Castle and church atop hill
description: While the castle once defended the area, the church now dominates the hilltop.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Spain

Ruined castle atop hill and adjacent town and olive groves
description: Many hills of southern Spain are topped by one-time defensive castles; now olive groves provide the basis for farmers.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Spain

Olive groves, southern Spain
description: Olive groves fill the spaces in between federally protected forests, which are so important for avoiding erosion.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Andalucia, Spain

Olive groves, southern Spain
description: Though olives groves cover Andalusia, the most economically productive crops are greenhouse-grown berries.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Andalucia, Spain

Olive groves, southern Spain
description: In addition to olives, sherry vineyards, citrus groves, and almonds are important exports of Spain.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Andalucia, Spain

Olive groves, southern Spain
description: Among Andalusia's local charms are flemenco dancing, bullfighting, olive oil and Hispano-Moorish architecture.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Andalucia, Spain

Vista, Osuna, Spain
description: Julius Caesar fought his last in-person battle outside of Osuna, Spain. Today, the town is used as a filming location as well as being a regional educational hub. It is home to the locally renowned Andalusian Social Economy School.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Andalucia, Spain

Vista, Marchena, Spain
description: Marchena, Spain, whose Moorish name was "Marshenah," or, "Place of Olives," is home to a 1400s palace of the duke of Arcos and a beautiful church at the top of the hill city.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Andalucia, Spain

Torre del Oro
description: The Torre del Oro (English: "Gold Tower") is a dodecagonal military watchtower in Seville, southern Spain, built by the Almohad dynasty in order to control access to Seville via the Guadalquivir river.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Vista, Alcala de Guadaira, Spain
description: Alcala de Guadaira, located a few miles from Seville, was the major producer of Seville's bread in the medieval period. The large city walls date from the 1200s-1300s C.E. The Greeks and Romans knew this town as "Hienipo" and "Hienipensis," respectively, and some remains have been found around the city.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Andalucia, Spain

Olive groves, southern Spain
description: Over time, Spain's agriculture has become increasingly concentrated, with industrial-scale production. These groves show both grid planning and big storage units for the harvest season against a stunning blue sky.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Andalucia, Spain

Snow-capped mountains by southern Spanish fields
description: Spain's rugged terrain shows well here. Olive groves contrast with snow-topped mountains, even in early summer.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Andalusia, Spain

Azulejos (tiles) on sale
description: Spanish artists continue to work with tiles, in this case depicting both Muslim-influenced geometric designs and the adventures of Don Quixote.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Ceiling restorers in La Casa de Pilatos
description: This astonishing coffered ceiling is located in the Salon del Pretorio, or Praetor's Room. The ceiling is carved with Don Fadrique's hierarchal coats of arms.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/Catholic
coverage: Seville, Spain

Wall tiles, Palace of Casa de Pilatos
description: La Casa de Pilatos is decorated with copious and valuable azulejos tiles. The house is named after the 1321 paces between Pontius Pilate and Cavalry. All the rooms are named after the Passion of the Christ.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Burgundy CD
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Chapel of Flagellation, Casa de Pilatos
description: La Casa de Pilatos is a palace dating from the 1500s in Seville. Its architecture combines Italian architecture, which was alive and flourishing after the high Renaissance, with the more location-appropriate Mujedar style native to Spain. The Chapel of Flagellation takes cues from the Mujedar style, but the statue in the middle of the altar is from Ancient Rome.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Burgundy CD
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Elaborate flowerbox, Casa de Pilatos, Seville
description: Ubiquitous window boxes of this type are very common in the Seville region of Spain. Flowers rain down onto other balconies, and sometimes make it all the way to the ground! Here, the flowers are growing form the balcony of one of Spain's grandest palaces: La Casa de Pilatos.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Relief, Real Alcázar
description: Arabic text, engraved in stone, with the gilded image of a stronghold - perhaps Jerusalem, perhaps Mecca - wraps around an interior courtyard of the Real Alcázar.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Horse drawn carriage outside Seville Cathedral
description: Although the sign indicates 'Pedestrian zone,' carriage tours of downtown Cordoba start here. This seems to be the preferred method for tourists to see Seville at a slower pace.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Outside Seville Cathedral
description: Traffic is banned from the cathedral's immediate environs, except for restricted hours or purposes. This photograph was taken by the Door of the Prince, one of many ornamented gateways into this epic statement of post-Reconquista grandeur.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Carved stonework, Real Alcázar
description: In the Courtyard of the Maidens, beautiful stonework depicting shells and flowers in relief provides a beautiful spot of light in the cloistered palace walls.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Apartments near Seville Cathedral
description: Latched balconies in the shadow of the Seville Cathedral indicate just how hot it becomes at high noon in Seville.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Bakery, Seville
description: This bakery sits on a charming street close to all the major sights in Seville. One can only imagine the inviting aromas of a traditional, large midday lunch, or la comida.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Lemon tree, Gardens, Real Alcazar
description: Lemons flourish in the warmth of Seville in the historical and beautiful gardens of the Real Alcazar, palace to Phillip of Castile and movie set to fans of Lawrence of Arabia.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Gardens, Real Alcazar
description: Elegant buildings cordon sections of the gardens in the paradisal Real Alcazar in Seville. Palms, cypress and fruit trees thrive despite being in the middle of a busy, crowded city.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Wall tiles, Real Alcázar
description: Wall tiles were inlaid at the height of persons in the Palace of Peter I. The Real Alcazar was not built in a day, a decade, or even a lifetime. Rather, new additions cropped up from its foundations as a small Moorish stronghold to the present day, as it is still the official royal residence.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Reconstruction, bridge over Guadalquivir river, Seville
description: Originally built by the Romans, this exceptional bridge spans Spain's only navigable river. Major repairs in 2006 were necessary due to the age of the structure.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Grillwork at garden entrance, Real Alcazar
description: Grillwork, stonework and tilework combine to form this masterpiece of a doorway in the Moorish Real Alcazar in southern Spain.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/Islamic
coverage: Seville, Spain

Column capitals and arches, Real Alcazar
description: Shell motifs used in the Real Alcazar are similar to those used by pilgrims on the Santiago de Compostela throughout Northern Spain. Perhaps this is due to the wide reaches of Castile.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/Islamic
coverage: Seville, Spain

Archway of the Ambassador's Hall, Real Alcazar
description: The archway is the centerpiece of the palaces that form the Archway of the Ambassador's Hall. The dome inside is made of gilded wood. While the arches are typical of horseshoe arch design, they are atypical in their history and ornate beauty!
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Burgundy CD
coverage: Spanish/Islamic
coverage: Seville, Spain

Grand archway, Real Alcázar
description: Moorish origins are apparent in the Real Alcazar: just look at the stunning inscriptions, tilework, and alternating motifs of blue, white, and green for proof!
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/Islamic
coverage: Seville, Spain

Colorful tiled arch, Real Alcázar
description: The iconic shell intaglio at the lower end of the arch shows off the building's Spanish location, while the geometric spiraling relief and border with Arabic calligraphic relief display Muslim origins.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/Islamic
coverage: Seville, Spain

Carriages outside Mosque‚ Cathedral of Córdoba
description: While the morning sun shines on the cathedral's walls, tour guides wait in their carriages.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Cordoba, Spain

Gate of the Lizard, Seville Cathedral
description: The king of Castile in 1252, Alfonso, had an illegitimate daughter named Berenguela. An Egyptian king sent for her hand in marriage, along with many lavish gifts. Including, of course, a live crocodile. To commemorate this event, a wooden crocodile was carved and covered with its skin, the remains of which can be found today in the Courtyard of the Oranges. Also notable is the Cathedral itself: it is the largest Gothic Cathedral and the third largest church in the world.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/Catholic
coverage: Seville, Spain

Ceiling tiles, Real Alcázar
description: Eight-pointed stars and internal octagons paired with inset stone and tile create a geometric design, which is typical of Moorish design. If you want to be stunned in a Moorish building, simply look up!
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/Islamic
coverage: Seville, Spain

Exterior, Seville Cathedral
description: No traffic circulates around the cathedral, a major change from centuries past when it was the heart of urban life.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/Catholic
coverage: Seville, Spain

Courtyard of the Maidens, Real Alcázar
description: The Patio de las Doncellas, or Courtyard of the Maidens, in name recalls the tale that the Spanish Moors demanded 100 virgins every year as tribute from Iberian Christian kingdoms. In reality, the lower level of the courtyard was built for King Peter I, a Catholic and womanizer.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Alcázar of Seville
description: Elaborately-scalloped arches from the period of Muslim rule mark spaces in the city's mosque, since converted into a cathedral
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Walled garden gate, Real Alcazar, Seville
description: The palace gardens of the Real Alcazar are a sight to behold. Every Moorish palace contained a walled garden complex, because the garden would serve as a source of food, fresh water, and beauty for palace residents. Lofty palms, stately cypress, and fruit-bearing trees decorate this idyllic space in the bustling capital of Andalusia.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Peter of Castile's Palace in the Real Alcázar of Seville
description: In the Real Alcazar, stone latticework and ornately carved arches form a decidedly sophisticated underbelly to the wooden beams above.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Façade of Peter of Castile's Palace in the Real Alcázar of Seville
description: The Moorish origins of the Alcazar are readily apparent in the regularity, distinct indigo and gold colors, and interlocking designs. This style of architecture is called mujedar, which is only found in the Iberian peninsula.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Cypress tree, Real Alcazar, Seville
description: This cypress tree stands out for its floral vine. The Real Alcazar is a palace with sprawling gardens and intricate architecture.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Architectural details, Mezquita Cathedral ceiling
description: Semi-circular arches over the windows, dating from the Moors, contrast with the Christian rectilinear additions. Beautiful tilework and gilded surfaces reflect light, bringing the heavens to the congregation below.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Cordoba, Spain

Ibn Khaldun exhibit advertisement
description: Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) became one of the most noted travelers and cultural explorers. This poster marks the growth and decline of 14th century emperor, when he flourished as a diplomat, historian and autobiographer
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
language: es
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/Islamic
coverage: Seville, Spain

Plaza de España
description: These elaborate, colorful tiles provide visitors glimpses into Spanish life as 20th-century artists saw it. This complex includes a half-circle of "Provincial Alcoves," which are tiled notches representing all the provinces of Spain. The Plaza de Espana was created in an Art Deco style and recycled some Moorish architectural tropes, as well.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Seville, Spain

Alleyway, Seville
description: High walls provide welcome shade from the mid-day heat of southern Spain. Yet, iconic white walls are still kept impeccable for tourists.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/Catholic
coverage: Seville, Spain

Flying buttresses, La Giralda, Seville Cathedral
description: The contrast between the Gothic flying buttresses and the semi-pyramidal roof exemplify how Spanish and Muslim architects built their hold places
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/Catholic
coverage: Seville, Spain

Flying Buttresses, Seville Cathedral
description: The other name for the Seville Cathedral is the Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See. Christian structural additions, with their flying buttresses, show many stylistic differences from the Moorish mosque buried underneath. The bell tower, La Giralda, in a converted Moorish minaret.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/Catholic
coverage: Seville, Spain

Seville from La Giralda
description: Seville is the capital of Andalusia. Christopher Columbus is buried in the Seville Cathedral, which is home to an impressive tower. With its panoramic view, the cathedral bell tower provides an excellent way to look over the city.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/Catholic
coverage: Seville, Spain

Exterior, Bell tower of Cordoba mosque-cathedral
description: The bell tower incorporates the minaret of the former mosque, which is built on top of the ruins of a Visigoth Catholic church. The Mezquita is a beautiful palimpsest, recording in its walls over 1000 years of Spanish history.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/ Islamic
coverage: Cordoba, Spain

La Giralda, Seville Cathedral
description: La Giralda, a bell tower built on top of an existing Moorish minaret, is 343 feet tall and, according to the historical record, was finished in 1198. Four gilded bronze orbs were placed in the top, but all went missing after an earthquake in 1365.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/Catholic
coverage: Seville, Spain

Interior, Cordoba Mosque-Cathedral
description: Plaster covers the old stonework on the lower level of this nave in the Mezquita, while golden light emanates from the nave and illuminates the half-arches and colorful stonework.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Burgundy CD
coverage: Spanish/Islamic
coverage: Cordoba, Spain

Metal door with extensive ornamentation
description: Since Islam as practiced in Spain precluded representation of persons, artists decorated spaces with intricate interlocking patterns
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/ Islamic
coverage: Granada, Spain

Exterior, Cordoba cathedral
description: Once a mosque whose construction started in 784, the Cordoba cathedral interior is marked by scores of Roman columns drawn from all over Spain.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/ Islamic
coverage: Cordoba, Spain

Entrance, Cordoba bull-fighting ring
description: Bullfighting has deeper roots in Spain than in any other country. Bullfighting is legal in most of mainland Spain. In some regions, the practice is even protected by law. Skilled matadors become national heroes. Unlike in neighboring Portugal, bulls are killed.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Cordoba, Spain

Olive grove, southern Spain
description: All around the Mediterranean, olives form an essential part of the cuisine. They survive in dry, warm climates, even in poor soil.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Andalusia, Spain

Mezquita de Cordoba
description: The Mezquita de Cordoba is most notable for its giant arches and its forest of over 856 (of an original 1,293) columns of jasper, onyx, marble, and granite. These were taken from the Roman temple which had previously occupied the site and other destroyed Roman buildings.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Burgundy CD
coverage: Spanish/Islamic
coverage: Cordoba, Spain

Grenada Cathedral
description: Granada Cathedral, or the Cathedral of the Incarnation is the cathedral in the city of Granada, capital of the province of the same name in the Autonomous Region of Andalusia, Spain. The cathedral is the seat of the Archdiocese of Granada.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Burgundy CD
coverage: Spanish/Catholic
coverage: Granada, Spain

Garden, Granada
description: Inside this crowded city, little space exists for public gardens. The sub-tropical plants are fitted to the area's dry climate.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Granada, Spain

Muslim women, Granada
description: When Granada fell in 1492, the Muslims of Spain were systematically converted, killed, and forced into hiding by Isabella and Ferdidand. In 1609, King Phillip banished all converts from Islam -known as Moriscoes - from Spain. Most ended up in North Africa. It makes one wonder about the struggles and identity conflict of the women pictured. Are they pilgrims? Residents of Granada? What is their story, and how do they connect to the past?
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Granada, Spain

Granada from distance
description: The city's location atop a hill and surrounding walls add to its military impregnability - at least in the Middle Ages!
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/Islamic
coverage: Granada, Spain

City walls, Granada
description: These impressive walls helped defenders of Granada to hold off enemies of many backgrounds
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/ Islamic
coverage: Granada, Spain

Outdoor cafes, Granada
description: Strong summer sun and heat mean diners crowd under large umbrellas while eating. Tourists and locals alike enjoy the outdoors of Southern Spain.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Granada, Spain

Granada street corner
description: Many older parts of European cities have been converted into pedestrian-only zones, enhancing the quality of life. Huge cement blocks act as gates to a previous time, where one could stop and marvel at the beauty of a place without rushing by it. The streets of old Granada are still cobblestone, maintaining an old feel.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Granada, Spain

Balconies with flowers, Granada
description: Window boxes brighten these apartment balconies. These parts of Spain are known as the "White Towns of Andalusia" or "Pueblos Blancos" in Spanish. The beauty of the whitewashed buildings at sundown, coupled with the gorgeous climate and tourist draws, make Spain a beautiful vacation spot.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish
coverage: Granada, Spain

Mihrab, Mezquita
description: In every mosque, there is a mihrab, which is a niche in the wall pointing to Mecca. The direction to Mecca is known as the qibla. Except, there's just one problem: the qibla in the Mezquita does not point to Mecca! Instead of pointing southeast, it points due south. The mihrab in the Mezquita, however, is incredibly ornate. Gilded Arabic calligraphy adorns the walls, acting as an architectural portal to Mecca.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Burgundy CD
coverage: Spanish/Islamic
coverage: Cordoba, Spain

Interior nave, Mezquita
description: Inside the Mezquita of Cordoba one may find a strong Roman influence with regard to columns and arches, with a distinct Moorish flair in the details. A crucifix and candelabras adorn the walls next to the grand hall, while spiraling crescents vault towards the heavens.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Burgundy CD
coverage: Spanish/Islamic
coverage: Cordoba, Spain

Elaborate ceiling
description: This rococo ceiling features trompe d'oeil artistry
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/Catholic
coverage: Granada, Spain

Jalousies
description: Cut-out windows like this allowed easy air circulation while providing shade and privacy. All were crucial during Spanish's Islamic and pre-air conditioning period.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/ Islamic
coverage: Granada, Spain

Granada church, from outside walls
description: The palm trees indicate the city's warmth. In climatic terms, southern Spain resembles North Africa, or much of the arid American southwest.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/ Islamic
coverage: Granada, Spain

Entering interior courtyard, Alhambra
description: Tourists flock to the Alhambra, made famous to Americans by Washington Irving, who first visited in 1828 and wrote Tales of the Alhambra, described as 'description, myth and narrations of real historical events?‚»'
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/ Islamic
coverage: Granada, Spain

City walls and mountain view, Granada
description: As a major city of Al-Andalus (Moorish Spain), Granada was fortified against a variety of enemies, potentially starting during Roman rule.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/ Islamic
coverage: Granada, Spain

Interior court, Alhambra
description: The Alhambra is home to many courtyards, called "patio" in Spanish and "fanaa" in Arabic.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/ Islamic
coverage: Granada, Spain

Granada, general view
description: The city's strong fortifications contrast with the shade trees planted to reduce intense summer heat.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Spanish/ Islamic
coverage: Granada, Spain

Waterwheel at the Mausoleum of Mouley Ismail, Morocco
description: A visit to Mouley Ismail's mausoleum is said to bring baraka - blessings - upon pilgrims. Ismail brought Meknes to a cultural height when he made it his capital city in the 1600s. The waterwheel displays the prevalence of slavery in the Arab world and reinforces that Moroccans have historically had slaves and domestic servants for hundreds of years.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Moroccan
coverage: Meknes, Morocco

Walls of the old Rabat kasbah
description: A kasbah, or citadel of the Islamic world, was a place where the local leader could take refuge during an invasion. The kasbah in Rabat has been extremely well-preserved.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-06-04
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Spain 2006
coverage: Moroccan
coverage: Rabat, Morocco

Old graves in Rabat
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Rabat, Morocco

Mounted guards by Rabat ruined wall
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Rabat, Morocco

Mother and daughter by road
description: Preparing for life as a rural merchant
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-12
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Moroccan
coverage: Morocco

Mosaics
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Morocco

Mosaic tabletops on display Fès
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Fès, Morocco

Hassan II Mosque interior
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Casablanca, Morocco

Meknès ruins
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Meknès, Morocco

Meknès ruins
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Meknès, Morocco

Meknès doorway
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Meknès, Morocco

Meknès doorway
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Meknès, Morocco

Meat on sale at a souk in Meknès
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Meknès, Morocco

Massive wooden door
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Morocco

Side of Hassan II Mosque
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Casablanca, Morocco

Massive wooden door
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Morocco

Man praying in parking lot by Rabat restaurant
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Rabat, Morocco

Man in front of shop
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Morocco

Making clay pots
description: Storage vessels have been made from clay for centuries wherever suitable clay can be found. This young Moroccan man is explaining initial steps in manufacturing large numbers of clay pots.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-01
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Moroccan
coverage: Morocco

Magazines on sale
description: Arabic language books and woolen wraps can be purchased from this outdoor vendor.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-01
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Morocco

Sales stand outside royal palace
description: Moroccan women sell food outside one of Morocco's royal palaces.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-01
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Rabat (Morocco)

Professor Ludwig by official's doorway
description: The intricate mosaics and detailed carving show close attention to detail.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-01
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Rabat (Morocco)

Professors Welch and Ludwig at Fès palace
description: King Mohammed VI has ruled Morocco since 1999. The royal family lives in various palaces around the country.
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006-01
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Rabat (Morocco)

Professor Ludwig in a Meknès courtyard
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Meknès, Morocco

Inside high official's house in Rabat
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Rabat, Morocco

Hanging carpet
creator: Welch, Claude Emerson
publisher: State University of New York at Buffalo
date: 2006
format: image/jpeg
type: Image
identifier: Morocco 2006
coverage: Meknès, Morocco