesiclcs upon an
crythematou:, base, situated in the skin region supplied by the affected nerYC. The neuralgia sometimes subsides with the outbreak, though often it
pe;si"its for sc\·cral da:vs. As the tH..'r\'e distribution
ts umlateral. o;;o the rash is con tined to one side of the
hNiy, though lc!\ions situated nt•:tr the median line
may encroach a little upon the opposite side. \\'hen
two nerves arc affected at the ~:tme time. which is
fl()t very unu..;ual. thev nearly ah,ays sup1&gt;ly adia ·
rent areas. Tn very rare instances th e rao;:;h has a
bilateral distrihut ion. There may be only one or as
manv as twenty groups. e:tC'h composed of few or
many \"CSicles. They 3PI)e:tr ~imultnncously or usually all within forty-eight hours. thou.gh occao;:;ionally
new crops of hlisters continue to erupt for a week
or longer
The vesicles reach their maturity ia
three or four days, whC'n tht•y are about pea siu·.
hemispherical. clear, tcn -.c anc.l thick walled: they
seldom rupture spontaneously Later their contents
become turbid, rarely puriform, but occasionally
hemorrhagic in one or two ''csiclcs. They finally dry

to thin yt.·llnwish nr hrownish crusts \\ hich fall ofT
a fe-w day" and lean: h·mporarily hypt·rcmic or
lightly pigmemcd :-.pots
In debtlltatl'd indi\"i&lt;lual-;
the lesions "intnc-timt's b~comc pttslular or cn:n gan.
grcnous. :uH.l lc..•a,·c groups of ptt-J ike scars when they
heal. The ~e,·erity of the subjective sensations and
of the local d isturbance seems to increase with the
:nee ()f the patient It is u~ua.tly in those pao;;t m : cldl~
life that the neuralgic.~ pains may persist long after
the rash hao;:; disappeared. for months ()r even years.
The most common localization of zo:-.ter is the rc
gion of distribution of the intercostal ncn:l.'S, over
an area as wide as 1 J intercostal spaces, and exa
tending halfway aromul the t runk from the po..,terinr
tn tht• anterior median line. The most serious compl it•atiun may ar ise when the d isease affects the.· first
division of the trig~o:minus. Lesions upon the conjunctiva and cornea may c:u1se ophthalmia or ulceratin.: kl.•ratitis w·th rc..;nftin.l{ impairment or loss oi
sight. One attat•k of zostc.·r scem'i to confer an
immunity. DIAGNOSIS:
llerpes simf'l~x. unlike
zoster. is \"Cry prone to recur, its outbreak is not
J&gt;rcccded or accompanied hy neuralgia, and the )c.-.ions which arc usually locatc.•d ncar a mucous orifice ttrc often situated wl'll to both sides of the
median line. TREATMENT: L ocal treatment aims
to prevent rupture of the vesicles. This can best
be done by kL·eping them powdered and covere-d with
a ~oft pad of cotton. It may be necessary to give
analgesics to allay the pain.
111

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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
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                <text>Batt, Richard C.</text>
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                <text>Birtcher Corporation</text>
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                <text>Black plastic, rubber cord with plug and needle</text>
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                <text>21x7x12 cm.</text>
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                <text>Used in electrosurgery in two principle modes: desiccation and fulguration</text>
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                <text> Used in various kinds of electrosurgery</text>
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                <text>Brody, Harold</text>
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                <text>Buck, Albert H. (Albert Henry), 1842-1922</text>
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                <text>Used to perforate the mastoid process</text>
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                <text>Two separate pieces. One item is a short and skinny silver tool. The other is the same except for the large, ivory handle that is attached. On the back of the handle an inscription states "TIEMANN&amp;Co".</text>
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                <text>Tuberculosis treatment device</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Chartroule, Dr.</text>
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          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>M. &amp; R. Gordon (Firm)</text>
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                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>ca. 1830-1870</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
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                <text>Inhaler</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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            <name>Medium</name>
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                <text>Glass, ivory, and steel</text>
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          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288803">
                <text>29.5 cm.</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
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                <text>Image 101-1556</text>
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                <text>Used for the treatment of tuberculosis</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288811">
                <text>Metal stand holding a glass an ivory structure. The ivory are used as fitting and the glass is used to hold the medicine and also where the patient inhales the medicine for their treatment.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1980070">
                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Tuberculosis--Treatment--Equipment and supplies</text>
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                <text>Tuberculosis--therapy--instrumentation</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288807">
                <text> Nebulizers and Vaporizers</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288808">
                <text>Therapeutic</text>
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          <element elementId="91">
            <name>Date Created</name>
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                <text>9/28/2009</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1963791">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <element elementId="41">
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                <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <elementText elementTextId="1964834">
                    <text>Metal instrument with a cylindrical handle and attached needle, shown disassembled with several interchangeable perforated metal tubes and a cap on a white background.&#13;
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection</text>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <name>Identifier</name>
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                  <text>LIB-HSL001&#13;
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      <name>Still Image</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288762">
                <text>Southey's silver trocar set</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>Health Sciences Library</text>
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                <text>State University of New York at Buffalo</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288765">
                <text>08.06.17.4</text>
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                <text>LIB-HSL001</text>
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                <text>Trocar set</text>
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                <text> Southey tubes</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Southey, Henry Herbert, 1783-1865</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288769">
                <text> Southey, Reginald, 1835-1899</text>
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          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288770">
                <text>Phisick Medical Antiques</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288787">
                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288771">
                <text>19th cent.</text>
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          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288772">
                <text>Fluid Draining Instrument</text>
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                <text>Image</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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          <element elementId="114">
            <name>Medium</name>
            <description>The material or physical carrier of the resource.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288773">
                <text>Silver</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>Tool: 11cm.</text>
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                <text> Needles: 4-5.5 cm.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288776">
                <text> Cap: 4.75 cm.</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288777">
                <text>Reginald Southey was an English physician and the fifth son of the original inventor, Dr. Henry Herbert Southey</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="288778">
                <text> Image  101-1422</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288786">
                <text>Used to drain fluid from the body after surgery</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="288788">
                <text>Contains the needle, tool, a cap for the needle and four silver, perforated cannulae. Inserted in the body for drainage purposes.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1980071">
                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288779">
                <text>Drainage, Surgical--Equipment and supplies</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288780">
                <text> Cannula</text>
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                <text> Surgical instruments and apparatus</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288782">
                <text>Drainage--instrumentation</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288783">
                <text> Catheterization--instrumentation</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288784">
                <text> Surgical Instruments</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288785">
                <text>Drainage</text>
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          <element elementId="91">
            <name>Date Created</name>
            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288792">
                <text>9/28/2009</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1963790">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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  <item itemId="16882" public="1" featured="0">
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      <file fileId="12661">
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                <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                    <text>Two small metal T-shaped instruments connected by a thin wire loop with hooks at each end, shown on a white background.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection</text>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <name>Identifier</name>
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                <elementText elementTextId="286183">
                  <text>LIB-HSL001&#13;
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    <itemType itemTypeId="6">
      <name>Still Image</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Gigli neurosurgical wire saw</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288738">
                <text>Health Sciences Library</text>
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                <text>State University of New York at Buffalo</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>08.06.17.3</text>
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                <text>LIB-HSL001</text>
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            <name>Alternative Title</name>
            <description>An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific.</description>
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                <text>Neurosurgical wire saw</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288742">
                <text> Wire saw</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288743">
                <text>Gigli, Leonardo, 1863-1908</text>
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          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288744">
                <text>Phisick Medical Antiques</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288756">
                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="288745">
                <text>Early 20th cent.</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="288746">
                <text>Saw</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288759">
                <text>Image</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="288760">
                <text> Still image</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="114">
            <name>Medium</name>
            <description>The material or physical carrier of the resource.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288747">
                <text>Silver</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288748">
                <text>38 cm.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="288749">
                <text>Image 101-1442</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="288755">
                <text>Used for craniotomy</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="288757">
                <text>Long, tin wire with serated edges with a small silver handle at each end.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="1980072">
                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="288750">
                <text>Skull--Surgery---Equipment and supplies</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="288751">
                <text> Craniotomy--Equipment and supplies</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288752">
                <text>Skul--surgery--instrumentation</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288753">
                <text> Craniotomy—instrumentation</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288754">
                <text>Surgery/Craniotomy</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="91">
            <name>Date Created</name>
            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288761">
                <text>9/28/2009</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1963789">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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          </element>
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  <item itemId="16881" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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                <text>Image 101-1540</text>
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                <text>Used to vaccinate</text>
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                <text>Small metal instrument with a place for the doctor's finger and a lever to inject the vaccine into a patient. Inscription says "Made By Codman &amp; Shurtleff Boston" on the left side. the right side says "Whittlemore's Patent Feb 21, 1866".</text>
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                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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                <text>Vaccination--Equipment and supplies</text>
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                <text>Vaccination--instrumentation</text>
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                <text>Therapeutic</text>
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            <name>Date Created</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288688">
                <text>9/28/2009</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1963786">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                  <text>LIB-HSL001&#13;
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Politzer's acumeter</text>
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                <text>Health Sciences Library</text>
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                <text>State University of New York at Buffalo</text>
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                <text>07.03.15.1</text>
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                <text>Acumeter</text>
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                <text>Politzer, Adam, 1835-1920</text>
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                <text>Michael Gordon (Firm)</text>
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                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
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                <text>19th cent.</text>
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                <text>Measuring Instrument</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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                <text>Ivory and steel</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288650">
                <text>3-5.5 cm.</text>
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                <text>Image 101-1466</text>
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                <text>Used for testing bone conduction</text>
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                <text>Several different pieces form this instrument which is contained in a small case lined with blue velvet and purple silk. The tools are made of steel while the handles are made of ivory.</text>
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                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>Bone conduction--Testing--Equipment and supplies</text>
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                <text> Measuring instruments</text>
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                <text>Bone Conduction--instrumentation</text>
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                <text> Weights and Measures--instrumentation</text>
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                <text>Testing and Measurement</text>
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          <element elementId="91">
            <name>Date Created</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288663">
                <text>9/28/2009</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1963785">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>Metal scissor-handled instrument with a hinged mechanism and long narrow jaws, shown on a white background.&#13;
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288615">
                <text>Cohn's phimosis forceps</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Health Sciences Library</text>
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                <text>State University of New York at Buffalo</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>Phimosis forceps</text>
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                <text> Forceps</text>
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                <text>Cohn, M.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288623">
                <text>ca. 1879</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>Surgical Instrument</text>
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                <text>Image</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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            <name>Medium</name>
            <description>The material or physical carrier of the resource.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288625">
                <text>Steel</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>16 cm.</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288627">
                <text>Image 101-1470</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288633">
                <text>Used in surgery to correct phimosis (tightness of the foreskin of the penis)</text>
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                <text>Steel instrument resembling scissors.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1980077">
                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>Forceps</text>
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                <text> Phimosis--Equipment and supplies</text>
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                <text>Surgical Instruments</text>
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                <text> Phimosis--instrumentation</text>
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            <name>Date Created</name>
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                <text>9/28/2009</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1963784">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Boston nerve beater</text>
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                <text>Michael Gordon (Firm)</text>
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                <text>Image 101-1541</text>
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                <text>Used for beating one's nerves back to normal function</text>
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                <text>Wooden handle attached to a long piece of softened leather. Handle says "Boston Nerve Beater". "PAT APLD V03"?</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>Neurasthenia--Treatment</text>
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                <text> Quacks and quackery</text>
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                <text>Neurasthenia--therapy</text>
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                <text> Quackery</text>
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            <name>Date Created</name>
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                <text>9/28/2009</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1963783">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection</text>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Ivory-banded hemorrhoid clamp</text>
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                <text>Hemorrhoid clamp</text>
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                <text> Clamp</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Fletcher, Wallis</text>
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                <text>Allen &amp; Hanburys</text>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
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                <text>Phisick Medical Antiques</text>
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                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>19th cent.</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
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                <text>Clamp</text>
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                <text>Image</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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            <name>Medium</name>
            <description>The material or physical carrier of the resource.</description>
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                <text>Silver and ivory</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>22x4 cm.</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Image 101-1577</text>
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                <text>Used to compress hemorrhoids during removal</text>
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                <text>Silver clamp resembling scissors with ivory on the cisor portion of the clamp.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="1980079">
                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Hemorrhoids--Surgery--Equipment and supplies</text>
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                <text> Surgical instruments and apparatus</text>
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                <text>Hemorrhoids—surgery—instrumentation</text>
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                <text> Surgical Instruments</text>
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                <text>Surgical</text>
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            <name>Date Created</name>
            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
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                <text>9/28/2009</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1963782">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>Round translucent cobalt blue glass jar.</text>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Cobalt blue leech jar</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>Health Sciences Library</text>
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                <text>State University of New York at Buffalo</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>06.04.01.7</text>
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                <text>LIB-HSL001</text>
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            <description>An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific.</description>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
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                <text>Phisick Medical Antiques</text>
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                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
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                <text>Early 19th cent.</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>Glassware</text>
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                <text>Image</text>
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            <name>Medium</name>
            <description>The material or physical carrier of the resource.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288550">
                <text>Hand blown glass</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>7.5x5.5 cm.</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288552">
                <text>Image 101-1412</text>
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                <text>Dark, cobalt blue jar with a characteristically everted lip and an open pontil.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1980080">
                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288553">
                <text>Leeches--Equipment and supplies</text>
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                <text> Phlebotomy--Equipment and supplies</text>
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                <text>Leeches</text>
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                <text> Leeching--instrumentation</text>
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                <text> Bloodletting--instrumentation</text>
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                <text>Receptacles</text>
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            <name>Date Created</name>
            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
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                <text>9/28/2009</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>Three metal medical instruments: the first was used to cut, the second is a combination of forceps and scissors, and the third recalls the shape of a cross.</text>
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&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Patent: Aug. 28, 1894</text>
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                <text>Splint</text>
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                <text>Image</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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                <text>Left ankle: 29.5 x 7 cm.</text>
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                <text> Right tibia: 30 x 7.5 cm.</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Image 101-1594</text>
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                <text>Used to provide support for a child's right tibia and fibula, and for a child's left ankle</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288393">
                <text>Veneered splints patented in 1894 and manufactured by Stoddart Brothers, Buffalo, NY. The splints were made for a child's right tibia and fibula, and for a child's left ankle.  Description on the inside of each splint states, "These Splints are stronger, lighter and better than any other</text>
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                <text> half the ordinary weight</text>
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                <text> can be cut and shaped with pocket-knife</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288396">
                <text> require very little padding, will not warp, are aseptic, waterproff, comfortable</text>
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                <text> and though so light that they are no burden to the patient are so strong that they meet every requirement as to strength. By heating they can be bent to fit any part, and they retain shape when cool."</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1980087">
                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>Splints (Surgery)</text>
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                <text>Orthopedic</text>
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            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1963774">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>X-Ray Tube</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288374">
                <text> Still image</text>
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                <text>Long metal shaft inside a glass tube which ends inside a large, circular glass chamber. Two small, glass extensions from the large, circular glass chamber. The glass tube continues through the top of the large, circular glass chamber. Inscription" TUNGSTEN TARGET MADE IN BOSTON BY MACALASTER, WIGGIN CO. Pat. 594036.</text>
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                <text>Batt, Richard C.</text>
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Tonsil holder</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Used to hold engorged tonsils in place during a tonsillectomy</text>
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                <text>9/28/2009</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Medical tuning forks</text>
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                <text>State University of New York at Buffalo</text>
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                <text>Tuning forks</text>
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                <text>Used to clamp arteries placed near bone depressions</text>
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                <text>Tourniquets</text>
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                <text>Tourniquets</text>
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                <text>Surgery</text>
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            <name>Date Created</name>
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                <text>9/28/2009</text>
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                <text>Closed: 34.5 x 15 x 9 cm.</text>
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                <text> Open: 34.5 x 30.5 x 4.5 cm.</text>
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                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>Surgical instruments and apparatus</text>
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            <name>Date Created</name>
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                <text>9/28/2009</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1963767">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Enema syringe</text>
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                <text>Syringe</text>
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                <text>Enema</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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            <name>Medium</name>
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                <text>Metal and wood</text>
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                <text>32 cm.</text>
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                <text>Image 101-1624</text>
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                <text>Used to administer enemas</text>
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                <text>French Clyster 3 pieces: wooden plunger-23 cm.,  metal tube-5 cm in diameter and metal end piece.</text>
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                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288215">
                <text>Enema--Equipment and supplies</text>
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                <text> Syringes</text>
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                <text>Enema--instrumentation</text>
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                <text> Syringes</text>
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                <text>Opler, Ruth</text>
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          <element elementId="91">
            <name>Date Created</name>
            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288226">
                <text>9/28/2009</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1963766">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>Cased set of **dental pluggers**, instruments used to pack or condense filling material into a tooth cavity, arranged in a fitted box with an explanatory label.&#13;
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&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Health Sciences Library</text>
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                <text>State University of New York at Buffalo</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>A1.8</text>
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                <text>Pluggers</text>
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                <text>Patent: Sept. 13, 1891</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
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                <text>Dental Instruments</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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            <name>Medium</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288192">
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                <text>17.75x6.5x2.5 cm.</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Image 101-1575</text>
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                <text>Used to pack or condense filling material in a cavity</text>
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                <text>Wooden case with red silk lining and 5 tools with different ivory tips all with black wooden handles.</text>
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                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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                <text>Dental instruments and apparatus</text>
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                <text>Dental Instruments</text>
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            <name>Date Created</name>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Health Sciences Library</text>
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                <text>Ivory and steel</text>
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                <text>Dental instruments and apparatus</text>
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                <text>Dental Instruments</text>
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                <text>Dental Instruments</text>
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                <text>Mulcahy, Lawrence L., Jr.</text>
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                <text>9/28/2009</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1963764">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Dental mouth gag</text>
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                <text>Whitehead, Walter</text>
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                <text>Phisick Medical Antiques</text>
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                <text>19th cent.</text>
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                <text>Dental Instrument</text>
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                <text>Image</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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            <name>Medium</name>
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                <text>Metal</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>15x7 cm.</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Image 101-1515</text>
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                <text>Used to open the mouth during dental work, or when the mouth cannot open naturally  because of forward dislocation of the jaw joint's intraarticular cartilage pad</text>
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                <text>Nickel-plated steel instrument with ridges along each side to allow the dentist to gradually open the patients' mouth wider.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="1980098">
                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288149">
                <text>Gag (Surgical instrument)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288150">
                <text> Dental instruments and apparatus</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288151">
                <text>Dental Instruments</text>
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                <text>Dental</text>
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            <name>Date Created</name>
            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
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                <text>9/28/2009</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1963763">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                    <text>Handheld surgical instrument with a handle and adjustable twin serrated circular blades mounted on a pivoting frame, designed for controlled cutting during medical procedures.&#13;
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&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Double-bladed spine saw with inlaid ebony handle</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Health Sciences Library</text>
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                <text>State University of New York at Buffalo</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>99.6.9</text>
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                <text>LIB-HSL001</text>
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            <description>An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific.</description>
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                <text>Spine saw</text>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>David Burns (Firm)</text>
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                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>1870</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>Surgical Instruments</text>
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                <text>Image</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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            <name>Medium</name>
            <description>The material or physical carrier of the resource.</description>
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                <text>Ebony and silver</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>29 x 6 x2.5 cm.</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Image 101-1578</text>
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                <text>Used in post-mortem procedures</text>
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                <text>Silver saw with ebony handle used to cut sections through the spinal cord. The width of the sections could be varied with the screw and nut mechanism.</text>
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                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Autopsy--Equipment and supplies</text>
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                <text> Surgical instruments and apparatus</text>
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                <text>Autopsy--instrumentation</text>
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                <text> Surgical Instruments</text>
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            <name>Date Created</name>
            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
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                <text>9/28/2009</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1963762">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>Metal tube with a hinged door at one end.</text>
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&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text> Phlebotomy--Equipment and supplies</text>
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                <text> Bloodletting--instrumentation</text>
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            <name>Date Created</name>
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                <text>9/28/2009</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1963761">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Percussion hammer</text>
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                <text>Hammer</text>
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                <text>Vernon, Henry</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>13 cm.</text>
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                <text>Image 101-1604</text>
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                <text>Used to listen to the heart by tapping on the chest in conjunction with a pleximeter</text>
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                <text>Has a flexible whalebone handle with a one-ounce metal head.</text>
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                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text> Chest--Examination--Equipment and supplies</text>
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                <text>Percussion--instrumentation</text>
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                <text> Diagnostic Equipment</text>
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                <text>Diagnostic</text>
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            <name>Date Created</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1963760">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>Small handheld measuring gauge with a central white scale plate marked with graduations and decorative hinged metal grips on either side.</text>
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Ivory and silver pleximeter</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>Health Sciences Library</text>
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                <text>State University of New York at Buffalo</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>93.8.11</text>
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                <text>LIB-HSL001</text>
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            <description>An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific.</description>
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                <text>Pleximeter</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="288047">
                <text>Auenbrugger, Leopold, 1722-1809</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>1860-1880</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>Percussion</text>
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                <text>Image</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
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                <text>Image 101-1607</text>
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                <text>Used to  locate thoracic lesions by percussion Auenbrugger</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Brown, F. Tilden</text>
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                <text> Buerger, Leo, 1879-1943</text>
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                <text>American Cystoscope Makers, Inc.</text>
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                <text>Armbrook Antiques</text>
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                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
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                <text>1930's?</text>
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                <text>Image</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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                <text>Metal and ebony</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
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                <text>33 cm x 30 cm x 6 cm</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Design modified by Leo Buerger</text>
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                <text>Used to examine the interior of the urinary bladder and ureter</text>
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                <text>Polished chrome instruments with ebony handles. Complete set fitted in wooden box.</text>
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                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>Cystoscopes</text>
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                <text> Bladder--Examination--Equipment and supplies</text>
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                <text> Ureters--Diseases--Diagnosis--Equipment and supplies</text>
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                <text>Cytoscopes</text>
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                <text>Diagnostic</text>
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            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
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                <text>4/7/2006</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1963749">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Hey's saw</text>
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                <text> Heart--Anatomy--Models</text>
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                <text>Used for teaching/demonstration of the anatomy of the human heart</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Urethral dilator sounds</text>
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                <text>Used to stretch/dilate the urethra to locate strictures</text>
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                <text>Twelve curved steel urethral dilator sounds contained in a red lined wooden case.</text>
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                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>Urethrotomy--Equipment and supplies</text>
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                <text>Urethra--surgery--instrumentation</text>
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                <text> Urology--instrumentation</text>
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                <text> Surgical Instruments</text>
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                <text>Lithotomy/Urethrotomy</text>
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                <text>4/7/2006</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Alex Peck (Firm)</text>
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                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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            <name>Medium</name>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text> Brain--Anatomy--Models</text>
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                <text> Models, Anatomic</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Used for teaching/demonstration of the anatomy of the human brain</text>
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                <text>Plaster model brain in three parts hand-painted on wooden stand.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1980118">
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            <name>Date Created</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Polished steel with brass ring and ivory handle.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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                <text>8.9 x 11.4 cm.</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text> Ear--Examination--Equipment and supplies</text>
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                <text>Otoscopes</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
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                <text>Used for examination of the ears with  natural light</text>
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                <text>Silver plated with three specula in original fitted blue velvet and black leather box.</text>
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                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
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            <name>Date Created</name>
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                <text>4/7/2006</text>
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                <text>Tonsil lancet</text>
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                <text>Silversmith H.P. (London, England)</text>
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                <text>Tonsillectomy--instrumentation</text>
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&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Auzoux, Louis Thomas Jerome, 1797-1880</text>
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                <text>Used for teaching/demonstration of anatomy of the human ear</text>
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                <text>Painted and numbered papier mache model of ear on metal stand.</text>
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                <text>4/7/2006</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Urinary catheters</text>
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                <text>Catheters</text>
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                <text>Arnold (Firm : London, England)</text>
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                <text>1840?</text>
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                <text>Medical instrument</text>
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                <text>Image</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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                <text>Metal</text>
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                <text>Approx. 28 to 30 cm.</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Urinary catheterization--Equipment and supplies</text>
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                <text>Urinary Catheterization--instrumentation</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="287587">
                <text>Urology</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
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                <text>Used to drain and collect urine from the bladder</text>
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                <text>Three Silver urinary catheters contained in a shaped leather velvet-lined case.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1980123">
                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
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                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
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          <element elementId="91">
            <name>Date Created</name>
            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
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                <text>4/7/2006</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>Small wooden cabinet with a central door and multiple small drawers arranged on both sides and along the bottom, each drawer fitted with a round white knob and a small labeled plate, the cabinet standing on four short rounded feet.&#13;
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                <text>Health Sciences Library</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>94.9.2</text>
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                <text>Wessex (Firm)</text>
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            <description>The material or physical carrier of the resource.</description>
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            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Used to store homeopathic drug preparations</text>
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                <text>Polished nagging, maple and pine woods, standing on bun feet with ceramic handles on door and 10 drawers. Drug names are written in German on the cabinet.</text>
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            <name>Alternative Title</name>
            <description>An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific.</description>
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                <text>Eye model</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="287490">
                <text>Auzoux, Louis Thomas Je?ro?me, 1797-1880</text>
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                <text>Auzoux (Firm : Paris, France)</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287492">
                <text>Wessex (Firm)</text>
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                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>1876?</text>
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          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>Medical instrument</text>
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                <text>Image</text>
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                <text> Still image</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="114">
            <name>Medium</name>
            <description>The material or physical carrier of the resource.</description>
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                <text>Papier mache on wooden stand</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>27.9 cm.</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="287497">
                <text>Eye--Models</text>
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                <text>Eye--anatomy &amp; histology</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="287499">
                <text> Models, Anatomic</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="287500">
                <text>Models, Anatomical</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287501">
                <text>Used for teaching/demonstration of the anatomy of the human eye</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="287503">
                <text>Papier mache eye on stand with moveable parts.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="1964896">
                <text>A painted anatomical model of a human eye is displayed on a base. The large eyeball is shown with a clear cornea and visible iris and pupil at the front. Surrounding structures include the eyelid, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels, painted in red and white tones. The model exposes internal and external components of the eye and rests on a rectangular display base.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="1980127">
                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="91">
            <name>Date Created</name>
            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287507">
                <text>4/7/2006</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1963734">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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  <item itemId="16826" public="1" featured="0">
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              <element elementId="41">
                <name>Description</name>
                <description>An account of the resource</description>
                <elementTextContainer>
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                    <text>Mallet with rubber and steel handle.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                  <text>LIB-HSL001&#13;
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      <name>Still Image</name>
      <description>A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps.  Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Chest percussor</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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                <text>Health Sciences Library</text>
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                <text>State University of New York at Buffalo</text>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>94.2.1</text>
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            <description>An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific.</description>
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                <text>Percussor</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="287467">
                <text> Percussion hammer</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287468">
                <text>George Tiemann &amp; Co.</text>
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          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="287469">
                <text>Wessex (Firm)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="287479">
                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
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          </element>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287470">
                <text>Late 19th cent.</text>
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          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>Medical instrument</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="287482">
                <text>Image</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="287483">
                <text> Still image</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="114">
            <name>Medium</name>
            <description>The material or physical carrier of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287472">
                <text>Metal and ebony</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287473">
                <text>19 cm.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287474">
                <text>Percussion--Equipment and supplies</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="287475">
                <text> Chest--Examination--Equipment and supplies</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="287476">
                <text>Percussion--instrumentation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="287477">
                <text>Diagnostic</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287478">
                <text>Used for examination of the chest</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="287480">
                <text>Hard rubber head  fixed in a metal ring with ebony and metal handle.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="1980128">
                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="91">
            <name>Date Created</name>
            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287484">
                <text>4/7/2006</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1963733">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href=https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="16825" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="12604">
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              <element elementId="41">
                <name>Description</name>
                <description>An account of the resource</description>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="1964898">
                    <text>Long metal medical instrument with finger rings, rubber bulb, and circular ring tip.</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
            </elementContainer>
          </elementSet>
        </elementSetContainer>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="55">
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="286182">
                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Edgar R. McGuire Historical Medical Instrument Collection was established in 1985 by Mrs. Annette Cravens in memory of her father, chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Buffalo from 1914 until his death in 1931.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The collection, containing more than 150 instruments or sets of instruments chosen for their illustration of past medical and dental procedures, includes microscopes, surgical instruments, anatomical models, a leech jar and bleeding cups, and dental instruments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For more information about this collection, see the &lt;a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Health Sciences Library History of Medicine&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <name>Identifier</name>
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              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>LIB-HSL001&#13;
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                </elementText>
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    <itemType itemTypeId="6">
      <name>Still Image</name>
      <description>A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps.  Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287441">
                <text>Tonsillotome</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287442">
                <text>Health Sciences Library</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="287443">
                <text>State University of New York at Buffalo</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287444">
                <text>94.12.1</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1700881">
                <text>LIB-HSL001</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Alternative Title</name>
            <description>An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287445">
                <text>Tonsil guillotine</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287446">
                <text>Luer (Firm : Paris, France)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287447">
                <text>Alex Peck (Firm)</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="287456">
                <text>Cravens, Annette</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287448">
                <text>1850?</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287449">
                <text>Medical instrument</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="287459">
                <text>Image</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="287460">
                <text> Still image</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="114">
            <name>Medium</name>
            <description>The material or physical carrier of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287450">
                <text>Steel with wooden handle</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287451">
                <text>21.2 cm.</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287452">
                <text>Tonsillectomy--Equipment and supplies</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="287453">
                <text>Tonsillectomy--instrumentation</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="287454">
                <text>Ear, nose and throat instruments</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287455">
                <text>Used to cut out and remove tonsils</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="287457">
                <text>Steel with black wooden handle.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="1964899">
                <text>A metal medical instrument with long shafts, finger rings, and a rubber bulb is shown against a light background. The device has scissor-style finger loops near the center and a squeeze bulb attached at one end through a short metal connector. Along the shaft are small circular plates and adjustment components. At the opposite end is a circular ring-shaped tip. The instrument’s metal surface is reflective and shows signs of wear.</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="1980129">
                <text>The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="91">
            <name>Date Created</name>
            <description>Date of creation of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="287461">
                <text>4/7/2006</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1963732">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/NoC-US/1.0/"&gt;NO COPYRIGHT – UNITED STATES&lt;/a&gt;. The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. &lt;a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/historyofmedicine"&gt;Contact the History of Medicine Collection with questions.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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