127 100 60591 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/efb47538c1413419da45f09b2cdd32e1.pdf 0971f3adb195926a9cb2049a7edaf313 PDF Text Text Rising Up Angry Vol 1. No 2. Buffalo NY January, 1974 Ketter Is Lying About Black Programs �Black Liberation Struggle Wins Concessions E.O.P. Program Oppression Maintained By Dual Tactic — Smiling Faces and Back Stabbing The raging flames of the Black. Liberation Movement were ignited at a time when the US monopoly capitalist class desperately needed peace,quiet, order and blind patriotism at home in order to accelerate their policies of aggre ssion abroad. The Vietnamese and Indochinese people were delivering death blows to US im perialism, the African liberation struggle was expanding, the Palestinian, Egyptian, and other Arab people were preparing to wage war against the Israli zoinists and the Latin Americans raised the slogan, "Yankee, go home?" The backward slogan, "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country," went up in the smoke and fire of Watts! The Black liberation movement by intensifying its struggle for basic democratic rights, burning down, paralyzing, and causing confusion in hundreds of cities across the country shook the very foundation of the US monopoly capi talist class and greatly weakened its aggression abroad. The days and nights of violence and destruction gave tremendous imputus to the re volutionary struggles of the entire American people as the flames of ghetto rebellion spread to America's colleges and un iversities, and gave birth to the anti-war movement. Face to face with one of the gravest domestic crisis in US history the monopoly capitalist class was forced to slow down and further disguise its reactionary policies of war, death, and destruc tion abroad so that it could step up its attacks to stem the rising tide of revolt and rebellion at home. Hence, the surging struggle of Black people supported, encouraged, and inspired the entire American people and the people of the whole world in their struggle against the ty ranny of US imperialism. The struggle of Black people against the re actionary rule of the US monopoly capitalist class reached a high point in the mid 1960’s when the flames of Black rebellion spread throughout the United States. In city after city the revolutionary upsurge of the masses of Black people hit the US monopoly capitalist class with the force and im pact of a volcanic eruption. In Detroit alone, the Johnson Administration, in addition to calling out a total of nearly 20,000 troops and police, had to place the city under military control. The entire city was closed down, including the automobile industry, for several days. The work stoppages and military operations against the oppressed Black Nation in Detroit cost the US ruling class billions of dollars and exposed them for the paper tigers they are. In spite of this massive show of arms Black people were not intimidated and the guns, fighting violence and tyranny continued to spray missels of death. In New York, Washington, South Bend, Pheonix, and hundreds of other cities the roaring flames spread like a wild fire as thousands poured into the streets to carry on the fighting. The heroic struggles of Blacks demonstrated conclu sively that the US monopoly capitalist class, like all reactionaries in history, are really very weak while the people in their millions possess great strength. 2 Confronted by millions of Black people rising up angry, the reactionary monopoly capitalist class resorted, as it always does, to counterrevolutionary duel tactics to maintain its savage system of oppression and exploitation over Blacks! Brutal measures were used to suppress the Black struggle on the one hand while employing the tools of political deception on the other. Thus, at the same time the US government was training its military personnel in riot control and spending billions of dollars to arm police departments with tanks, armour cars, machine guns, and bombs it initiated hundreds of anti-poverty and special education programs designed for no other purpose but to stem the rising tide of the Black Libera tion Movement and sap the fighting spirit of Blacks. As part of their program of political deception the monopoly capitalists tried to create the illusion that these programs were not the fruits of years of bitter struggle but gifts from a decadent, bloodsucking monopoly capitalist class that had changed its basic nature. The bad guy turned good was a key component of the monopoly capitalist class’s new counter-revolutionary tactic of saying nice things to your face while stabbing you in the back. But Black people were not fooled. They clearly understood that these programs, such as model cities and the educa tional opportunities programs(EOP), were the Con't. Pg. 6 �Ketter The Fox Will Never Change �What Are The The Fox's projected student en rollment at UB. % increase in projected student enroll ment. total monies budgeted per student(federal) Year 1968-69 1969-79 100 450 $2,884 +350% $2,610 1970-71 875 +99% $2346 1971-72 1150 +32% $2,299 1972-73 1290 +12% $1,970 1400 +8% $2,005 1973-74 Percent Decrease -342% *-342% -29% (Editors Note: Source: Office Parts of ofthe the Assistant text are cutExcutive off and so Vice words President, are missing.) St Let us quote again from Ketter’s honey coated letter to members of the EOP Screening Panel. "The university is firmly committed to providing the best possible educational opportunities for those students who are admitted through the educational opportunity program. While the university is similarly committed to all of its students, the exceptional factors of the educational opportunity concept make it imperative that we constantly seek to infuse our educational opportunity program with greater substance and vitality. I consider this to be one of the greatest (Reporter - Nov. ’73) challenges facing the university today." These are such nice wonderful words. Who could disagree with these high sounding phrases? Has Ketter changed? Is it now safe to place the fox in charge of the chicken coop? It stands to reason that if Ketter and his like were seriously committed to Black people's right to a decent education this commitment would have grown by leaps and bounds since 1968 when the SUNY system opened its doors to Blacks. On the other hand, if Ketter and his like were lying about their commitment to Black programs we would expect to see their commitment to decline each year. Let us look at the facts and let them speak for themselves. If Ketter and his like were seriously committed to Black presence on this campus it stands to reason that the number and percentage of Black students enrolled at the university would have greatly in creased during the last six years. This is especially true since the university is in the process of beefing up it's en rollment in anticipation of the move to the Amherst Campus. Yet, since 1968 the percentage of students being brought into the university has declined each year. For example, between the school 1968-69 and 1969-70 there was a 350% increase in Black enrollment at UB. By the school year 1973-74 the percentage of Black students being brought into the EOP pro gram had dropped to 8%!! A decrease of 342 percent! Furthermore, between the school years 1971-72 and 1972-73 the projected number of students being brought *In our computation the 350% increase in enrollment which 1969-70 represents zero since we would expect that initial any yearly enrollment increment below 350% was computed as there has been a minus (-) 342% decrease in the Real Project into the EOP program increased from 1150 to 1290. An increase over the previous year of 140. In 1973-74 the projected number of EOP students in creased from 1290 to 1400. An increase of only 110. This means that there was actually a 30% decrease in the enrollment of Black student in 1973-74!! Most impor tant, this decrease occurred at the same time that a Record 25,693 students were enrolled in the university. Hence, while Ketter increased the university enroll ment to record proportions, he radically cuts back Black enrollment!! Thus, keeping niggers out of UB(cutting Black en rollment) is Ketter the fox's concept of "constantly seeking to infuse our Ed ucational Opportunity Program with greater substance and vitality." Let us now look at Ketter the fox’s policy of financial aid to Blacks and oppressed national minorities. When Blacks came to UB in 1968-69 they were funded at loo percent of their educa tional needs. Under the reactionary leader ship of the Nixon-Rockefellow-Ketter Clique one million, five thousand, seven hundred and thirty dollars($1,005,730.00) was eli minated from the EPIS(EOP)budget between the school years 1968-69 and 1970-71. During the same period, Ketter cut direct aid to EOP students by another sixty-two thousand, two hundred and thirty-six dollars($62,236.00). Thus, by 1972 Black students were being funded for only 42% of their educational needs. This represented a 58 percent cut in financial aid to students in less than two years!!! While exact figures for this year are unavailable, a conservative guess would suggest that Blacks are being funded for only 20% to 25% of their educational needs. My, isn's it strange how Ketter the fox meets "one of the greatest challenges facing the university today." �Facts? Score Board. learning financial administra counseling aid per tion cost tutoring cost center student allocation per student, Perstudent per student $2,474 $350.00 $2,290 $319.00 $1,883 $146.00 $1,734 $281.00 $181.00 $170.00 $l,520 $119.00 $145.00 $1,579 $110.00 $145.00 -36% -68% -14% $247.00 $185.00 $170.00 -39% (Editors Note: Sections of the text are mis ing at the start of sentences.) UNYAB. occurred between the school years 1968-69 and increment, if sincere, to increase yearly. Hence, (-) minus enrollment. Based on this formula Ted enrollment of Black students at UB since 1968-69! Ketter's policy of not allowing part time personnel to recieve tuition wavers, and the granting of only 50% tuition re duction to full time faculty and staff, will make it increasingly difficult for Blacks to attend graduate and professional schools. Over the past six years tuition for graduate school has zoomed to $1,200 a year. Part-time jobs have always been used by graduate students, especially those with families, to finance their education needs, including living ex penses. By eliminating tuition wavers for part-time person nel, Ketter, the fox, will make it increasingly difficult for Blacks to attend graduate school. This is especially true since fellowship and teaching assistants are rapidly drying up. A clear example of the impact that this policy will have on Black graduate and professional students can be made by examining enrollment figures which existed prior to the implementation of this policy. Over the past two years the number of Black graduate students dropped by .4 percent(from 304 to 299). Moreover, there was only a 2.6 percent increase in enrollment in the professional schools— law and medicine—between 1971-72 and 19 72-73. Increased tuition and the slashing of tuition wavers will cause this downward spiral in enrollment to continue! ! ! ! Ketter, the fox, has babbled endlessly about his commitment to minority recruit ment, hiring, and upgrading. Example, Ketter, The Fox, angrily stated that if he catches any department head not seriously committed to hiring minority faculty a freeze would be placed on their budgets until progress was noted. Recently, he even asserted that a freeze would be placed on university hiring so that all department heads would be forced to comply with the university's policy on the hiring of minority faculty and staff. Of course, Ketter never mentioned how this freeze would work nor did he indicate when it would start. To hear Ketter, the fox, rant and rave you would believe that he was all in favor of the recruitment, hiring and upgrading of Black faculty. But words and deeds are two different things and a lying fox with honey dripping from his mouth always says one thing and does another. Is Ketter a Saint who speaks the truth or a liar with honey dripping from his mouth? Let us look at his track record and find out. In spite of Ketter's rhetoric about the recruitment and hiring of Black faculty The Committee On Minority Faculty and Hiring indicated that the number of Black faculty and staff at UB actually declined this past year. Thus, under the leadership of Ketter, the fox, Black faculty were chased off the campus in stead of recruited and hired. Isn't it strange how Ketter fulfills his dream of recruiting and hiring Black faculty? Could it be that Ketter's program of minority recruitment and hiring is nothing but honey coated words, empty promises, and deceptive smiles? Ketter lied about the recruitment and hiring of Black faculty and staff but surely he told the truth about upgrading faculty members? Let's take a look and see. In the spring of 1972-73 there were 1,422 faculty members at UB. Of this number, only 55 were Black and twentythree of those were located in the School of Social Science and Administration! Only three, (.8 percent) Black faculty held the rank of full professor. Out of 431 Associate professors at UB only 12(2.8%) were Black or members of an oppressed national minority. Finally, out of 439 Assistant professors only 38 were Black or members of an oppressed national minority. A casual look at these figures clearly indicates that over 95% of Black faculty are at the bottom of the academic totem pole!!! Therefore, Ketter's talk about the upgrading of Black faculty members is nothing but empty promises. Black Staff Most Black staff members at UB are locked into positions where promotions and upgrading is impossible. They work without contracts, which means that they could be fired on a moment's notice, without fringe benefits, and are paid out of temporary funds which could dry up on a moment's notice. Since most Black staff members, especially EOP staff, are paid out of temporary funds they are considered temporary help! In the six years that the EOP program has existed there has not been one attempt to give EOP staff members permanent positions. If the EOP staff is conside red temporary help then surely Ketter must consider the EOP as a temporary program. The Learning Center Senior Staff members, most of whom have Master’s Degrees and work an eight hour day, are grossly underpaid. These Teachers ARE The Lowest Paid Faculty Members On Campus ! Although, members of the Learning Center are considered members of the Faculty of Educational Studies they are located on Lecturer lines which are gena rally reserved for graduate students. People on these kinds of lines are trapped into Dead-End jobs where they are denied promotions, tenure, and job benefits. Giving Learning Center personnel job de scriptions and pay genarally reserved for graduate students is disgraceful!! �Con't. from Pg. 2 concrete realization of the blood, sweat, tears and lives of millions of Black people who dared to struggle and dared to win. Hence, while the monopoly capitalist class and their political puppets hoped to use anti poverty and special education programs as tem porary tools of politcal deception the masses were determined to make them permanent weapons of Black liberation! What most Black people Did Not understand was that the struggle to make these programs permanent and determine their basic nature and character would not result in a quick victory but would be a long, bitter and antagonistic struggle which would last as long as there exists the exploitative and oppressive system of monopoly capitalism. Dual Tactic and the Birth of EPIS at U.B. Following the brutal murder of Martin Luther King in April 1968 Black people took to the streets and burned down thousands of cities across the United States. This retaliatory violence signa led the beginning of a new stage in the struggle of Black people against the tyrannical rule of the US monopoly capitalist class and exposed its parti cularly savage nature. King’s murder caused many Black’s to reason, "If the American government will kill a little minister who preached peace, love, and non-violence, they will do anything!" Frightened and desperate by Black people's response to King’s murder the US monopoly capitalist class accelerated it’s program of political deception. In Buffalo, New York, as part of the national campaign of political deception directed against Black people, the University of Buffalo esta blished the Select Committee on Equal Opportunity and The Office of Equal Opportunity, immediately following King's death, to institute an accele rated program of minority recruitment and hiring. The Select Committee on Equal Opportunity was also given the responsibility of establishing The Experimental Program In Independent Study (EPIS) to increase the enrollment of Black stu dents at UB. In announcing it's program of de ception the University indicated that "American Educational Institutions have contributed to the atmosphere of violence which led to the murder of Martin Luther King!" In a honey coated speech held at an emergency "Conference On the Disad vantage", in Buffalo during September of 1968, then Chancelor Samuel Gould declared in high sounding phrases, "The bringing of so-called high-risk students to the campus calls for imaginative shifts in the educational program. Our failure here would be especially tragic, for it would force those whose hopes we had aroused to undergo yet another dreary exercise in frustration and failure. To open the college door more widely demands, as a coro llary, the introduction of radically new Curri cular and instructional patterns. In short, A Campus Commitment To Serve Deprived Students Involves Not Only Brining Him To The Campus, But Also Sensitively And Sympathetically Assisting Him Once He Has Arrived." Before the honey had dried on the lips of Chancelor Gould steps were already underway to undermine and destroy the program of which he spoke so highly. At any rate, Black people were not initially fooled by the sugar-coated words of then Chancellor Gould, They fought hard and bitterly for the right to determine the basic nature and character of their program and many great victories were won. But many Black people did not understand that the struggle to determine the nature and character of the Educational Opportunity Program would not result in a quick victory but would be a long, bitter and antagonistic struggle that would exist throughout the entire historic epoch of capitalism. We did not realize that Dare To Struggle! 6 Presidents of Universities are there to serve the interests of the Ruling Class as opposed to serving the interest of all the people. In other words, there is a contradiction between the interests of the people in general, and Black people and oppressed national minorities in particular, and the University Administration, which serves the interest of monopoly capitalists. However, this contradiction is sharpest between the University Administration and Black people. Therefore, the university will always be planning, plotting and scheming to get Blacks off the campus. Most of these schemes will be covered up and disguised, to achieve their objective. Because of the particularly racist and reactionary nature of this administration, the schemes will be all the more deceptive, all the more cunning—and all the more deadly! Black people, on the other hand, will have to constantly struggle to remain on campus and keep their programs from being destroyed! Because we did not completely understand the basic nature of the contradiction (i.e. monopoly capitalism) our vigilance was temporarily relaxed and many of us were tricked into believing the empty promises and deceptive lies of Ketter. Policy of Political Deception. Special Education Programs for Black people and oppressed national minorities was developed as tools of political deception designed for no other purpose but to stem the rising tide of the Black Liberation Movement and sap the fighting spirit of the oppressed Black Nation," Ketter and his administration were never seriously commit ted to the basic right of Black people and op pressed national minorities to a decent educa tion. Their crash program of "getting niggers on campus," was nothing but a desparate attempt to divert and keep the lid on the Black Libera tion movement. To trick the people into be lieving their sincerity, the old trick of saying nice things to peoples' faces while working feverishly to stab them in the back was adopted. To hear Ketter speak you would think that he and his bankrupt administration were champions and defenders of the interests of the Black people and members of oppressed national minorities. Indeed, you would believe that these individuals were Black people's staunchest supporters and most reliable ally. Nothing could be further from the truth! Time and time again ketter and his administration have spoken passionately to blacks and oppressed national minorities about the university's commitment to their progress while simultaneously working to sabotage the very programs that they praised!! For example, Ketter the fox,[We call Ketter a fox because of his clever, sneaky, tricky, and deceptive natur e] has angrily stated that if he catches any de partment head not seriously committed to hiring minority faculty a freeze would be placed on their budgets until progress was noted. Recently, he even asserted that a freeze would be placed on all. university hiring so that all department heads would be forced to concentrate on minority hiring. All this occurred in between a trip to South Korea where he went to seal a pact design ed to promote the "unity of man." Yet in spite of all his sugar coated words, the number of Black faculty at UB continues to decline be cause of the unofficial policy of not actively recruiting Black faculty members, denying of tenure and harassing progressive Blacks out of the university. �Building a Brick House on Sand By early 1970 word had come down from Albany that the EPIS program would be phased out unless the chaotic administrative and organizational situation was altered. Most peo ple in the Special Education Program hierarchy across the state were deeply concerned about the plight of EPIS since it was the largest EOP pro gram in the state. They believe if EPIS was phased out that it would just be a matter of time before their programs fell. Most of these Black educa tors sincerely believed that the major problem confronting EPIS was administrative and organi zational incompetence. If this situation was corrected, they reasoned, EPIS would be saved and EOP programs across the state would be safe. Hence, putting EPIS on firm footing became the number one priority of educators in the Special Education hierarchy across the state. An un official search for a fighting administrative team commenced and after several months of looking the members of that team were found. The names of the members of the fighting administrative team were presented to Ketter in the fall of 1971 and he enthusiastically endorsed and agreed to hire them as quickly as possible. After priv ately making this commitment to the statewide leadership of Special Education Programs, the bankrupt Ketter clique hinted to the existing assistant director of EPIS that she might become the new director even though the job had been promised to another person several months earlier. When the assistant director discovered that she was not being seriously considered for the directorship she felt betrayed and fought back. Unfortunately, in the bitter struggle that followed the real enemy was not identified and tremendous splits and divisions developed among Black people. The full details of this struggle will be revealed in an upcoming issue of RISING UP ANGRY which will be devoted to an indepth analysis of the process by which the Ketter Administration has sought to destroy Black programs. By the time the fighting team got to UB, a highly suspicious, hostile, antagonistic, bitter, and divisive atmosphere had developed among Black people instead of the iron unity necessary for victory. Thus, Ketter the fox hired a fighting team and created the material basis for its destruction all in one stroke!!!! In other words, he built a brick house on the sand. In less than two years the team was destroyed. One member sold out and became Ketter's house nigger. Another member, tired and burnt out from months of heroic struggle against the bankrupt Ketter Administration, gave up the EOP responsibi lities of his office. The director of EPIS bitterly resigned and charged the Ketter clique with harassment and lack of coopera tion. The entire EPIS staff was bogged down in a maze of secondary problems and difficulties which kept them from seeing the forest for the trees. In other words, the dangerous situation that EPIS faced was forgotten amid the internal turmoil and struggle over minor problems and difficulties. This whole program of disruption and destruction was planned and engineered by Ketter and his gang and accomplished through the use of lies, rumors, and lack of administrative cooperation. The key lesson for Black people to learn from this struggle is that the material basis for Ketter's success was the low ebb of the Black Student movement which allowed him to do his dirty work and sow seeds of confusion and division unchallenged. We must never allow this to happen again!!! This is precisely why Black students, faculty and staff must in crease their level of political consciousness and sophistication of organization. This is also why Black administrators, Faculty, and staff must always place politics in command regarding the overall interest of Black people as opposed to looking out only for their jobs and positions, which in the end can only be ensured by the struggles of Black people to smash racism and reaction on this campus! Norton Union - Spring '72 Political Struggle at the University will never end Throughout the entire historical period of monopoly capitalism there will be bitter and antagonistic struggle between the university and Black people. These struggles will be continuous, protracted, repeated, tortous, and complex. Like the waves of, the sea it will sometimes rise high and sometimes it will subside. Sometimes it will be calm and sometime very turbulent but struggle will never cease. The forms of struggle will be many and varied-petitions, lawsuits, demonstrations, marches, sit-ins, building takeovers, strikes, open revolts and rebellions—but it will never cease during the reign of monopoly capitalism and the existence of the bourgeoisie. Why is this so? The struggle between Black people and the University will never cease because Ketter and his like will never change!!! Ketter will never put down his butcher knife. Ketter and his like will never give up their dream of "chasing niggers off this campus." Whenever struggle is at a high tide Ketter and his like will back away, make empty promises, use deceptive smiles, employ honey coated words, and pretend to be friendly. When struggle subsides he will move full steam ahead with his reactionary policy of chasing niggers off the campus. In other words, there will be times when Ketter’s trouble making will be open and above board and other times when it will be sneaky, underhanded, and in the dark. We are under attack and this condition will re main unaltered as long as Blacks exist on UB’s campus during the historic period of capi lism. This is a law of social development which exist independent of our dreams, wishes, hopes, and desires. Dare To Win! 7 �E.O.P. Screening Committee Tool of Political Deception... The principal of making a seemingly pro gressive move while working simultaneously to undermine and destroy it is part and parcel of Ketter's policy of erecting false fronts in order to trick and decieve people!!! Let us offer yet another example of Ketter's lying treachery. Recently, the Ketter clique announced in a grand and glorious manner that an EOP Screening Panel had been appointed to search for a new director of the Educational Opportunity Program. In letters inviting the Committee members to serve Ketter, the fox, said,"The university is firmly committed to providing the best possible educa tional opportunities for those students who are admitted through the Educational Opportunity Pro gram. While the university is similarly commi tted to all of its students, The Exceptional factors of the educational opportunity program Make It Imperative That We Constantly Seek To Infuse Our Educational Opportunity Program With Greater Substance And Vitality. I Consider This To Be One Of The Greatest Challenges Facing The University Today." Listen to the Honey flow from the mouth of this Tier! Ketter knows that he and his agents are planning to phase out EPIS. According to this sinister plan, which has been discussed with some members of the EOP staff, the EPIS Counseling component would become part of the DUS counseling unit. The Finan cial Aid and Admissions Units would be merged with their sister components in the Administra tion. Hence, the major components of EPIS would disappear into the cold, racist bureau cracy of the University structure and the EPIS Administrative staff would be transformed into a hunk of dead weight with useless no show jobs. With EPIS gone Black students would be at the mercy of every reactionary and racist fool on campus. Merging EPIS with the University is the same as making the fox the guardian and protector of the chickens. So what is all this talk about a new EOP director and a search committee? It is nothing but a false front designed to trick Black people into believing that the Ketter clique has changed its mind about phasing out EPIS. Rising up Angry welcomes and encourages comments, articles and criticisms as well as information about conditions facing oppressed National Min orities and Hack students, staff and faculty. Send care of PSU, room 308— Norton Union. The A screening or search committee can only select people to be recommended for a given job. They do not possess the power to hire anyone to fill the available position. This power rests solely with Ketter, the fox, and history has clearly indicated that he never hires anyone who cannot be convinced to go along with his game plan. A most recent example of the phoney screening committee trick occurred over the selection of the new head librarian. The Library Search Committee was given the responsibility of finding a Head Librarian. After weeks of searching a list containing the names of eight people who had been recommen ded for the job was given to Ketter. All eight individuals were rejected and Ketter, as he always does, appointed a man of his own choosing!!! This is just one of many examples of Ketter's use of the phony screening committee trick to hide the Dictatorship that he excercises over students, faculty and staff. Ketter recently came up with the idea of a screening committee only after Black students made it clear that they would not tolerate Baumer as the new director of the EOP program and demanded the right to name their own director!! Frantic and desparate at the mere thought of students demanding the right to name their own director and the possibility of a competent, progressive, and highly political EOP director, Ketter came up with the old phony screening committee trick to make Black students believe that they were partici pating in the selection of the new EOP director. What Right Does Ketter, Who Has Been Working Day and Night To Destroy Black Program, Have To Name A Screening Panel To Find A Director Who Will Fight Him And His Bankrupt Clique? Does he really think that Black people are dumb enough to let him get away with this trick? Ketter’s objective is crystal clear!!! He hopes to make a timid, docile nigger, who will go along with the phase out, as the new EOP director. The phony screening panel is the vehicle by which he hopes to achieve this objective. To this lying fake with honey dripping from his mouth we say, "Hell No! The Phony Screening Panel Must Go!" The power to name a screening panel and select a new EOP director must rest in the hands of Black students, faculty, and staff. Black people cannot entrust their destiny to those who have proven, by their acts and deeds, to be their enemies!!! The naming of a genuine EOP Screening Panel and the selection of a genuine EOP director is a Basic Right of Black people at HUB. It is a just and reasonable demand! Committee The Committee is a small group of Black students,faculty, staff And community people dedicated to the task of EXPOSING the reactionary and racist policies of the Ketter Administration. We firmly believe that the recent and monstrous outrages committed by the Ketter Administration demand that Blacks and oppressed national minorities take a stand and continue their fighting heritage of struggle and resistance against reaction, repression, and racism. We further believe that the time has come for Blacks, oppressed national minorities, and those who oppose reaction, racism, and oppression to Rise Up Angry and defeat the policies of the reactionaries and at UB. 8 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Student Union collection Subject The topic of the resource Student newspapers and periodicals College students, Black Minority college students Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Description An account of the resource The Black Student Union (BSU) at UB was founded in 1967 and recognized by the Student Association in 1968. In 1969, it counted 1,000 members. Twelve periodical publications have been issued by the BSU and are the primary record of the activities and history of the organization. Most of the material was issued on newsprint, and the material is now extremely fragile as a result of heavy use. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-2015 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use for educational purposes only. Single copies (print, photocopy, download) are permitted for personal study, research and teaching. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-UA005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rising Up Angry Newsletter, Volume 1, Number 2, January 1974 Description An account of the resource This is Volume 1, Number 2 of "Rising Up Angry," a newsletter published by the Black Student Union of the University at Buffalo. This issue was published in January 1974 and is eight pages long. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Subject The topic of the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) -- Periodicals State University of New York at Buffalo African American college students College student newspapers and periodicals Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974-01 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-10 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Periodicals Newsletters Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG9-5-00-4_1a_1_4_001 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. 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Black Student Union Newspapers https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/49e6a0d734b2cf48ff606f856b19ecca.pdf 7151c9d952ba1f60c99481b79f39cce9 PDF Text Text Collective The voice of the University of Buffalo B.S.U. and Third World Veterans Alliance Vol. 1, No. 5 Spirit April 1973 Buffalo, New York �What Happened At Attica? The Attica Prison Rebellion was not an isolated incident. On any single day there are about 1,300,000 Americans in prison, ninety percent of them Black, Latino and poor white people from the urban ghettos of America. Most large prisons in the U.S. have seen major up-risings in the last three or four years, all directed against the racism, brutality and general degradation of prison existence. In New York State alone, prisoners at Rikers Island, Queens and Brooklyn Houses of Detention the Tombs, and Auburn had risen up to bring their intolerable living condi tions to the attention of the people all before Attica exploded. Prisoners at Auburn in November, 1970,were pro mised total amnesty, and were beaten, gassed and maced in their cells the next day. They learned not to trust the promises of the state. Brothers In Court Since December 18, 1972, arraign ment proceedings have been taking place at the Wyoming County Courthouse at Warsaw. So far, 60 Attica Brothers have been named on 37 indictments, and the Grand Jury responsible for these is still in session. Throughout these proceedings, the state has demonstrate d its inhumanity, against which the indicted Brothers have stood up strong; the repression has been ex ended from the Brothers to those who ire at the courthouse to show their solidarity. The remoteness of the courthouse, in an isolated all-white community, Ear from the urban centers where nost of the Brothers have their roots and supporters, is itself a disad vantage: but this has not prevented the people from packing the courtroom. The State was not prepared, at first, for such a show of support. Security in the first week was not intense. "Spec tators" could wait inside the building and communicate with the Brothers as they entered and left the court. If supporters were called "spec tators" by Judge Carmen Ball, then the state provided the spectacle in its treatment of the Brothers. When the prisoners are brought to the courthouse, they are escorted by State Troopers. They are forced to climb a fire-escape in shackles, and are led into the courtroom in chains. The first day of indictments, the Brothers at the court had to wait all morning, chained, because the prosecution did not bother to show up until the afternoon. The mental torture was prolonged by the state: until the indictments were unsealed in the courtroom, the Brothers there had no idea what they were being charged with. Some were even made to return on later dates to face new indictments —no-one knew if or when he would have to be at court again. One Brother, William Ortiz, at his second appearance, exposed the pain he was forced to endure. Looking badly beaten, he said: I'm going through pains-mental pains. I do not know if I am William Ortiz. I do not know if I exist-- they took an innocent man and killed him. They have taken mv mind-like a man without a mind, without a head—I don't know anything about these charges-they are a pack of cold-blooded lies. You want to kill me, you can kill me. Get it over with now. Give me the electric chair. Give me the gas chamber. You're going to kill me anyway." On a later appearance to the courth ouse, Ortiz seemed strengthened by the show of support, returning the clenched fist greeting of demonstrators as he Left to be taken back to Auburn. Together, the Brothers have man aged to withstand the pressures of the state, and have used every opportunity to demonstrate the invalidity of the indictments and the illegality of the court. Once arraignments formally began, no-one entered a plea—Judge Ball has had to do it. They do not walk in, but often force the prison guards to drag them, dramatizing the state's repression. Indictments have been tom up, ignored or contested. Several Brothers, turning to the people, have asked if they indicted them. Until Judge Ball forbade "dem onstrations", the answer was a solid "No!" This gesture stems from objections to the prosecution’s use of the words "The People of the State of New York..." In a motion to delete "The People," replacing it with "The Government," Dalou Asahi (Mariano Gonzalez) said: "The present use of the words "The People" gives legitimacy to what is an illegitimate charge against me. The people, my/our people, have never passed judgement on me and have never accused me of any crime. The people have not been able...to judge and indict the real criminals." Collective Spirit on Friday February 2, made it clear in a motion to remove the cops, the rea son for their presence: to give the appearance of containing "wild ani mals from prison", and prejudice the case against the Brothers. The Judge himself hides behind the stony wall of his face; his response to the Bro thers is threatening, paternalistic, or downright callous. One Brother, Ronald Bixby, was not treated for a nervous disease as he should have been on the day he appeared in court (December 28). The Judge ignored his condition—and that evening Bixby was found unconscious on the floor of his cell with a "piece of cord" around his neck. When told of this, Judge Ball denied responsibility for anything concerning the institutions to whose "care" he has committed the Brothers. When one Brother, Willie Stokes, documented the specific inci dents of harrassment and brutality which he was aware of at Auburn, the Judge told the prosecution to continue reading the charges—and told Willie he could have him gagged. Following Willie Stokes into the courtroom was Alphonso Ross, who told the Judge why his court and his charges were illegal. Hauled up on kidnap charges, he said: The state opposed the motion, and Judge Ball denied it. This was just one of many times that the Judge acquiesced to the prosecution’s wishes. For example, in motions for bail reduction, the Judge has only accented the figure desired by the state. The Brothers are making all actions and motions collectively. Included among the motions they have decided to raise are: 1. That trial venue(location) be changed to Mew York City; 2. That Judge Ball be dismissed for prejudice,and 3. That the indictments be dropped in the interests of justice; Such actions and speeches by the Brothers, and the constant support at the courthouse, dismays the state, which is trying to gag those exposing its inhumanity. It has reacted with greater clamp-downs. Now, everyone wanting to enter the courtroom has to wait outside in the freezing cold. Then, one by one, they are searched by a sher iff with a metal detector, their names meanwhile being taken by another sher iff and a Bureau of Criminal Investiga tions agent—presumably as a "reference". To even carry a paper cup of water into the courtroom is forbidden. A wall of armed "peace-officers" is placed be tween the brothers and sisters waiting outside the building to greet the prisoners as they are being led away. During the proceedings themselves, a similar threatening display lines the walls of the small courtroom. Attorney William Kunstler, in court "I am a ghetto man, born and raised there, my people are there—you have kidnapped me to this court... As to this here charge of unlawful im prisonment .. well , Judge Ball, you and the rest of the pigs in this country are unlawfully imprisoning thous ands of my poor Brothers— because they are poor, and because they are Black or Chi cano... that’s unlawful im prisonment.!" It was the patronizing Judge Ball who "advised" Bro ther William Wesley- "You are your own worst enemy. Stop thinking that everyone is out to get you..start worrying a bout yourself first, and then concern yourself with these other things."(other things being the conditions in Au burn which William was deman ding be controlled) The state is trying to repress the Brothers because they know what the state does to human beings. The response to its efforts is the growth of activity around their strug gle. Groups from Rochester, Buffalo, Syracuse, N.Y.C., Ithaca, and Olean have been there in Warsaw every day, picketing, filling the court room, and showing those try ing to silence the Attica Brothers that their voice will be heard. This is what the Attica Brothers teach us in every demonstration of resis tance- and it is up to us to carry the struggle forward with them. Page 2 �Collective Spirit "Indicted Brothers" Indictment Number(s) Brother William Bennett (Goldmine) Richie Billello Ernest Bixby James Brown (Alsayah) Richard Clark (Brother Richard) Roger Champen (Champ) Ronald Coyne (Big Red) Herbie Scott X Deane (Akil) Allah Dahu [fugitive] Edward Dingle Robert Dugarm Greg Felder Peter Galvin Robert Gill Mariano Gonzalez (Dalou) Steve Garrett (El-Kareem) Thomas Hagen John Hill (Chief) Calvin Hudson (Hutch) Raymond Jackson Armstrong John (Bif) Robert Johnson (Duke) Wilbur Johnson (Jusmeallah) Carl Jones-El (Tariq) Milton Jones (Babu) Vernon LaFranque Joe Little Ronald Lyons Leon McDonald (Hodari) Otis McGaughy (Big O) Mariano Maldano [fugitive] Steve Merkel Robert Miles John Mitchell (the Rock) James Moore (Rahaam) Donald Noble [fugitive] William Ortiz (Toriano) William Outlaw Chuck Pernasalice Mike Phillips Alfred Plummer (NBA Red) Jose Quinones (Papo) Ruiz Quintana Chris Reed James 33X Richey Alphonso Ross Chris Santiago Bernard Shipman (Iron Mike) Frank Smith (Big Black) Willie Smith [fugitive] William Stokes Bernard Stroble (Shango) Raymond Sumpter (Fish) Eric Thompson (Jomo) Verdell Turner (Zuri) John Wallace William Wesley (Shati) Tony Williams William Wilson (Xmielex) Rico Wright 5,7,37 15 10 5 5 5 18 18 9 5,15 10 20 20 10 6 5 10 1,19 24 21 2,5 16,28 18,36 7 3,5,7,9 35 11 8,12 15 18,34 22,23 11 10 10 15,33 2,5 7,8,17,31 25 1 10 29 5,15 10 5 5,10 7,8,30,32 13 5 5,15 27 10 5,15 8,9 5,15 7 4,5 14,17 7 21 26 Maximum Sentence life x34 +265 yrs. 18 yrs. 143 yrs. life x34 life x34 life x34 36 yrs. 36 yrs. 108 yrs. life x34 +18 yrs. 143 yrs. 36 yrs. 36 yrs. 143 yrs. possibly death life x34 143 yrs. poss. death +21yrs 36 yrs. 22 yrs. life x34 +25 yrs. 78 yrs. 43 yrs. 251 yrs. life x34 +384 yrs. 14 yrs. 36 yrs. 360 yrs. 18 yrs. 58 yrs. 28 yrs. 36 yrs. 143 yrs. 143 yrs. 33 yrs. life x34 +25 yrs. 589 yrs. 22 yrs. possible death 143 yrs. 28 yrs. life x34 +18 yrs. 143 yrs. life x34 life x34 +143 yrs. 589 yrs. 29 yrs. life x34 life x34 +18 yrs. 32 yrs. 143 yrs. life x34 +18 yrs. 432 yrs. life x34 +18 yrs. 251 yrs. life x34 +25 yrs. 65 yrs. 251 yrs. 22 yrs. 32 yrs. Indictments Murder (Quinn) 2. Attempted murder 3. Attempted murder (Kline) 4. Attempted murder (Kozlowski) 5. 1st Kidnap x34 counts 6. Murder (Privatera) 7. 1st degree kidnap x6 CTS. Unlawful imprisonment x6cts. 1st coercion x6 cts. 2nd assault x5 cts. 8. 2nd kidnap x9 cts. Unlawful imprison. x9cts. 1st coercion x9 cts. 18. 2nd Kidnap Unlawful Impris. 1st Coercion 19. 2nd Assault Promoting Pris. Contraband Possession of Weapon 20. 2nd Kidnap Unlawful Imprisonment 1st Coercion 21. 2nd Robbery Promoting Pris. Contraband 22. and 23. 2nd Assault Promoting Pris. Contraband 24. 2nd Robbery 2nd Assault Contraband x2 25. 9. 2nd kidnap x3 cts. Unlawful imprison. x3 cts. 1st coercion x3 cts. 10. 2nd kidnap x3 cts. Unlawful imprison. x3 cts. 1st coercion x3 cts. 2nd assault x5 cts. 11. 1st degree assault 2nd degree assault Possession of Weapon,Felony Promoting Prison Contraband 12. 1st Assault 2nd Assault Possession of Weapon Promoting Pris. Contraband 13. 1st Assault Possession of Weapon Promoting Pris. Contraband 14. 1st Coercion x4 Unlawful impris. x4 Possession of Weapon Promoting Pris. Contraband 15. 1st Coercion x2 Unlawful Imprison. 16. 1st Coercion x 5 Promoting Pris. Contraband 17. 2nd Assault Attempted Arson Contraband 26. 1st Sodomy 1st Sexual Abuse 27. 1st Sodomy 1st Sexual Abuse 28. 2nd Kidnap Unlawful Imprisonment 1st Coercion 29. 2nd Assault x2 Possession of Weapon Contraband 30. Contraband 31. 2nd Assault 32. Possession of Weapon Contraband x3 33. Possession of Weapon Contraband 34. 1st Assault 2nd Assault 35. Possession of Weapon Contraband 36. 2nd Assault 37. Possesion of Weapon Contraband State Launches Second Attack On Brothers The "special" Attica Grand Jury, after fifteen months of "investigating" the uprising and massacre, has finally handed down 37 indictments - all of them against prisoners. 60 Attica Brothers - 46 of them Black, 8 White, 5 Latino and one Mohawk - are accused of crimes ranging from murder to "pro moting prison contraband". Not one State Official, Trooper or prison guard has been indicted for so much as assault. These indictments are only the first batch. The Grand Jury is still meeting regularly, and we can expect another load of charges in the next few months. Rockefeller and his agents have spent close to two million dollars of tax payers’ money to get these indictments, money that could have been used to deal with the barbaric conditions that triggered the uprising. Why is it so important to them to punish the Attica Brothers and put them away for life? First, Rockefeller and all the State Officials involved, have to wipe the blood off their own hands by putting the whole blame for what happened at Attica onto the prison ers. By accusing the victims of Attica of violent crimes they hope the people will forget their own racist atrocities. (They tried to do the same thing September 13, when Walter Dunbar announced that the hostages died at the hands of the Brothers. This vicious lie was swallowed whole by the news media, and many people still be lieve it to be true.) Cont. PG. 4 Col. 2 Page 3 �Campus News Brothers To Our Defence Monday evening, April 9, some brothers went down to the art galley room 219, Norton Union, U.B., and found to their disbelief a Nazi display. Flags draped acrossed the wail, drawing of Hittier and his officers. When they enter the room it seemed like it was a pro-nazism art exhibit and one brother tore the flag off the wall and asked who was incharge of the display. Robert Sen pieI, the artist came forth and said that his works were not pro-fascism, but Just the oppisite. He was trying to denounce any futher movement like that. But it would seem that they could have pick a better time to dis play this distasteful work of what ever they wanted to call It, since it was only a few weeks ago that are sisters & brothers in the public high school were subjected to that trash by some racist crackers passing out anti-black lecture. Some White’s Say, "Lack Of Understanding " Some white (so call intellectuals) people went on to say, "It’s tremend ously regrettable that people at a university aren’t able to understand anything that is subtle". We understand what those Brothers did. What we don’t understand is why after 450 years of Iiving in this country,why does this system think we have not learned a thing of their fasism. Where was these Intellects when our Brothers and Sisters were being subjected to this Racist Society. So let the people understand that it was justified. And there was no Lack of Understanding. Lawrence WaIker Collective Spirit cont. from PG.3 Second, they are trying to crush the resitance of prisoners - and all oppressed people who struggle for a better life - by incarcerat ing them for life in armed con centration camps. (When the Brothers talk about "concentration camps", they are not fooling. The only real change at Attica in the last one and a half years has been the building of new gun towers, assault tunnels, and the arming of the entire guard force with M-16 rifles.) Nixon and Rockefeller and their allies have declared war on all poor and nonwhite people in this country. They are frightened by the unity and determination of the Attica Broth ers who dared to defy the system which was murdering them by inches in Maximum Security. Now the State must try to break their spirit and make an example of them to all of us. Black Mayors Below are seven (7) Black Mayors. Can you match the Mayor with the city he supposedly runs: Newark,N.J. Chapel Hill, N.C Gary, Ind. Highland Park, Mich. 5. Berry E. Clev. Ohio F. Fayette, Miss. . Where did these charges come from? The 6. Howard N. Lee 7. Robert Blackwell G. Cincin. , Ohio Wyoming County Grand Jury that handed down these indictments is one of the most blatantly stacked juries in his tory. It's members all live in the Answers To Black May Or Quiz rural communities in and around Attica; they are all white, largely elderly Page 6 only one is under thirty - and unanim ously biased against prisoners. When the jury was questioned for possible Political Quiz prejudice by the judge and the D.A. 1. 2. 3. 4. Carl Stokes A. Richard Hatcher B. Kenneth Gibson C. Charles Evers -D. twelve of its members stated quite Below are major Political openly that they had friends and rel Activities occuring in the news atives who work as guards in the prison today. See if you can match the or as State Troopers, and five had events with the people responsible. friends who were hostages in the yard. The foreman of the jury, Raymond Becker, runs the school bus outfit in Attica 1. Watergate A. John A.McCone village and claims many friends among 2. Attica B. L. Patrick Gray the Attica guards. 3. Apple C. Richard Nixon The only evidence this "impartial" 4. WoundedKnee D. Jack Yablonski Grand Jury has heard in its year and 5. FBI E. Jack Anderson more of duty has been presented by Dep 6. Russian Wheat F. Gov. Rockefeller uty Attorney General Robert E.Fisher, 7. United Mine G. Robert Penn the man appointed by Rockefeller to Workers investigate and prosecute all crimes 8. Model Cities H, Rich. Wilson committed at Attica. Fisher's agency 9. Amer. Dollar I. Russell Means was originally set up to investigate 10. Muckraker J. McCord organized crime in N.Y.S. Apparently 11.ITT K. Inflation the task of rounding up the Attica 12.EX-CIA Direc. L. Edward Gerrity Brothers has a higher priority, as the entire organized crime task force was shifted to the Attica work. As a State Official himself, and as an attorney who has defended the State Officials involved at Attica in court, fisher stated he could not impartially investigate the crimes of State Offic ials, and requested that a special agency be set up for that purpose. This of course has not been done. No-one is investigating or prosecuting the men responsible for the primary violence at Attica the murders and tortures of September 13. And unless we demand it and see to it, no-one will. Fisher and his agents have accordingly spent the past year investigating the alleged crimes of prisoners. They have bought their testimony from prisoners by offers of pardon or parole, or by threats of indictment for those who refuse to testify as directed by the D.A.s. We know of several prisoners who were refused parole because they refus ed to testify. We know of at least two prisoners who have testified several times and been granted an executive pardon by Gov. Rockefeller. We know of one Brother who was threatened with indictments worth another eight years inside if he refused to tell it the way they wanted it. Brothers who were on the street were told their parole Answers To Political Quiz Page 6 cont. PG. 5 col.2 Page 4 �Local News Collective Spirit To Our Younger Black Brothers And Sisters Hugh Bassette Why do Black kids have to go to the other side of town and be Hot Line exposed to roving racists when East High School is in the Black community? Why have the courts failed to Welfare Welfare roles Increased by 4.4 per cent In 1972 compared to 13.5 per cent In 1971. This In crease Is the smallest since 1953. The statistics from the annual Social Services Dept. sent to the governor and the legislature also showed that welfare spending during the same period rose about 14% from $4.19 billion in 1971 to $4.77 bil lion in 1972. But, who got the money, difinitely not enough poor Blacks and Spanish speaking people. Food Stamps convict white students and parents who have failed to attend East? Why are there so few Regents Scholarships at East? East High School is controlled by the Board of Education operating out of City Hall. The Black citi zens and the White have clearly shown they were opposed to bussing as well as to true Intergration. The Agriculture Dept. announced that 12 million people now receiving food stamps will be getting an In crease. With all the money the Ag riculture Dept. has; it is only able to come up with a $4 per month in crease for a family of four. For exampIe a family whose totaI Income Is between $290 and $309.99 per month now pays $82 for $112 worth of stamps, beginning July 1, the same family will have to pay $83 to get $116 in stamps. our own schools. Prices will receive an adequate educa Prices rose 2.2% in March! Culture The Puerto Rican Theater and Arts Workshop is accepting original scripts for future productions. Also anyone interested in studying acting, dancing, Art and Music or teaching, please contact George Garcia or Carmen Rivera at 881-4862 or at the Poder Office 831-5351. Classes will begin In the near fu ture. All are Invited. Children from 8 years old and up. Ain't No Drug Problem in The Italian Community Since Whites do not want us in their schools then we should deve lop and improve our own schools. We can only do this if we control Schools in the Black Community should be con trolled by citizens who lived in that community. Only then can Of All The Europeans In This country the Italians are the only people without a serious drug problem In their commun ity. The Italians are also the major distributors of drugs in the country. There is, in the Italian community, a rule against the use and distribution of drugs that Is enforced to the letter by Italian men. Listed below are the three steps in their pre vention program: 1. The first time we catch a pusher we'll issue a rea list warning that gener ally works (this warning is for Italian pushers only). 2. If he has the stupidity to come back we'll break both his legs and shoot him up with his own stuff. 3. If he comes back again, ob viously he Is not taking us seriously or he has a serious deathwish. We'll make this wish come true. we be certain that our children tion. Only a fool leaves the ed ucation of his children up to his enemies. The actions of the Italian men in their communtiy may seem cold but there Is no drug prob In the Italian community. lem What are black men doing about the drug problem In the black community? Third World Veterns Alliance cont. from PG.4 would be revoked if they refused to "cooperate”. These bribes are general practice in buying testimony. (Bought testimony and racist juries were the foundation of the political trials of Angela Davis, the Soledad Seven, Martin Sostre, the Harlem Four, Billy Dean Smith, Gary Laughton - the list is end less.) The trials will definitely be trans ferred away from the all-white rural county of Wyoming because of the level of prejudice against the Brothers. The most likely locations for trial are Buffalo and Rochester, despite the Brothers’ motion to be tried by their peers in N.Y.C. There will be heavy prejudice against them wherever they are tried, against which they can only pit their sol idarity and the justice and humanity of their cause. As in so many pol itical trials in recent years, their real chances depend directly upon the support they receive from the People. Attica Is All Of Us!!! Page 5 �Collective Spirit Grapevine Black Food and Drug Administration warns against hexachlorophene Washington-The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has once again sounded the alarm over the use of hexachlorophene as a substance to be used on infants and adults suffering from severe burns or lacerations. The Cause for the alarm was found in a study that revealed 15 people had died from the use of the germkilling chemical, or had been associated with use of the chemical as a cleansing agent for people seriously ill with burns and diseases. These studies were first reported more than a year ago and provided the first solid evidence of ill effects from use of the chemical in normal and recommended concentrations, said Dr. Jean L. Lockhard, an FDA expert on the subject. However the primary evidence came last year from two sources: A group of more than 35 deaths among presumably healthy newborn French infants who were accidentally exposed to large doses of hexachlorophene and from a study being conducted in Seattle that tended to link the chemical to brain damage in the newborn. In A Later study conducted in Atlanta, a strong statistical relation was found between use of the chemical and appearances of abnormalities in infants’ brains. Hexachlorophene is considered hazardous to burn patients because it can enter the patient’s blood stream through the damaged or destroyed skin. Tests have almost ruled out any passing of the chemical through the normal unbroken skin to any degree that might cause harm to normal adults. It can be dangerous to infants because it is more easily absorbed through the thin skin of the baby. Therefore the use of hexachloropene on a child’s skin is not encouraged at this stage of investigation by researchers. Of the 15 deaths associated with hexachlorophene, the findings were compiled from adults, infants and children. In most cases the patients were suffering from some form of burn. The FDA last year described the application of hexachlorophene to burned surfaces as a misuse of the product, proclaiming this form of application as highly dangerous. Soaps and cleansers containing hexachlorophene are still recommended as scrub disinfectants for surgical personnel, but even these and all other products containing even minor traces of the chemical are to be used according to prescription. Nixon housing riles Brooke Washington - Declaring “the administration is abandoning fundamental commitments,” Republican Senator Edward Brooke (Mass.) denounced the Nixon administration for its lack of a sufficient housing program. Speaking Before the National Housing Conference, Brooke said the Republican administration’s housing policy ignores the needs of the poor and elderly persons who are unable to afford proper housing. As a member of the Senate Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee, Broooke urged Congress to reverse the Nixon plan to no longer federally subsidize housing until a better way can be found to build the 600,000 homes set as a goal for this year. Deadly dye scored New York—The recent disclosure of a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved dye, that is known to have damaging effects upon the fetus of tested animals, has caused concern in nearly every household in the country. Because of the wide range of items that the red dye can be found in, the FDA has not done anything to place a ban on use of the dye, even though the hazards are well known. The Dye Chemically called amaranth is commonly known as Red No. 2w. This red dye is the .source of coloring for many orange or red things such as hotdogs, soft drinks. ice cream, chewing gum, lipstick, powder and rouge. In addition, when blended with other dyes, the deadly red provides the color for ice cream, processed cheese luncheon meat, dry cereals, pickles, canned fruits, salad dressing, jellies, jam, candies, gelatins, pet foods, and a number of other food products. As far back as 1970, a Russian scientist discovered that the dye was harmful by testing it upon rats, mice, and rabbits. The dye was given to the guinea pigs in dosages of 1.5 milligram in proportion to one kilogram of body weight. The test proved that this amount would kill an otherwise healthy fetus or if the fetus lived, the test showed it grew poorly or it never lived beyond one month after birth. Much like other subtle genocidal chemicals the test showed that the dye caused a defect in the ovaries of the Nixon housing riles Brooke Washington - Declaring “the administration is abandoning fundamental commitments,” Republican Senator Edward Brooke (Mass.) denounced the Nixon administration for its lack of a sufficient housing program. Speaking Before the National Housing Conference, Brooke said the Republican administration’s housing policy ignores the needs of the poor and elderly persons who are unable to afford proper housing. As a member of the Senate Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee, Broooke urged Congress to reverse the Nixon plan to no longer federally subsidize housing until a better way can be found to build the 600,000 homes set as a goal for this year. female animals tested and also that the male animals showed less potency. Despite this three year old discovery by the Soviet Union, the Food and Drug Administration of the U.S. did nothing. However the Soviets continued their tests' and shortly thereafter re commended that a 132 pound person should not take more than 4.5 milligrams of the red dye per day. The absurdity of the recommendation can only be seen when its content in ordinary food is known. For instance one single can of cherry soda contains 62 milligrams of red dye, nearly thirteen more than the daily safe level. In addition it was learned that if the red dye was used at a level low enough to be considered safe, it would not be enough dye to color the food uniformly, the FDA claims. Go to the people Live among them Learn from them Love them Serve them Plan with them Start with what they know Build on what they have Kwame Nkrumah Couple Finds "Black Blood" Guards Against Skin Cancer Drs. Ingegerd and Karl Erik Hellstrom said they found a fac tor in the blood of Black Amer icans that appears to improve the body’s ability to defend itself against a skin cancer that pri marily affects whites. After experiments with blood plasma taken from Black donors at the University of Washington at Seattle, they report that this "Black factor" in the blood allows the body’s own defensive system to fight the tumor cells in malig nant melanoma, a cancer of the pigment cells in the skin. The researchers made their revelations at an American Cancer Society science writers’ seminar in Nogales, Ariz. They picked melanoma to work with because it is a simpIe form of cancer. It is rare, occurringin about, 4,000 Americans a year. It can kill a patient within six months or a patient can live for 30 years But, the HelIstroms report that the special factor in the blood of Blacks system to fight melanoma does not work for other cancers. There are some reports that to find further information, the couple plans on running a two-year controlled study with 60 patientshalf of them getting blood plasma from Black donors and the other half from white donors. Answers To Black Mayor Quiz 1- E 2 - C 3 - A 4 - F 5 - G 6 - B 7 - D Answers To Political Quiz 1 - J 7 - D 2 - F 8 - G 3 - H 9 - K 4 - I 10 - E 5 - B 11 - L 6 - C 12 - A Page 6 �National News Drug Companies Use Inmates For Deadly Experiments The incarceration of hun dreds of thousands of poor people in prisons throughout the country serves many func tions for the U.S. ruling class. It enables the rich to muffle the struggle of the unemployed, the hungry, the ill-housed, the thousands on weIfare-in short, the op pressed. Another function of the prisons is to confine the superoppressed national minor ities and political prisoners who are openly challenging the racist rulers of this coun try. In additon to these social functions, the prisons are financially profitable for the rich. Prisons are a source of extremely cheap labor - prisoner workers often receive only pennies a day for the hard work they do. Perhaps the most bru tal and inhuman, as we I I as the least publicized, exploi tation of prisoners is car ried out by multimill on dollar pharmeceuticaI cor porations such as Upjohn and Parke Davis. Thousands of inmates in prisons in virtually every part of the country are compelled to submit to pain ful and dangerous experiments designed to determine whet her a new drug is safe for "public use." Used As Human Guinea Pigs Prisoners are so totally deprived by the oppression of prison life that they often consent to participate in experiments for as little as $15 dollars a month. If you ass to this the fact that in mate nurses and technicians are paid less than one per cent of the wage similar work ers receive on the outside, then the awesome diminsions of this barbaric exploitation become apparent. The experiment consisted of intramuscular injections of Varidase, a Lederle product. After the drug was adminis tered tothe plaintiff (no written consent) was obtained from the inmates, nor were they informed of the effects of the drug, he suffered a near fatal, extremely pain ful disease of the muscles. As a result, his weight fell from 140 pounds to 75 pounds. He later developed chronic stomach ulcer's from treatment with steroids. In Mitford’s article in the Atlantic Monthly, one of the two doctors named as de fendants in the suit daid, "The reason we did the experi ment was the pain and the fever what we were looking for was pain, discomfort, aching inthe the arm . We were told they might also have fever, ma lise, and chills." Prisoners participating in the experi ments (for which they were paid four dollars!) described their reactions to the drug: "Cold chills, sweated, nauseated throughout the night." "Sharp abdominal pains." "I have a headache and my stomach feels terrible." "My body feels weak all over; right arm hurts worse than ever." "My head feels as if it will fall off." "Chilled, feverish, weak and exhausted." Other experiments de scribed by Mitford are revaled in brutality only by the Nazi treatment of prisoners in concentration camps. They include a study by SIMR in which a gram of muscle tissue was removed from the arm and as Iowa study performed by a "doctor" Hodges who Included scury in inmates to observe their physical detorioration. Only a class motivated soley by an insane greed for profits could carry out the atrocites which are being com mitted daily in U.S. prisons. This use of prisoners as human guinea pigs painfully il lustrates once again the com plete lack of concern for human life by the prison au thorities, the government, and the big corporations they serve. Because of these crimes, as welI as the racism and brutality of prison life, all U.S. concentration camps for the poor should be torn down! Despite the fact thatthe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) have established some regulations for human experi mentation, these regulations are consistently violated, and no attempt at enforcement has been made. For instance, federal guidlines specifally require written consent from the subject and clearly prohibit prisoner statements releasing researchers from responsibility for their experiments. But in the January 1973 issue of the Atlantic Monthly Jessica Mitford revealed that Dr. Chalkley, a doctor for HEW, when asked if HEW had ever brought any legal action to enforce its regulations said, "None to date." Some of the most blatant cruelty has occurred at the California Medical Facility at Vacaville, a prison for men supposedly in need of psychiatric treatment. Of the 1500 prisoners at Vacaville, from 300 to 1000 have been involved continously for the last decade in research ex perimentation. The experi ments are conducted under the authority of the Solano Institute for Medical Re search (SIMR) which has its headquarters in Vacaville. SIMR is a nonprofit organization whose income has gone up by over 500 percent in eight years. The research ers are mostly from the Univer sity of California medical schools and are funded with tax exempt payments from such companies as Lederle, Wyeth, Dow Chemical, Roche, Abbott, and Smith, Kline & French. $4 For Near-Fatal Test Collectively Spirit In 1962 two SIMR physicans conducted an experiment with 20 inmates. The experiment, which one of the doctors called "pain tolerance studies," ultimatey led to a law suit. A Black Thought We have two basic roads to travel. One is to continue to dress nice, in $50 dashikis, quote mao, stand on corners andscream, continue in the guise of calling ourselves re volutionaries and telling the cracker what he done and how bad we is and what we gonna do and remain what Imamu Amiri Barake calls hyphenated americans, in other words negroamericans, afro-americans, blackamericans, dead-americans. The second and more practical path for us to take is to analyze ourselves (we are African people, meaning our roots and allegiance are African), our attributes and our deficiencies, what we have, what we don’t have, and what we need Mathematical equations: subtrach what we have from what we don’t have and come up with what we need—Become what we need. We have to be to our selves whatever is necessary for our liberation, indepen dence and perpetuation, not necessarily what we want to be but What we have to be — whatever is necessary. We have to move in an internation al/national world of African Unity, moving as free in Africa as we move in our own bedrooms. Whatever Africa needs we become, for whatever Africa becomes, African peoples all over the world will become. If Africa is enslaved (repetition of history) we in the western he misphere will become more en sIaved. Many raise the point of all the "negro" inventions and inventors and the point that Black people built america; these are true and undeniable facts. The critical factor injected here is whom did we invent for, whom did we build for? The answer is obvious, whatever we did here, which was almost everything, we did for european people and not ourselves. There are reasons for this but the reasons do hot alter the situation, which is that we have not benefited from our own energies-coId fact. Situation fact-america is owned by european people; owned means controlled, which means policy and direction are not in the hands of Black people. This also means that almost everything we do here in amer ica will again be for the Page 7 cont. P.8 col.3 �International news Control, Conflict And Change: Collective Spirit for penologists, criminologists The Political Thoughts Of James social workers, public health, Forman workers, crusading journalists and OEO para-professionals. by James Forman brought to you by Jeron Rogers In other words persons who claim to fight poverty, actuaIIy profit from it, At the rap session all bases are i.e. poverty pimps. Poor people touched, not only political but econo prolong the economic usefulness of mic, i.e. they coincide. day-old bread, second hand cloth Poverty is In a lengthIy appeal to author also covered and I am especially ing, cars, and deteriorating build ities, Cleaver emphasized that "the interested in that subject for my ings. activities for which he was re income is at that level and that’s incompetent docotrs, where I must start. In accordance with Forman, in They also provide income for lawyers, and proached by the U.S. government teachers who might otherwise be an were of a political character," economic drain on society. his lawyer, Roland Dumas, said. Among side the United States there are the social functions, it utilizes approximately thirty major control the poor to be looked down upon factors operating upon us. by the wo rking class, the aristo veal Cleaver’s whereabouts, there city, in every town, In every coun cracy, by busying itself with were widespread reports that he is try, and in every state, there will settlement houses and charity living In Paris while awaiting word be additional variations, but what balls, justifying its existence and from French authorities. we are talking about are the major proving its superiority to persons control factors which make us sub who scuffle for money. In every Although Dumas declined to re While Algerian authorities Beyond that have remained mum about reports mit to the tyranny of this country. These kinds of control factors are the poor offer vicarious participa that the Panthers, who have lived responsible for our brothers fight tion to the rest of the population there since July, 1969, were forced ing In Viet Nam, they are not mercen In the uninhibited sexual, alcoholic to leave the country, speculation aries. and narcotic behavior in which was high that the government’s alledgedly participate. billion natural gas deal recently We have been so indoctrinated, so controlled by certain factors as we begin to fight in Viet Nam for the Politically the poor provide United States government, even though votes for liberal candidates, but there are those of us who are opposed they are also used by conservatives to fighting in Viet Nam. for making liberation look unattractive What are some of these control factors?: finalized between Algeria and the U.S. The natural gas deal, the big as It sees if its chief beneficiaries gest of its kind in the world, Is can be described convincingly, though expected not only to rescue the U.S 1) The Concept of Citizenship wrongly, as lazy spend thrifts, disho from its energy storage, but also 2) The Educational Process nest and promiscuous. to improve relations between the 3) The Mass Media and the Communica tion System 4) The Dogma and Practice of the White Christian Churches 5) The Profit Motive System and Upward Mobility 6) The Love of Life and the Fear of Death 7) The Fear of Ideologies Which Call for Revolution in the United States 8) The Police and Other Military Forces 9) The Administration of Justice, the Courts, Bail, and the Judicial Sys tem 10) The Use of Police Informers, Spies Rumors, and Slander Campaigns Ignorance, lack of specialized training, discrimination and sub two countries. In other words, it was general ly believed that when posed with a toss-up between U.S. dollars and the Algerian government choose the former. cont.from P.7 Eldridge Clearer Cleaver Requests Asylum In France, Lawyer Reports standard wages are some of the rea sons usually cited for the persis Eldridge Cleaver, head of the tence of poverty in the affluent international fraction of the Black United States. Panther Party, recently sought asy It seems poverty continues to exist because it per lum in France after the Algerian forms useful social and political government reportedly forced Black uses. One of the most important is the Job market that It creates Panters out of Algiers. benefit of european people. What we have to concentrate on on is maximizing the benefits we receive from our energies. In other words, when we engage in establishing educational institutions, they must be designed to produce people with the skills, knowledge, and sensibiIity to work for our per petuation. (Products of Black institutions should be products of and for the Black Community.) We must do whatever we can do here for ourselves, for this is our existence at this time, therefore we must make it as livable and productive as possible. We must begin to set up institutions that will, while serving us here, also serve to free Africa. We must educate and reeducate ourselves into action for our selves into action for ourselves. cont. P. 9 �Collective Spirit Can We Learn About Ourselves? "Pardon Me, Boss,But Does This Mean The Eagle On Friday?” Will No Longer Page 10 Fly �Collective Spirit Welcome (and i thank John coltrane for this understanding) We reach a state at times pf total unification and perfection we stop and want to stay linger and savor the understanding of To Be It greets us and draws us in but not to stay for to stay is to wither and die for perfiction and absolute unification is only a phase of one’s Iife of striving struggIing and movement To Be We linger and we savor but not with longvity for we must move to a further struggle to a higher level of perfectibility and unification Welcome Is The State of fleeting awareness understand i ng tranquIity and the disbursement of the spirit into selfessness and peace we linger with the knowledge that it shall only be short and we must savor it that much more for we must soon move on Welcome To Be Habte Wolie Circle Of I Am that i will amass love which i feel that i project into a circle that which is positive that which preserves me that which calculates my existence in time that which maintains my existence in the nation circle father unto mother sister unto brother circle of the nation preservation of Iife preservation of life Collective Spirit Issue # 6 As It Should Be For All Black People That which I am is Black All Encircling night My soul is a million Black folks singing Bessie Smith and Nina Simone My spirit is a million Black war riors chanting dancing deaIing death My intellect progressing regres sing to circle ever expanding scope to love that Which reflects the womb of my birth That Which I Am Is Black All Encircling Night Pg. 1 - Photo - Glen Henley, The Langston Hughes Center Pg.2&3- Courtesy Attica News Service Pg. 4 - Aritcles - Staff Photo & Drawings Attica News Service Pg. 5 - Hot Line - Tony Thomas Articles - Hugh Bassette Photo - Attica New Service Pg. 6 - Articles - Staff Muhammad speaks Jet ApriI ’73 Pg. 7 - Aritcles - Staff and Habte Wolde Pg. 8 - Aritcles - Staff Photo - Jet- April ’73 Pg. 9 - Photos - Staff & M.S. Habte Wolde Pg. 10 - Photo Staff Pol. Cartoon - Muhammad Speaks Pg. 11 - Poems from Bock - Enough to Die for by Habte Wolde Pg.12 - Photos - Staff Poems - Enough to Die For, Habit Wolde Collective Spirit Issue # 5 April 1973 Sun Board 1 Inc. Doug Webb*Chairmen Steven Blumenkrantz*Ex.Direc Lester Goldstine*Bussiness MRG. Supervising EDT* George Brown Managing EDT* Lawrence Walker Bussiness MFG.* Tony Thomas After Turning 21 I Then Turned Black Mother Sweet Black Mother When I Scream Don’t Turn Away My Screams Are For You Who Brought Me Into This Hell Hole And Taught Me To Survive For 21 Years As A Negro With Negro Pride &Values & Love Which Was All You Had I Turned Black At 21 And Couldn’t Help But Scream I Ran To The Church Split It Open And Found A Devil Inside Swung Down To The Bar and Found The Same Devil There Got A Job And Him Was There Too So I Screamed Again And Again My Screams Are For You That You Can See What I See Understand What I Know And Think As I Think, Together As We Did FO I Turned 21 You See When You See The Devil And Know Him You Can't Help But Scream To All The Black Folks You Know To That Which Is Your Flesh And Blood You Scream Louder Because You Want Them To Know And Understand As You Understand When I Scream Don't Turn Away Listen And Understand My Screams Are For You For You Are The Heart Of That Scream A Part Of It And All Of It Nightness Circle unto us weave your nightness conceive love and understanding around us within our oneness Receive us uplift us and be unto us that which you once were earthen and velvet moss And we unto you what you need To Be receive us as you once did Circle unto us weave your nightness conceive love and understanding elevate our Blackness Page 11 �Collective Spirit Black Things Black Things Black Things Beautiful Beautiful Black Things Smooth Soft Black Things Like The Breast And The Thighs Of Blackwomen Black Things Black Things Beautiful Beautiful Black Things Smooth Soft Black Things Like The Hips And The Lips Of Black Women Black Things Black Things Beautiful Beautiful Black Things Beautiful Smooth Soft Black Things Like The Huge Round Asses Of Black Women Like The Smooth Soft Even Stroked Way She Makes Love "The degree of a country's revolutionary awareness may be measured by the political maturity of its women." Kwame Nkrumah Black Things Black Things Beautiful Beautiful Black Things Enough To Die For enough to can’t you brothers enough to enough to die for see & understand die for die for Blackwomen oceans and seas of Blackwomen being shit on by crackers enough to die for enough to die for enough to die for can't you understand it brothers Blackchildren sliding from the sweet wombs of Blackwomen and being stepped on by red nosed crackers with white beards and blackboots saying we Iove you enough to die for Blackwomen And Blackchildren living in this hell hole of dead minds and blown up bodies smelling seeing and being exposed to various froms and sizes of in— humancreations machines machines mines in minds tv and shiny cars for shiny minds non-things acting upon their beautiful beautiful beauty enough to die for enough to die for enough to die for Page 12 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Student Union collection Subject The topic of the resource Student newspapers and periodicals College students, Black Minority college students Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Description An account of the resource The Black Student Union (BSU) at UB was founded in 1967 and recognized by the Student Association in 1968. In 1969, it counted 1,000 members. Twelve periodical publications have been issued by the BSU and are the primary record of the activities and history of the organization. Most of the material was issued on newsprint, and the material is now extremely fragile as a result of heavy use. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-2015 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use for educational purposes only. Single copies (print, photocopy, download) are permitted for personal study, research and teaching. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-UA005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Collective Spirit Newsletter, Number 5, April 1973 Description An account of the resource This is Number 5 of "Collective Spirit," a newsletter published by the Black Student Union of the University at Buffalo. This issue is from April 1973 and is eleven pages long. It is captioned as "The Voice of the University of Buffalo B.S.U. and Third World Veterans Alliance." The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Subject The topic of the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) -- Periodicals State University of New York at Buffalo African American college students College student newspapers and periodicals Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-04 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-10 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Periodicals Newsletters Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG9-5-00-4_1a_1_3_003 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Black Student Union (RG 9/5/00-4) LIB-UA005 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Language A language of the resource en-US Extent The size or duration of the resource. 30.48 x 44.45 cm Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. 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Black Student Union Newspapers https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/2099d358bb4b3afa3038ef27687acf68.pdf 73a0e965d41e4407dde757306e638769 PDF Text Text Collective The Voice of the University of Buffalo B.S.U. and Third World Veterans Alliance Vol. No. 4 February 1973 "The Black "White"? Spirit Buffalo, New York Paradox” "Black"? �of doom which have like Ebony and Jet to also has recognized us been in the black exploit the few dollars economically but only as community since which exist in the black By Hugh Bassette consumers. The white man the riots of the community. He has even will take a movie such as 60's but ask your The manner in which one’s "superfly" and make sure capitalized off our selves where is physical appearance is that it has no revolu physical bodies. He keeps the model cities presented to others is a tionary message and us so worried about how program? Black direct indication of where publicize it to the point fine our bush is that we people where are his head is. With the new where black people cannot fail to do much thinking we going, Model black consciousness that wait to hotfoot it down about how fine our minds are cities today and has swept the black race, to the white owned down Black people in America have your tomorrow? has come another example town movie theatre to see become so powerless and of how a capatalist system it. When he is finished operates. The white man with it he will permit the Brainwased until we do not even decide how we are has gone from a stretegy of Appollo to show it. The going to Iook physicaIIy. Ignoring black people next step is much more economically, socially and subtle than step one because "Superfly" and "Melinda" until they have little politically to one where step one only opened up the time to really deal with he has now so graciously profit motive; step two the upcoming crisis. The allowed us into his world sucks it dry, leaving black reward for 400 years of a little on the economic people again holding the being docile slaves is level and a little on the bag. "Superfly” outfits a genocidal program which political level. Our sheer are selling like hotcakes. [illegible] numbers forced him to Big hats, long coats, high is just beginn ing to be recognize the smaII amount heeled shoes are only the unleashed on black people of political power which result of an advertising here in the heart of the black people posess even campaign engenereed by dragon. T his may appear though it is not used to white business concerns, Its fullest advantage. He with the help of magazines to be another of the ever present revolutionary voices Cover Story Campus News and the rest or the execut ive committee members consisting of George Tuesday, Feb. 13, 1973 the first Black Student Union Thomas,(FIash), Ralph Ellis, and Dennis Brown, would be meeting of the Spring sem one hundred percent in ester was held in room 335 favor of and would be be of Norton Union. The es hind them all the way. sence of the meeting cen Before the meeting was tered around the spending concluded several committees of funds allicated to the were formulated to deal Black Student Union by the with the B.S.U. ' s th ir Student Association. teen thousand five hund Throughout the meeting red dollars budget ($13,500) much emphasis was placed on They are as follows: the coming together of Black 1. E ntertainment Committee: Students on this campus to David Smiley chairman formulate some kind of unity 2. Transportation Committee: link between campus and com George Brown & George munity life. Larry Williams Thomas chairman was most emphatic in stating "lf Black Students could come 3. Communication Committee: Larry WaIker together on this campus, there Notes: B.S.U.- meetings held is nothing that we couldn't every Tuesday 2:00 pm 335 do either here or in our Norton . community." He also stated : B.S.U. secretaries that it was up to Black April Williams, Beenda Miller Students here, and not the Beverly Mingo. Executive Committee members of the B.S.U., as to how The B.S.U. elections to be held money obtained from S.A. In mid March, (hopefully). could be spent. Futher, he also added that whatever the Black Students wanted to do with the money he. B.S.U. Meeting Last day to drop classes without academic penalty is March 2, 1973 Minority Student Career Opportunity Program The 1972-73 minority student career opportunity program is scheduled for Wednesday afternoon, Feb.21, 1973. Minority Student regardless of major or class (FreshmanSenior) should check It out... Also, concerning Job placement contact Mr. Larry R. Drake of Hayes C, Room 6 Telephone number 831-4414. Local News “A Plea For Help from the other Side of The Concrete and was found guilty of both Cage" counts by an all white jury. As Salaam Alaikum, Please understand that I have I William E. Wright, insti no relatives or anyone that tutional number 28297, cell loca could help or try to get my tion 6-14, am presently serving a minutes for me nor do I have twenty-five year sentence for the the funds myself to buy them. alleged crime of first degree and I've written several peo second degree robbery. ple concerning this matter and My reason for writing is that have received no results. I've I was informed that you would help written Mrs. Wolfgang at the me. First, I would like to know Appellant Div., 310 Walbridge if you could obtain a photostatic Building, and receiving no copy of my trial minutes for ms. My indictment number is 37058 and thing but lies now am writing to you in hope that you would I was tried in the County Court be willing to help me. If of Erie, 25 Delaware Ave. for you can help and would, I first and second degree robbery would appreciate a very prompt reply in this matter please. I thank you in advance for your time and consideration. May Allah bless you with the light of understanding. I close this letter with the Nation’s greetings of Peace and Paradise. As Salaam Alaikum. William Wright (28297) Anyone interested In work ing on this, please contact George Brown B.S.U. 831-5346 P �National News Witness "I Wish In Shootout Says, I had Killed Magee” Ruchell Magee, fighting a life sentence for his al leged connection in the Marin County Courthouse shoothout in 1970, continues to fight for the right to defend himself. Magee, 33, now serving a life sentence in San Quentin prison, left the courtroom recently when was denied the opportunity to cross-examine witness, Judge Gary Thomas, who testified he wished he had killed the defendant during the shootout. The chained and shackled Magee shouted, "When I get on the witness stand, I’m going to eat you up," as he went to a holding cell. Thomas, a deputy district attorney at the time of the shootout, spoke from a wheel chair as he detailed the 19second shootout inside a van where he, Judge Harold Haley and three women jurors were taken as hostages by the es caping convicts. Thomas said that the first shot in the battle was fired by Jonathan Jack eon . Thomas further stated he (Thomas) grabbed a pistol from Jackson, Shot him, two of the convicts and wounded Magee. "These were the only shots fired from outside the van," said T Thomas, "and I wish I had killed Magee." Thomas’ spine was severed by a bullet fired by lawmen standing outside of the van. New York Cops Suspect Black Liberation Army Although they are moving soley on speculation, the recent spate of attacks on police cars in New York City has led top officials of that police department to initiate a massive manhunt for what they perceive as "a Black liberation army." No such clandestine organization has labelled itself by that nom-de operation and police of ficials concede that the Black liberation army was not a formal nationwide organization of militants, numbering no more than 100 who are known to each other and who seen to have emerged form the Black Panther movement." New York Police Com missioner Patriot V. Murphy said that a "very small nucleus of this group was determined to kill police of ficers." Specifically, New york are hunting six suspects The most recent machine gun shootings, which have left two police injured, were seen by police as having been touched off by the killing of Woodie Green and Anthony White by city policemen. Green, who was wanted for questioning in the Foster Laurie killings, and White who was identified as one of eight men who escaped from Manhattan House of Detnetion in 1971 where he was awaiting trail for the wounding of a policeman, were killed in a gun battle with police who had fol lowed them to a Brook lyn bar. 'a blow for liberation’ Protest Twenty-Five Whites Watch As Black Woman Is Raped "We thought it was just a couple of nuts, but we all feel bad about it." That was the com ment one man had for his indif ferent reaction to the plight of a Black woman who was raped while he and about 24 other whites stood by. The 20-year-old woman, who works for the Trenton, N.J. Po lice Dept., was raped as employees of the' Henry R. Fell Roofing Co. watched and refused to answer her cries for help. "Two people did it up there about a year ago, but it was mu tual," said one workman who re fused to reveal his name. "We thought, well if we went up there, it might turn out to be her boyfriend... Another employee said the woman, whose name was withheld by police, did not scream while she was being raped, but did so when the act was over and she was putting on her clothes and running off the bridge where the attack occurred. The woman, who told po lice she had not screamed when the Black attacker struck her and took her money, insisted that she started screaming when she realized he wanted Page 3 to rape her. �Man Freed From Prison After 10 fears For Rape A young Black man who spent the last 10 years in prison for allegedly raping a white woman was freed recently when a U.S. District Court Judge ruled that he had not been given a fair and impartial trial. Judge Robert R. Merhige ordered 25-year old Thomas C. Wansley released on $10,000 bond from the Richmond (va.) State Penitentiary where Wansley had been serving a life sentence for rape and 20 years for robbery. Judge Merhige stated that "shockingly” prejudiced and "highly-inflammatory" news paper coverage during the trial had jeopardized Wansley's chan ces for a fair trial. Lynchburg (Va.) Criminal Court Judge O. Raymond Cundiff who presided over the Wansley case in 1962, contended that his release on Merhige's or der would endanger every wo man in Virginia. Merhige later granted Wansley bond, overruling Cundiff. Wansley will remain free on bond until the state decides whether it will seek to retry him. A former dishwasher with a fifth grade education, he com pleted his high school equivalency test while in prison and had be gun additional college prepara tory coufses at the time of his release. "There is a grave con tradiction being practiced in the U.S. In the Black ghetto areas planned Pa renthood or birth control clinics are set up, where as in the white communities or suburbs, fertility cen ters are being established." Father Clements added, "It "It is my belief that ster ilization or any form of castration of Blacks is criminal, because the Black community must increase and not decrease." Priest Raps Subtle Forms of Genocide Against Blacks V/ebster’s Dictionary de fines genocide as the deliber ate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cul tural group. Today, many Black Americans, such as Father George Clements, a Catholic priest, be lieve that subtle forms of geno cide in America occur everyday. "You hear a lot about large families today and it is always a question economics or ecology. The racial significance is rare ly brought up and it is a ra cial question pure and simple," said Father Clements, who leads Chicago’s Holy Angels Church. "People don’t go around say ing there are too many white children being born, but there are many who talk about the overpopulation in the Black communities.” International news Death of African Leader Spurs Drive For Freedom Leaders of many Third World nations have called for an inten sification of the struggle against African colonial rulers in the wake of the assassination of an anti-Portuguese revolutionary. Amilcar Cabral, founder and leader of a revolutionary move ment in Portuguese-Guinea called the African Part for the Inde pendence of Guinea and Cape Ver de (PAIGC), was slain report edly by a traitor hired by Portuguese special services. The Organization of Af rican Unity called for supp ort from all nations in the struggle against colonialism. The OAU’s liberation committee said Cabral’s assassination would inspire a step-up in the struggle of African nations to rid themselves of white rule. Cabral's brother, Luis, said the "fight will continue" and PAIGC revolutionaries "will be ever more determined to con tinue fighting until the finish." Cabral was killed in front of his Conakry, Guinea, home. President Sekou Toure of Guinea accused Innocente Camil, 36, leader of the PAIGC navy, of the slaying. Toure, in a ra dio broadcast from Conakry, said the Portuguese had pro mised the accused assassin in dependence for the PortuguesGuinea colony. Change, Motion & Development Imperialism, which sought to bury Nkru in the dust bin mah of history, has elevated him at the summit of history. What Sin have List of Black POWs Released Officials at the Pentagon show 72 Blacks listed as prisoners of war or missing in Action in Vietnam. Of that number, 16 names appeared on the list of 555 captive Americans to be re leased by North Vietnam and two persons are listed as having died while in captivity. The following is a list of those 16 Blacks slated for release: U.S. Air Force Maj. Fernando Alexander Maj. Fred V. Cherry Capt. Norman A. McDaniel Maj. Thomas M. Mafison Capt. Marion A. Marshall Capt. James W. Williams To U.S. Army S/Sgt. James A. Daly S/Sgt. Thomas J. Davis Maj. William H. Hardy S/Sgt. Bobby L. Johnson Spec./6 Robert Lewis 3rd S/Sgt. Isiah R. McMillan Sgt. First Class Cordine McMurray Sgt. First Class Donald Rander S/Sgt. King D. Rayford Jr. S/Sgt. Robert E. Tabb U.S. Navy-None U.S. Marines-None Uhur u Na Our People Committed Be Doomed To Such Wretched Plight? Kazi Page 4 �"Not Yet Uhuru” by Michael Brisco West Africa is one of the most progressive areas on the continent of Africa. Mauritan ia, Upper Volta, Dahomey, Ivory Coast, Togo, Nigeria, Ghana, Sierre Leone Ginneau and Liber ia make up Vest Africa. The land mass of West Africa is as large as the United States and is the distance between London and Moscow. Ibadan, Nigeria is the largest city in West Africa It is also the largest city on the continent and has a popula tion of more than one million. Africa is the most tropi cal contitnet. 90% of it is tropical and the other 10% is sub-tropical. West Africa lies between five and fifteen degrees west lattitude and this position gives it the perfect tropical expression. Tempera tures range in the eighties except during the months of June, July, and August, when the temperatures go slightly lower due to the heavy rains. The temperature and climate of West Africa permit plant growth the year 'round. Religion in West Africa has three basic components, a code or set of moral rules, a cult or set of rituals, and a creed or set of beliefs a bout god and the universe and man’s relationship to them. Not all emphasize all three. There are three main reli gions in West Africa: Islam Traditional African and Christianity. Christianity was brought to West Africa by traders, missionaries, and explorers. There are approximately 48 million Christians in West Africa Islam, which gains its strongest following in the northern areas is about 12% of the total institu tion, African Traditional Religion being the most popular of the religions It takes the shape of a triangle. The top repr sents the supreme god or the most potent god. On one side of the triangle are the ances tor spirits who are ancestors that watch over one from the Black Courses of Special interest to minority group people are being offered at the Urban Center 220 Delaware Ave. (Near Chippewa At. ) We have a Mid-Management Pregram for those who want to : -Set up their own Business -get a job with a future -work at something besides the assembly line in indus try: -Prepare totake college courses in Business Administration. *For Men & Women *get paid by the V.A. *courses are free Call Mr. Morris at 852-6181 X65. other side of the grave. On the other side of the triangle are the lesser gods which could be a stone, tree, or twig. Their task is to decide when one has displeased his departed ancestor. The bottom of the triangle is witch-craft and Ju-Ju which are believed very powerful and prac ticed at night by old men and women. Education is the process through which one generation transmits it’s culture to the proceeding generation. Tradi tionally, education in West Africa involved two distinctly different roles. Boys were taught history of their envi ronment, agriculture, hunting, and fishing. Girls were taught to cook and emphasis was placed on religion, dancing, and music. Christian missionaries were the first to introduce formal edu cation. Their initial interest was to force their relition on Africans, but when they found it difficult they did it through education. Formal education in Ghana be~an in 1844 at Cape Coast Castle in a pact between the chiefs and British officials. Modern education begins at the age of three in day nurseries and pre-school training. At age six, children enter ele mentary school, experimental elementary school or prepara tory school. At age 13 or 14 if the student has achieved the necessary ratings he can go to secondary school which enhances the chance of going on to the university level or at age 16, if the student’s interests and abilities do not meet with the guidelines of the University, he can go to technical school where he can learn a useful skill. The educational set-up allows the students to suffer many of the same pitfalls that Black students in America face in that a great deal of the material is western -cultureoriented and does not always relate soundly to African in terests. This is due to the British foundation of the ed ucational system. A good check on this situation will be the many African students being educated in western universities and having the opportunity to see racism and capitalism in its truest Grapevine The truly African revolutionary press must aid in the defeat of imperialism and neo-colonialism, hailing those who advance the revolution and exposing those who retard it. We do not believe there an necessarily two sides to every question: we see right end wrong, just and unjust, progressive and reactionary, positive and negative, friend and foe. We are partisan. -Kwame Nkrumah This problem is so serious that if left unchecked it will lead to the total devastation of the continents resources, but will continuously ensure her exploit ers of healthy stockpiles of needed resources, minerals, and foodstuffs while her level of Living remains the same. Ulti mately, the exploitation delays the entire continent from gain ing its true identity as a pow er to be respected, feared, and reckoned with. form and the effect it has on Black people who are in the minority. As a re sult, it will no longer be necessary to rely on books and materials from western sources that hide the fact that their only interest in Africa is robbing her of her vast natural re sources and exploiting the people. The West African eco nomic situation is somewhat a complex issue, in that this is one of the major obstacles in stabilization of their governments today. Approximately 75% of the people are involved in ag riculture,so this could be considered the backbone of the economy. Techniques are somewhat obsolete and hinder the mass production and distribution of its goods. There is a great need to diversify the economy because most of the major crops or other materials produced in this area go to the western powers, who are able to pay the highest prices and help sustain the sense of competition, keeping Afri can nations and stopping their dependency on western sources of goods that are being produced or having po tentials of being produced in Africa. Africa has the greatest potential of all the continents of being self-sufficient because of its vast mineral resources its vast unspoiled land mass, and its perfect cli matic conditions. Gold, diamonds, iron ore, baux ite, magnese, and tin are among the precious and useful minerals found in West Africa. The Obwasi gold mine in Ghana is the rich est in the world and produces a total of 250,000,000 carats per year. The diamond mines in Sierre Leone produce 80,000 carats per year and 40% of the worlds industrial diamonds. Tin is found in great abundance in Nigeria. Iron ore and mag nese are found throughout West Africa in great quantities. Hydro and Thermal electricity are great sources of power, but have to operate within a limited range of 500 miles. Although West Africa is rich in mineral resources, the full benefifs are not being reaped due to western influence and the subsequent infringements on these resources. The Obwasi gold mine in Ghana which is still under heavy exploitation from Britian gives up to 49% of its yield ing. The Sierre Leone dia mond mines are forced to give 80% of its diamonds to French interests. In taking a closer look at the situation of West Africa, we find that in spite of its vast mineral resources, its fertile land mass, and the many other assests mentioned, Africa needlessly suffers. It suffers not from normal problems such as poor land conditions, lack of mineral resources, or obsolete technical methods, but from a much more serious cause of malfunction, exploitation. Page 5 �Vigilantes — Violence The vigilantes perpetuated, violence in order to take over political power in Cairo, Illinois City Government, and are now trying to take over the political power in Alexander County; in which, Cairo is the County Seat. They are running Al Moss, Cairo’s present Fire Commissioner, for a County Commissioner Post, and Leslie Chrestman for County Coroner, The vigilantes used the old tactics of Fear, Racism, and Intimidation in order to get elected as Mayor and as City Commissioner of Cairo, Illinois. The Vigilantes elected are members of the White Citizens Council. They perpetuated violence in order to unify the whites against the Blacks who ran for Mayor and City Commissioners; and the Blacks were supported by the United Fronts. It has been reported that the vigilantes elected to city offices could not have been elected as “dog catcher” several years ago. It is reported that the white vigilantes are "playing it cool before the elections" since Richard Ogilvie, Governor of Illinois is running behind his Democratic opponent, Dan Walker, in the pools. Governor Ogilvie, a former tank commander in the Armed Services, has sent in several State Police armed with fully automatic weapons, who raided the all Black Pyramid Courts Projects on tow seperate occassions The Cairo Police Force has received money for fire arms and Munitions. Some of the carbines and other guns the police force purchased have not been accounted for in their records. An excerpt from the Cairo Evening Citizens Newspaper reads as follows: "The purchase of a quantity of carbine rifles early this year by the City came under fire from Council Members. It was pointed out that the guns were ordered by the police department for police and auxiliary police primarily with stipulation that each man obtaining one pay the city for it. No record of serial numbers or of who paid and who didn’t can be found City Comptroller Darrell Gustafson said that to date at least eight of the rifles are unpaid for and most of these unaccounted for. He said former police chief, Fred Therriac, will be in Cairo Friday to help resolve the problem. Gustafson has secured a record on all but eight of the 19 purchased. Commissioner Dale noted that the purchase of the weapons occurred before he took office and he and other councilmen were critical of them having been ordered without approval of the city council." Another excerpt from the minutes of the Cairo City Council reads as follows, "Mayor Thomas stated he had gotten a phone call from International Armament Company of Virginia for over $600 past due on guns ordered in January, February, and March. Commissioner Dale noted this occurred before he became commissioner but it seemed to be a case of not knowing who get the guns, what the serial numbers are, or who owes for them. Comptroller Darrell Gusvageon said he has been working on it and about eight guns are in the fog. He stated former Chief of Police Fred Theriac will be at City Hall Friday, October 1, 3:00 P.M., and asked everyone to get together to try to solve the gun problem. Vigilante's In Uniform And Out Boycott Is Still On! The Rev. Charles Koen, executive director of the Front has said that the election of Dale and other members of the white hats signifies to the world that the white community of Cairo has Indicted itself in its deep racism and is not ready to see Blacks assuming their rightful roles in this community. "These men elected are the most extreme of the extremists. They have vowed to keep Blacks in their place in whatever ways needed. Their ways in the past have been through open violence against the Blacks," said the Rev. Koen. Things You Can Do To Support The Struggle in Cairo, Illinois: Reproducing and distributing United Front Press Releases 2. Continue to educate and poli ticize the people around the struggle in Cairo. 3. Any type of donation, food, clothing, money, and books and other materials that can be used in our Liberation School and office. 4. Selling of the United Front newspapers. 5. Schedule showings of the film "War in Cairo". The film is in color and was filmed by Black Journal. 6. Arrange speaking engagements for United Front staff. 1. Young Lady Barely Missed Death in Cairo,Ill. Shooting Third World People: Unite Page 6 �The Will the real pushers be jailed? Rockefeller’s bill on drug pushers. . . In his January 3 “State of the State”' message, billionaire Governor Nelson Rockefeller took another giant step in the erection of a police state with clear genocidal overtones directed against the millions of Black and Puerto Rican people living in New York State. Hypocritically demanding “brutal honesty,” Rockefeller told the wildly cheering state legislators that he “had tried every possible approach to stop ad diction . . . and we have found no cure. “I therefore will ask for legislation making the penalty for all illegal trafficking in hard drugs a life sentence in prison. “To close all avenues for escaping the full force of this sentence, the law would forbid acceptance of a plea to a lesser charge, forbid probation, forbid parole, and forbid suspension of sentence.” Rockefeller also called for the removal of Youthful Offender Protection laws covering teenage drug pushers and called for the payment of $1,000 to informers in drug arrests. Rockefeller’s proposals would put thousands of sick addict-pushers in jail for life, including the countless Vietnam veterans who became hooked on drugs fighting a war that Rockefeller himself has always strongly pushed. Under this new statute, a 22-year-old with no previous convictions could be im prisoned for life for selling to a friend one ounce of hashish or LSD (considered “hard drugs” by Rockefeller). Various politicians and government bureaucrats, whose own corruption and brutality are notorious, immediately hailed the “Rockefeller Plan.” State Corrections Commissioner Russell G. Oswald, who with Rockefeller and Nixon plotted the slaughter of the heroic Attica inmates, stated, “The governor’s proposal may well prove to be a needed deterrent.” Manhattan District Attorney Frank S. Hogan, whose many connections with organized crime were made public by the Knapp Commission last year, said that he “agreed completely with the governor’s sentiments." State Senate majority leader Warren M. Anderson called Rockefeller’s fanatical diatribe “absolutely fight.” Henry Ruth, Lindsay’s director of the Criminal Justice Coordinating Committee, predicted “the number of people in carcerated will go into the tens of thousands.” New York City narcotics prosecutor Frank Rogers exulted that “We’re prepared to do the job.” Now, it is well known that hard drugs are a major cause of misery and crime, bringing in their wake prostitution and all manner of personal assaults and robberies by addicts desperate to get money to sup port their habit. Overdoses have become the leading cause of death among young adults in New York State. In fact, whole neighborhoods have been gutted an d virtually destroyed by the narcotics trade. Will the “Rockefeller Plan” change this hideous situation for the better? Would Mr. Big Go After Mr. Big? Absolutely not. And Rockefeller knows it. He knows that the “drug epidemic” did not originate with the little addict-pusher on the street but with the insane drive of capitalists to make a huge profit, even off the worst human misery, while simultaneously poisoning the oppressed and working people with narcotics. Heroin has been smuggled into the U.S. in the private airplane of Washington’s Ambassador to Saigon, Ellsworth Bunker. It has been brought into our cities, trans ported from South Vietnam in the sealed caskets of dead GIs by the Brass criminals who have murdered so many Indochinese people. And what of the police themselves? They have been exposed again and again as the major regulators and promoters of the narcotics traffic. On Friday, December 15, New York City Police Commissioner Patrick Murphy Real The Time is Now if you think you think you,, got time time you ain’t , ,you had time but you wasted you wasted;;time timey is done split time while you wait is time you waste you and me ain’t rot time by J. Locke Thing News Brief admitted that his own pigs had taken and sold 57 pounds (worth $16,000,000) of heroin confiscated in the much boasted about “French Connection” case. Two days later, the NYPD admitted the “loss” of 24 more pounds of heroin from the property clerk’s office. On December 19 the police reported the disappearance of another 15 pounds valued at $3,000,000. On December 21 Murphy curtly acknowledged the theft by cops of 88 more pounds of heroin and 131 pounds of cocaine, in addition to the 96 pounds already reported. Murphy refused to answer reporters’ questions and stated that “I will have nothing further to say.” And Rockefeller screams about “teenage pushers”! Before 1949 China also had a massive addiction problem involving opium, a drug made from poppies like heroin. Revolutionary China did not stop the opium trade by filling the prisons with addicted victims of the opium plague. It was the big capitalist profiteers who went to jail, and now China is free of the horrors of drug addiction. Will Rockefeller jail “for life” the thousands of cops who have pushed dope? During his State of the State message Rockefeller called the New York City pigs “basically honest.” In the January 29,1971 issue of Workers World newspaper, Sam Marcy, Chairman of Workers World Party, wrote that “The police are the most parasitic social grouping in society. When they work—if that’s what it can possibly be called—their labor is directed against the workers and oppressed. Graft, corruption, intimate collaboration with all sorts of underworld figures and enterprises such as gambling, narcotics, and a thousand and one other shady businesses—that’s what the cops are really engaged in. “They are utterly inseparable from crime and corruption itself. One could not exist without the other. Both are nourished and supported by the nature of the capitalist system.” Francis Waters, the principal for mer federal narcotics agent in the so called "French Connection” Case of 1962 has been indicted on char ges of selling heroin and cocaine. The indictment accused him of con spiring to deal drugs from 1968 to now. Dr. Charles Hurst Jr., President of Malcolm X College announces that he will be resigning in June. The announcement came on the eve of charges that Dr. Hurst mismanaged $1.3 million in federal funds given to the college. Attack welfare cheaters Washington-President Nixon has indicated he is bandoning his welfare reform Ian, which would have provided a guranteed $2,400 annual income for poor af milies. The administration has indicated, instead, its intention to crack down on welfare cheaters, and sloppy administration of current welfare programs. The current course is being pursued in order to “restore public confidence in the system” and also to save $1.5 billion for fiscal 1974. The plans calls for 15,000 people to be placed on jobs and an additional number to be placed in work training programs during 1973. Poder News Festival B Poder presents: Dance Friday, Feb. 23, 1973 Battle of the Bands from New York City Ismeal Miranda, La Con spiracion and Orquestra Artonetti at LosJobos 315 Niagara (near Virginia) Admission $3.00 Page 7 �"hands that built america” Credits Page 1 Photos- Jet & Ebony Jan. & Feb. Page 2 William Wright & Staf Page 3 Picture & Reports Jet Jan. & Feb. Page 4 Reports from Jet Jan. & Feb. Page 5 Not yet Uhuru-Michael Brigco Page 6 l-Picture of young sister who was almost killed in one of the 50 nights of shooting. Picture & Article United Front Cairo, Ill. Page 7 Attack on Welfare cheatersMuhammed Speaks Muhammad Speaks- Feb.73 News Briefs Tony Thomas Page 8 Staff Collective Spirit Issue # 4 Feb. 1973 Sub Board 1 Inc. Doug Webb*Chairman Steven Blumenkrantz *EX. Direc. Lester Goldstine*Business MRG. Managing EDT.*Larry Malke Business MRG. *Tony Thomas Armed Struggle For Freedom "The degree of a country's revolutionary awareness may be measured by the political maturity of its women." Kwame Nkrumah. Page 8 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Student Union collection Subject The topic of the resource Student newspapers and periodicals College students, Black Minority college students Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Description An account of the resource The Black Student Union (BSU) at UB was founded in 1967 and recognized by the Student Association in 1968. In 1969, it counted 1,000 members. Twelve periodical publications have been issued by the BSU and are the primary record of the activities and history of the organization. Most of the material was issued on newsprint, and the material is now extremely fragile as a result of heavy use. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-2015 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use for educational purposes only. Single copies (print, photocopy, download) are permitted for personal study, research and teaching. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-UA005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Collective Spirit Newsletter, Number 4, February 1973 Description An account of the resource This is Number 4 of "Collective Spirit," a newsletter published by the Black Student Union of the University at Buffalo. This issue is from February 1973 and is eight pages long. It is captioned as "The Voice of the University of Buffalo B.S.U. and Third World Veterans Alliance." The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Subject The topic of the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) -- Periodicals State University of New York at Buffalo African American college students College student newspapers and periodicals Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-02 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-10 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Periodicals Newsletters Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG9-5-00-4_1a_1_3_002 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Black Student Union (RG 9/5/00-4) LIB-UA005 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Language A language of the resource en-US Extent The size or duration of the resource. 30.48 x 44.45 cm Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Black Student Union Newspapers https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/6253dc70857f965084d2ba79e43ec5c2.pdf f5276452f455d880bb2c792f8613cd04 PDF Text Text Collective Spirit The Voice of the University of Buffalo B.S.U. and Third World Veterans Alliance??? Vol. No. 3 January 1973 Buffalo, New York Where Is The Budget Of The Third World Veterans Alliance??? A Health Director... Reported This, Week That A Small Mouse, Which Presumably Had Been Watching Television Attacked A Little Girl and Her full Grown Cat. Both Mouse And Cat Survived, and The Incident Is Recorded Here As A Reminder That Things Seem To Be Changing . The Mice Of The World Are No Longer Doing What The Cats Say. All Power To The People Page 1 �Black Student Union What we are about, and where we are coming from, and where we are going as a structured, organization, controlled and admin istered by black people . . . devoting itself to the cultural, edu cational, and economical needs of the black community and addressing itself completely to Black Liberation. We, of the Black Student Union, are about dealing with education. We are about educating ourselves, as a people in order to form a firm basis for a better organized and more progressive community. We are about educating ourselves in our own history to main and develop our minds in the course of self-awareness and self confidence. We are about educating to build a strong economic force in not only our country, but also in the Third World. We are already a cohesive force in the economy of our country. It is also well known that we have no control within this force. Therefore, we are about educating ourselves on Industrial Affairs and in Political Education, so we may deal with this problem in a strong and determined fashion. We are about doing our own research, because of incorrect and insufficient data, which for the most part is unrelated and not available to the black people. We are about intensive evaluation in order to establish our main priorities. We are about implementation based on our sound research and extensive evaluation in order to assure ourselves of efficient and complete productive programming. This Telegram was sent to Marx Essex mother: To Mrs. Nellie Essex C/0 Rev. Chambers St. James Baptist Church Emporia Kans. Our most deepiest sympathies to you on the tragic death of your son Marx. Also, to let you know that the sadness of this ocassion is felt by us here in Buffalo, New York. The Black Students here at the university ofNew York at Buffalo would like to extend to you any help that might lighten the burden that has been brought upon you B.S.U. S.U.N.Y.A.B. We have to work hard to evolve new patterns, new social cus tom, new attitudes to life, so that while we seek the material cultural, and economic advancement of our people, while we raise their standard of life we shall not sacrifice their funda mental happiness. We must not become complacent over any success. We should check our complacency and constantly criti cize our short-comings. We feel the people, that any brother or sister may believe in any type of structural gov’t. This organ ization will not stand firm on any one ground, but all grounds of political struggles. Louisiana we have is James Brown and try to hide, he tried to Jenks Famous Doors. Brothers shoot the copter down and and sisters it's all right shouted Power To The People to have ants in your pant's as he was gunned down, as but have something in your the brother laid there dead head. The man got a plan and. after they had pour bullets unless you have a plan or into his body for 5 min., know whats going on, you we were at home getting on ain’t got Shit.... the good foot with James by Scope Brown. Thats what we rapped about last week, drinking Gil Scott Heron *Last Poets wine, talking big shit dig ging the Ohio Players and Marvin Gaye on the box. This brother Seized The Time ["[illegible] Jet"] he took the revolution in hand. "This Letter Pretains To All Black People, Colored People, Negro’s And All People Of Color In The U.S. He did the same thing the Last Poets rap about, the rap we dig so much(bl ood will run though the streets drowning anything with We, no matter what we call out substance*). Last week in New Orleans Louisiana the our self’s or what other’s call us, or what you put revolution was on Eyewitness news. (when the revolution down on a job application, comes niggers will be digg or what organization you belong to...... ing it on T. V. with chicken hanging out their mouths*) we got to get together The revolution been on bro Right Now If we Hope To... thers, it was on in New York Survive...... when the brothers down there off some pigs, it was on in Last week some brothers Baton, Rouge Louisiana At of this lone brother(Marx Essex) which is very possible SMU when the State police Murder two brothers, when held 600 policemen at bay, the brothers out in the mid for 32 hours. And took con dle of the pacific ocean de trol of a whole populated cided that they could'nt area and a hotel building take no more of the man's of 18 floors and killed a bullshit, that was revolution. number of white folk's But now the revol including the deputy police ution has made it to the commissioner, citizens and 6:00 news, but all it did others policemen. The bro was upset a whole lot of ther wounded so many that white folk's dinner, and the hospital could not se made a lot of black folk's rve them all. The police glad. Fuck a glad, fuck a commissioner was on the right on cause that ain't television pleading to the enough(because the white citizens to please donate boys are working night blood for the falling off and day to prepare Allen icers. They had to get the towne P.A.**) The white United State Marines to get boys got King Alferd, all the brother out, and when they did the brother did not Attica Brothers Where Is The Budget of The Third World Veterans Alliance??? We Must Unite! Page 2 �Events Preceding Murder of 2 Students Background to Baton Rouge Recently a wave of demon strations and protests swept Black college campuses in Texas and Louisiana. Southern Universities in Baton Rouge and New Orleans, Grambling in northern Louisiana, and Texas Southern University in Houston were the sites of Black student and faculty unrest. At Texas Southern Univer sity, the dean of the Law School led a boycott which included faculty and all 282 law students in protest of inadequate facili ties and the failure of the administration to “meaning fully respond” to the needs of the law school. TSU operates one of few law schools at predominantly Black univer sities in the country and it, like most of the rest, is the victim of “non-support.” Protests at the three Louisi ana campuses, however, have received much wider media attention because of their magnitude and intensity. The protests were sparked on the campus of Southern University in Baton Rouge, which, with an enrollment of 8,000 is the largest Black university in the country. The situation was touched off when 28-year-oid Dr. Charles Wydell resigned as head of the Psychology Department charg ing that the administration of Dr. G. Leon Netterville was tying his hands in his efforts to develop a first-rate department of Psychology. The resignation of Dr. Wydell sparked the students to act on an extremely widespread list of long-standing grievances at the university — a list of demands which eventually included a call for the resignation of 67-yearold Dr. Netterville as head of the Southern University System which also includes the New Orleans campus. A coalition of 41 campus organizations came together, formed “Students United” and drew up a 3,890 word list of demands which included prob lems in every facet of the university’s operation from calls for proper equipment and competent staff to medical and sanitation problems. A day later students at Southern University at New Orleans (SUNO) seized the administration building and presented a similar list of longstanding grievances in cluding a demand for the resignation of Dr. Emmitt Bashful, dean of SUNO campus. Also on that day 500 students at Grambling College in the northern part of the state, marched on the school’s ad ministration building with grievances of their own. That night 25 persons were arrested at Grambling after fires were set in the dormitories and gym nasium on campus. For the next 10 days, activities at the campuses were fast and varied as the students sought every means possible to resolve their just demands. New Orleans campus stu dents at SUNO (New Orleans) exhibited a high degree of organization and political ma turity. They clearly outlined in their literature that the building take-over was not a spontan eous action but arose from an analysis of the conditions which surround the establishment and perpetuation of inadequately funded and operated Black institutions like SUNO. When Dr. Bashful resigned, thus meeting one of their demands, they quickly pointed out that his resignation was not the primary issue at stake. Other matters such as curriculum restructur ing, better handling of scholar ship funds; health care; better wages for campus employees; and reevaluation of the uses of campus symbols (flags, etc.) were equally as important. The SUNO students showed they had an understanding of economic-political relation ships. When making a demand for exploitative eater’s con tracts to be terminated and vending machine operation to be placed under student control they stated, “The people’s needs are to be placed ahead of the profit objective.” A special issue of the campus newspaper went on to sum up the demands stating, “There must be an end to the educational exploitation of Tim Thomas, YOBU Coordinator Of Youth Affairs Was In Louisiana from November 10-15, speaking to the student bodies on both the Baton Rouge and New Orleans campuses of Southern University. Black Black students....it is not the Southern University education system that is under seige, but the educational system as a whole that exists within this country and maintains its oppression.” Baton Rouge Campus Students at the Baton Rouge campus readily took their demands to the newly elected governor Edwin Edwards when it appeared that campus administration would not re spond. First, however, they presented their demands to Dr. Netterville and asked him for a response. One of the student leaders, Ricky Hill stated to him, “We are serious about our education and we are serious about what we are doing.” When Netterville casually dismissed the demands, the students marched six miles to the State Board of Education and then to the office of Governor Edwards. Edwards met with a small delegation for ten minutes and established a larger meeting for two days later. When the larger meeting with the lily-white State Board of Education came about, the students were promised an “investigation” to cover a 30-day span. The students rejected this put-off. The next day the governor proposed a different type of committee, this one to include students and Black legislators — a committee called the Black Blue Ribbon Committee. The students accepted the principal of the committee but had some problems with the composition and long time period attached to the com mittee’s report. Back At New Orleans Meanwhile, back at SUNO students were entering their ninth day of occupation of the administration building, the governor was becoming uneasy and the National Guard who had been sent to each campus were getting anxious. Governor Ed wards gave them until 1 P. M. Thursday (November 9) to vacate the building or face his armed troopers. The confronta tion never materialized, however Dean Bashful Of Southern At New Orleans Re signed as a result of student pressure (Photo courtesy SUNO Observer) ever, as Dr. Bashful resigned, Jim Wayne, was sent. “Broth the students were promised er” Wayne, a lawyer and former Southern student, was amnesty and the students left the building leaving it cleaner appropriately arrayed in a than it was when they took it denim suit complete with a over. liberation patch. But when Not to be overlooked in the students rejected him in his situation was the usual attempt petty role, he conceded to giving by the white power structure to the false impression of having use Black lackeys to quell the any genuine influence. movement. On two occasions, Later that day Governor representatives from the Gov Edwards met with students in ernor’s office came to SUNO to an hour-long meeting in which try to persuade students to give he promised that the Black Blue up their struggle. On November Ribbon Committee would be 12, another special assistant, effective. Wounded Students Are Evacuated From Southern University After "Law enforcement officers” opened fire on the unarmed group. Credit Black News Grapevine Where Is The Budget Of The Third World Veterans Alliance??? Page 3 �Genocidal ‘morning after pill' New York (LNS) - Diethyl stilbestrol, better known to the public as DES, is a female hormone used in cattle feed and also injected into cattle to make them reach maturity faster (thus shortening the time and money that has to be invested in them). Last summer, DES was banned from cattle feed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) because it was found to be carcinogenic (cancer inducing.) But Even though people were understandably upset about the presence of DES in their meat, few talked or even knew about diethyl stilbestrol’s use as a postcoital contraceptive—The Morning After Pill. The Morning After Pill (MAP) is administered in a massive dose twice a day for five days. The amount of DES — 25 mgs. — is about 500 times that produced naturally in the body. This use of DES is unapproved by the FDA. The FDA has rules governing the use of new drugs under investigation, and the unsupervised use of DES as contraceptive does not follow those rules. It appears that drug firms like Lilly (biggest supplier of DES for both MAP and animal uses), UpJohn, and other major drug firms are encouraging the current uses of DES. In fact, the use of the MAP has increased in the past year—despite the warnings. Tens of thousands of women were exposed during the 1940s and 1950s to large doses of DES prescribed by doctors to prevent miscarriage. And 100 daughters of these women are already known to have developed cervical cancer. Most of the women are being operated on to stop further spread of the cancer. If it is detected early enough they will live — others have and will continue to die. (All the more appalling is the fact that DES proved ineffective in preventing miscarriages.) Most University Health Services are giving the Morning After Pill to women to prevent pregnancy after they have had intercourse without contraception while potentially ovulating. Rape victims are also frequent recipients of DES. Recently, the Health Research Group — a group that works with consumer advocate Ralph Nader — compiled a report on the use of DES as a Morning After Pill. Their report points the finger at the health services of universities and at the University of Michigan in particular where: “...Doctors have issued the drug without determining the family and individual history of estrogen exposure and cervical or breast cancer and even without attempt to determine whether the patient is already pregnant from a prior intercouse. Most of the women surveyed received no follow - up of any kind after the drug was prescribed, not even to determine if it had prevented pregnancy.” The report continues, “Women are not asked key medical questions which bear on the amount of risk they might suffer...college women are being used as guinea pigs.” Many university health service and family planning agencies are also trying to “test out” the effectiveness of natural estrogens to be used as Morning After Pills in place of synthetic DES. But experts in hormonal cancer have repeatedly stated that the best available information suggests that all estrogens (female hormones) given at comparable doses and for comparable periods of time as DES would cause the same carcinogenic effects. “Addition of any artificial estrogen beyond the natural estrogen produced in the body disrupts a natural balance which even under ideal conditions is precarions, Death Drugs! Drugs! Drugs! Where Is The Budget Of The Third World Veterans Alliance??? demonstrated by the fact that 1 danger to their offspring. None of each 16 women will develop were informed of suspected breast cancer during her cancer hazards to themselves. lifetime,” said Dr. Roy Hertz Doctors Who prescribed at a Congressional hearing on DES asked only three of the DES in November, 1971. women their family medical Hertz also stated, “Actually, histories, in spite of the fact our inadequate knowledge that a family history of concerning the relationship of cervical or beast cancer is a estrogens to cancer in women known contraindication for is comparable with what was approved use of DES. Only known about the association four out of 64 women were between lung cancer and given pregnancy tests or cigarette smoking before questioned about possible extensive epidemiologic study pregnancy from previous delineated this intercourse before being given overwhelmingly significant DES, although DES could not relationship.” end such pregnancies and could Advocates for Medical cause cancer in the fetuses.. Only ten women were Information (AMI) in Ann Arbor, Michigan conducted a questioned about other survey of 69 women who were personal exposure to given the Morn ing After Pill — estrogens, such as birth most of them at the University control pills. And only seven of Michigan. Although most of women were informed that the the women were warned that Morning After Pill was an DES might cause nausea - unapproved use of DES. For over 75 per cent of the and it does (many women vom it violently for a day or two) — women given DES there were as well as providing a no follow - up examinations tremendous shock to the either for short - range side women’s system, only five effects or to see if they had were warned about a cancer become pregnant. "Suffer Peacefully" Macolm X 1963 Page 4 �Ain’t Got No Time The Promise Testimony for the Cause Ain't got no time... ain’t got no time for jiven, man ain’t got no time to waste. ain’t got no time to boogaloo, ain’t got no time to taste. ain’t got no time to light one up, ain’t got no time to pop a bag. ain’t got no time. just can’t afford no being high, on booze or smoke or scag. the revolution’s here and now, we dy’n by the score, What d i d you...Promise Who did you....Promise You can’t even give a slow dance, You talk about hope fulness. Your promise is a lie, a lie. What about the promise you gave to those children in Alabama? Who are you going to keep your Promise to... NOW What happened to those millions that perished. Who’s going to promise them now, Life and land. ain’t got the freedom we had last year, let lone got any more. African’s promise you some land too, six feet of it. brothers and sisters rot in jails, brothers and sisters die. while you nodd’n on some corner, That’s our promise to You. L. Jones talking bout you ’’fly”. still ripp’n off sisters and mothers, for a bag of suicide dust, and ratt’n out the Struggle everytime you take a bust. when all "Black People” stand’n tall, you still crawl’n in the gutter, well, when we use your head for football, nigger you better dasn’t mutter. ain’t got no time tor the weak, man. these are the days of the strong. you got a choice of gett’n right, or end’n up "dead" wrong. ain't got no time for jiven, man, this is the time to Do. if you ain’t ready to T. C. B. ain’t got no time for You... All Strength To The People Dope To The Murderous Dealer Death To Dealers Exterminate Dealers Educate Users!! Collective Spirit Ans. G.T.-Yes, they’re surviving Issue #3 now, or at least they Jan. 1973 think they are. I guess it depends upon what Sub Board 1 INC. survival means to you: Doug Webb-Chairman living from day-to-day Steven Blumenkrantz-Ex. Direc. getting over on any Lester Goldstine-Business MGR. thing left to get over Supervising Edt.-George Brown on, or, just existing Managing Edt. -Larry Walker in a contradictory trap, Business Kang. -Tony Thomas a perpetual slump. At the beginning of the spring semester the Collective Spirit Staff requested intre views with the four executive committee members of the Black Student Union, in reference to the projections, activities etc. of that organization ["illegible"] dur ing the rest of the year, and as of press time we have re ceived responses from only one representative.The following is the interview and the re sponses of George Thomas (Flash) E.C.M.B.S.U.. Ques. C.S.- What projections can you see or make for the B.S.U. this semes ter in reference to programs, activities, etc? Ans.-G.T.- Well, first we must deal with the problem of a budget, which at this time has been axed by V. P. Siggelkow, who in his own words said, "The bud bet was obtained through coercion and terror." After this is cleared up, we’ll be able to deal realistically with program, activities,etc. Ques. C.S.Is it possible for the B. S.U. to do somethings in the Black community this semester? Ans. G.T. Of course, it is possible for the B.S.U. to do any thing if is has student participation . Ques. C.S. Will more committees be functional in the B.S.U. this semester than last? Ans. G.T.That question depends entirely upon the stu dent involvement, com mittees operated by students, etc. Ques. C.S.Will elections be held in the B.S.U. and how will they be carried out? Ans. G.T.A date is being set up now, within the next two weeks or so. To be carried out, there willbe a Mass Meeting called for nominations and a date set for Mass Elections. There are slots open for Execu tive Members and vari ous committee chairman ships. Ques. C.S.-Is it possible that the B.S.U. could dissipate completely in the com ing semester? Ans. G.T.-Damn, Right!!! Ques. C.S.Do you think Black stu can survive ondents this campus without the B.S.U. or some functioning minor ity organization? Page 5 �U. S. Colonialism Excerpts From ’’The Black Hurricane" Revolutionary Peoples Communication Network Black Military Brothers In West Germany naturally the pig press distored the truth of the action to make it seem like nothing more than Blacks moving on other Blacks for profit. The four brothers were written up as criminals Instead of like brave black warriors which indeed they were. Our Brother Rap was seriously wounded. Two pigs were also wounded. Of course the pig press release fooled many people. Most of us are yet to realise that the pig press is part of the racist system For the past few years there has been a lot of talk about drug abuse in Amerikkka, but the problem has been growing rampantly in the Black Colo nies long before all this talk started. Now that these dangerous drugs are reaching the middle and upper class whites is isn’t something to be com pletely ignored anymore. Since these dangerous drugs are being used by the whites the drug problem is no longer associated only with the Black Colony. All the talk is not because people are finally seeing that a problem does exist, but they are seeing their own kind is getting hooked into a program that is not meant for them. Herion, morphine and other drugs o of this kind makes a person weak in mind and body. After becoming addicted, the drug addict is usually living for one purpose, and that one purpose for living is to procure the next injec tion to rid himself of the pains of withdrawal, to reach the state of tran quility and ease the pressure of ghet to living is The goal the addict seeks to obtain. Complete freedom from that which hinder and makes a person up tight is what they strive toward. Scag and other drugs enables them to forget the unpaid bills, the broken homes they are from, or the bit they soon may have to do. Drugs provide a means of Escap ism for those who would rather not face and fight the oppressive system that keeps them "down on their luck". They would rather get high, sway their bod ies and pat their feet to the seductive and hypnotic melodies of John Coltrane or Miles Davis. The attempted escape from reality is off. In the months that H. Rap Brown was underground in New York an anti-dope movement was launched. Some months later a story was released in Stars and Stripes and other pig papers across Babylon stating that Brother Rap and three other Brothers from St. Louis were busted while trying to rob the Red Carpet Lounge on West 85th street in Manhatten, New York. The Red Carpet Lounge is an after hours bar where known pushers, hustlers, and prostitutes hang out. Rap Brown, Sam Petty Levi Valentine and Arthur Young were taking revolutionary action against people who live off the Black colony like parasites sucking up the few riches Blacks have acquired, the parasites were being dealt with in a righteous revolutionary manner, and Pushers must be stopped, regardless of color. Dope is a part of the Master Plan of Black Genocide al I designed to drive our brains Insane, and keep us enslave- intiI its time to do away with us completely. Disrupt the plan and "blow a dope peddler away so he can't live to deal another day." Educated Users Exterminate Sellers that keeps us enslaved and also works towards the betterment and preservation of Oppressive Amerikka. The pig press could never function as a true informa tion source for the people. If it did it wouldhave to be eliminated, or placed under the control It is now under. This issue of drugs is the most important obstacle we have to overcome at the present time; it is a buffer that pre vents the full force of this revolution ary potential from being felt and aids the pigs and perpetuated their miserable oppression. We must overcome this ob stacle and regain our true strength. There is danger in the use of these drugs in relation to the struggle. They cause passivity Insensibility, impotence, neg lierice, immobility, defeatism, and cowardice. The pigs know thisthat is why they turn their heads. They know that drugs will make you insensible and indifferent to the struggle. They know that the drugs will keep you off January 18, 1973 their asses. There is a big difference between 50,000 users and 50,000 non users. The difference is that hard users To Whom It May Concern pose a threat to the liberation struggle and non-users pose a threat to the pinch brain pigs of power. We the Black Constituents of Stu dent Government at State University of There are approximately 50,000 Black New York at Buffalo are bewildered by troops in Germany, and even more nonthe incident that took place at Baton white and progressive white troops, Rouge Campus of Southern University, which could constitute a powerful LouisIana . force if mobilized. Understanding During the past four hundred years the horrifying reality of the pacifi America has witnessed the unjust treat cation program is a must. It strives ment, incarceration and murder of count desparateIy to keep this force cool less Blacks in this society. We are and inactive rather than allowing it angered at the foul and discriminatory to become hot and effective. It is the manner in which the news media has re Black Liberation struggle that occupies ported this and other incidents which the vanguard of the liberation move have taken place in this country; so ment. Of will be lead by the people called home of the free and land of the who have been the longest and most op brave! pressed, stands most implacable in its As Black Students attending Ameri challenge before the oppressors of hu ca's Universities, we are aware of the manity. We have long been aware of the continued contradictions we face in the dope scene throughout the numerous ghet classrooms as opposed to the realities to areas in Amerikka and millions of we face in everyday life. Yet, we can't smokers, sniffers, and pill poppers. ignore nor sanction these contradictions. It is easy to see that with so many Since the arrival of the first Slave Ship people on Cloud Nine and the Twilight from Africa, we have been portrayed as Express, the ruling class oppressors ignorant, servile, ginning and lazy and exploiters have relatively clear Blacks! Today, America faces a new breed roads to steer their acts of deception, of Black men and women. Our education thievery and butchery...for a fist full consists of the realities of over four of dollars and few more on the side. hundred years of oppression. Cont. PG 7 Page 6 �A Real Fable By: Ed Washington Many years ago on a farm in the south, 22 Black people were working in the field picking cotton. Suddenly, there was a loud rumble from the north and as everybody turned their eyes to see what was making the noise, a large stone rolled down from the mountain and pinned 10 of the brothers and sisters to the ground. There were screams of pain and cries of anger and everybody stood around in amazement for a moment. Then the people began to act. Some ran and got shovels, some got boards to pry the large rock up, some got ropes, and others ran off to get help. Everybody was doing something to save the people under the rock except a few brothers and sisters who had clustered in the background. But nobody noticed them at first because everybody was working so hard to free the people. The rock was moving a little, but the people just weren’t strong enough to move it. Just then, one of the sisters with a shovel in her hand said, “Wait a minute; if those brothers over there would help, we could get this rock off of our people.” As she said that, all eyes turned to the brothers and sisters who were standing over on the side of the field under a shade tree. There they were: some were singing, some were dancing, some were writing poetry, some were smoking some strange looking, wrinkled up cigarettes. “What are you doing, brothers?”, said one man. “We’re doing our own thing, man. We’re doing a Black thing. We’re building unity, man.” Another sister spoke up and said, “All of that is good, brothers, but we have to move this rock now. Why don’t you grab a shovel and help us.” The “brother” with the drum said, very drowsily, “Man, that’s the white man’s way of moving rocks. We can create our own way of doing it. The way white people move rocks is different from the way we’ll have to move them. But I don’t have any time for you all now, this smoke is to good.” Then the brothers around the rock began to talk. One said, “Well, those brothers will come around.” Another said, “They already know what the problem is, why don’t they help us?” Sister Sweet spoke up and said, “Them niggers are scared. All that talk about finding another way is B.S. They are copping out. If we can get them to help us we can succeed, but they’re afraid..” As the brothers and sisters were talking, the plantation owner appeared on the scene and started talking to the brother who was playing his drum the loudest (in a sense, he was the leader of the drum players). He said, “You fellows certainly are doing a fine job. At first, I thought you were a dangerous bunch, but now I can see that you are pretty nice fellows. I don’t mind if you cuss a little bit, just as long as you don’t help those others. Here, take this five dollar bill and buy yourself some more of those funky little cigarettes.” When the owner left, some of the other brothers threw down their drums and said, “We always did have doubts about this stuff, but now we can see that you are working for the enemy.” They went over and started pushing and pulling on the rock and with all of them working together, they moved the rock away. Everyone was happy and jumping up and down with tears in their eyes. The brother who was still playing drums stopped and came running over to congratulate everyone. He had 25 different handshakes to give the sisters and brothers, but as he stuck out his hand, the brother with the shovel cut it off. “You didn’t help us when we needed you, but now you want to come in and unify with us. You found every way in the book to keep from helping us before. You even stooped so low as to confuse the other brothers. You played long and hard and you had a good time while the rest of us were struggling. You even took money from the same man you told everybody you hated so much. In fact, not only did you not help us, but you helped the enemy who was trying to kill us all. You’re not a brother; you’re not even a black man; you are a traitor. And there is only one way to deal with traitors.” As he said that, all of the brothers and sisters who had shovels raised them to strike the traitor. When he said this, the traitor began to back away. Just as he turned to run, he hit smack into the big rock that they had just moved. As he fell to the ground, the ground creaked and the rock shifted, pinning him to the ground. “Help! Help! Help!”, he cried. But the brothers and sisters swung their shovels over their shoulders and began to walk away. As it began to get dark, there was no one to hear the cries for help. The others had some more rocks to move that night. Go to the people Live among them Learn from them Love them Serve them Plan with them Start with what they know Build on what they have Kwame Nkrumah If you want the happiness of the people, let them speak out and tell what kind of happiness they want and what kind they don't want.” Albert Camus Independence Revolution Is Cont. 6 Moral: We should always remember in our struggle that those of us who struggle will be the ones to make change. Those who sit in the shade and reap the benefits won’t do anything except slow us down. We should remember also, that it takes longer for some people to see the way than others. But, once we recognize clearly who are the enemies among our own ranks, we must deal with them. We are not servile, lazy, nor ignor ant to the complete freedom and libera tion of our people. The murder of the two Brothers at Baton Rouge only enhances our struggle here at the University of Buffalo. What greater contribution can one make other than his life. They won't be forgotten! Yours in the Struggle, The Black Constituents of Student Association at the University of BuffaIo Tyrone Saunders- Vice President Edward Gamble-s Page 7 �A Gathering Of Blackness At U.B. To What End??? Where Is The Budget Of The Third World Veterans Alliance??? Page 8 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Student Union collection Subject The topic of the resource Student newspapers and periodicals College students, Black Minority college students Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Description An account of the resource The Black Student Union (BSU) at UB was founded in 1967 and recognized by the Student Association in 1968. In 1969, it counted 1,000 members. Twelve periodical publications have been issued by the BSU and are the primary record of the activities and history of the organization. Most of the material was issued on newsprint, and the material is now extremely fragile as a result of heavy use. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-2015 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use for educational purposes only. Single copies (print, photocopy, download) are permitted for personal study, research and teaching. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-UA005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Collective Spirit Newsletter, Number 3, January 1973 Description An account of the resource This is Number 3 of "Collective Spirit," a newsletter published by the Black Student Union of the University at Buffalo. This issue is from January 1973 and is eight pages long. It is captioned as "The Voice of the University of Buffalo B.S.U. and Third World Veterans Alliance." The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Subject The topic of the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) -- Periodicals State University of New York at Buffalo African American college students College student newspapers and periodicals Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-01 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-10 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Periodicals Newsletters Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG9-5-00-4_1a_1_3_001 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Black Student Union (RG 9/5/00-4) LIB-UA005 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Language A language of the resource en-US Extent The size or duration of the resource. 30.48 x 44.45 cm Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. 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Black Student Union Newspapers https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/adc4ca100ca9e312cd1496891f616c34.pdf 9b3c10bb0d827fb865020d7c78e57492 PDF Text Text Black Student Union SUNYAB Unity: Phase One _______________________________________________ Volume 1, No. 1 /SUNYAB /Oct.30,1970 "The Degree of a People’s Revolutionary Awareness May Be Measured by the Political Maturity of Its Women.” Free Angela Davis If You Don’t Do It, It Won’t Get Done �Leadership is a body In the long history of the African peoples struggle against European domination, the question of leadership has been for us a perplexing and sometimes tragic problem. Today, the attempts to deal with the problem of leadership becomes even more acute as our people move toward a sharpening of consciousness and a corresponding intensification of our struggle against Europeans. In attempting to raise questions such as: What is leadership? What are its characteristics? What is good or bad leadership? How do we develop leadership? we seem constantly to fall back on the personalities of leaders rather than the historical nature of leadership. There is a whole list of leaders, such as Askia Muhammad, Semourie Toure, Chaka Zulu, Toussaint L’Ouverture, Nat Turner, Frederick Douglass, WEB DuBois, Marcus Garvey, Malcolm X, Huey Newton, Stokely Carmichael and Angela Davis — who we see as leadership personalities rather than as leaders. As a result of our western training and education we tend to compartmentalize leadership just as we do most things. Therefore, we have Charismatic leaders, Messianic leaders, Organizing leaders, Vanguard leaders and background leaders. By putting leadership in one “bag” or another we limit its development and encourage its stagnation. One of the tragedies of our domination, particularly those of us exiled in the American nation, is that [illegible] totally encompassed by our enemies [ilegible] numerically and technologically and we thus tend to feel impotent, which makes us susceptible to bitterness and despair. Another tragedy is that there are so many smoke screens, scarecrows and buffer zones which thoroughly block us from seeing our enemy and therefore many of us in the struggle usually take our bitterness out on our leaders. It’s sad that we can revile or worship our leaders according to our personal needs and problems. We even hassle over who is to be THE leader. Let us be clear. The question is not who is to be the leader, but, what is to be done, how can it be done and who is to do it. If we see that leadership is simply one of the mechanisms by which we build a strong and united movement designed to defeat Europe and establish the African nation, we can pull it out of the realm of personal mysticism and put it onto the stage of political development. The concept of leadership must be clearly understood by those who take on the increased degree of responsibilities required to carry out this very difficult stage of the struggle. The growth of our movement depends upon three factors: 1) the correctness of our political concept; 2) our willingness to work with our people and; 3) the energy we put into developing and renewing our leadership. At this point we must concentrate on the third factor. First, we must understand what we are about and why we organize political institutions. Our ultimate objective is to achieve the liberation, independence and unification of African people. Our immediate aim is to develop and strengthen our own self reliant institutions for war, defense and development. These objections will be achieved through long preparation and protracted struggle. In order to carry out these goals we must have leadership, but that leadership should be based on our political needs as characterized by the history of our struggle, our present condition, and the direction of our struggle, not in personal whims. We have outlined some basic principles of leadership for discussion purposes: 1) understands the nature and substance of Pan African Nationalism; 2) believes without reservation that our liberation must be achieved at all cost; 3) can be counted on in critical situations, will not vacillate or collapse under pressure; 4) thinks independently; does not confuse easily; attempts to clarify and direct rather than submit to confusion; 5) maintains self-discipline; doesn’t engage in pettiness, gossip or rhetoric; 6) works — once task is understood carries it out to the end; 7) patience — is forebearing and humble in dealing with the internal contradictions of our people without being slack. Beyond these basic principles, there are some characteristics which can be seen as skills of developing leadership. First, we must be able to relate the general abstract principles to particular concrete situations. For example “We are an African People” is a general statement which some of us understand. A good leader must be able to relate this statement to black people in the U.S. and the Carribbean. If we were at a high school where the students want to burn down the school for both personal and political reasons and we knew that there are 300 cops just outside the gate ready to kill them, what do we do? It is part of the skill of leadership to take an entire situation into account and upon an analysis of the historical conditions and present circumstances, decide what is to be done carefully accessing the critical issues and priorities, then to carry through the decision until results are achieved. We recognize our people are generally on three levels; 1) those who understand and are prepared for committment; 2) those who are beginning to understand and see their work as sacrifice; 3) those who do not understand or who are opposed. A characteristic of good leadership is to organize the first group, to convince the second and at least neutralize the third. Finally good leadership expresses itself best by example. Chaka Zulu, we are told, not only ordered his troops to run twenty miles barefoot over thorns and rocks, he led them. A characteristic of good leadership is to make sure that there is no doubt in the people’s mind that you will do whatever you ask them to do. This is basic to developing trust, particularly in the early stages of the struggle. We must understand that everyone is expendable in this struggle including the leadership. As we pull together these principles and characteristics of leadership, we find that we don’t have a person, we have a group, and it is this group which can guide and lead the struggle in a proper way. This is the best way to develop as a people and as a power. But this must be done quickly. The movement for liberation of our people depends on our actions. Interview Interview with Editor of Unity: Phase One, Anthony Thomas 1. As Senior editor of Unity: Phase One, what is the main objective of the newspaper? Ans. Our objective is to be informative to the Black community. And to keep the community abreast of contemporary problems facing them. We will also attempt to give solutions to these problems. 2. What are some of the topics covered in Unity: Phase One? Ans. We will be dealing with problems immediately facing the Black community and at the same time working with Community organizations. 3. Will you be seeking community participation on the staff of Unity: Phase One? Ans. Yes, we need the ideals and goals of the people in the community to be able to fight a constructive battle in elevating the immediate problems of our communities, (police brutality, housing) and the eventual liberation of all Black people. 4. How much communication will there be with community organizations? Ans. We will attempt to have strong ties with community organizations that have goals which coincide with ours. 5. Why is the name Unity: Phase One used? Ans. In keeping with the goal of B.S.U. we realize that the first phase of liberating any people is unity and thus we have decided on the name Unity: Phase One. Unity: Phase One Volume 1, No. 1/SUNYAB/October 30,1970 Editor In Chief........................... T. H. Thomas Managing Editor............. Fred L. R. Nickens Business Editor...................... Mose Rayford Copy........................................... Carol Welch Campus............................... Charles Simmons Promotion........................................... Vacant Circulation........................................ Vacant Photography........................... Calvin Pitter Research............................................. Vacant Black Community.................. James Wallace Health.................................. Williams Peters Build.............................................. Rod Sayles Consumer Education.................. Linda Tate Editorial policy is set by: Executive board under the direction of editor in chief and BSU minister of information. any reproduction or publication without the express written consent of the editor in chief and the minister of information is prohibited. �Problems of Political Development Like all those who struggle, our commitment is to bring something new into being. Until we understand what that “new” thing is we are susceptible to pitfalls which act to detract from our learning and destroy our unity. We state that because most of the pitfalls are so petty, the only reason for falling into them must be lack of understanding. Cliquism, the tendency to stick close for personal reasons and the failure to open up to new people is one pitfall. We see ourselves clustering together at the Center, at meetings and parties. We think that the only people we can talk to is each other. It is a sort of political incest, cultish and deadly. Another pitfall is nepotism, the elevation, protection and favoritism that is shown to someone we like. For example, if we have food we share it with our clique or favorite leader, ignoring the new, or obscure people who work hard and silently. A third problem is lack of discipline. How can someone who understands Pan African Nationalism and who is committed to its principles forget to come to class, meetings or rehearsals? We understand in this case that there are no lazy people, only those who are opposed, afraid, or don’t understand. How, if we understand, could we ignore a full trash can or complain when asked to work? A fourth and final pitfall we cite is the succumbing to personal needs and problems at the expense of political work. All of us have personal lives, but some of us act as if the personal is our whole life. We are rendered nonfunctional by new and/or lost love interests. We take all criticism personally. We make decisions about whether to work for political goals on the basis of personal likes or dislikes. There are many more examples. Understanding Necessary In order to deal effectively with these pitfalls we must develop a clear understanding of aims and objectives of a political position we support. We must be able to state our position beyond mere phrase mongering. We must develop the concept of Pan African Nationalism to the point where we don’t repeat the same statements over and over again. We must study constantly so that we learn the elements that make up the concepts and we don’t act like a number of black people most notably students who lately have picked up the catch phrases “We are an African people” and “Pan Africanism” and use them without understanding what they mean. Confusion Of Ideology Many people still think that Black Nationalism in America and Pan African Nationalism are the same. The latter contains the former but extends past America and ends on the African Continent. That is, in the U.S. we organize on a Nationalist basis with the intermediate goals of rendering ourselves ungovernable by our oppressors, and suppressing America’s sphere of influence in Africa. But we are not interested finally, in living in separate enclaves within the American nation. We already exist this way substantively The principles we believe in are true. Our major problem is the understanding and application of this principle. There are no short cuts, but there are many pitfalls. By girding ourselves to being serious about our work we can get past the pitfalls and advance the struggle. We must at least prepare ourselves to confront our problems on this serious level. We don’t have time to waste. We must move on. if not politically, and the result is our total economic and military subjugation. On the North American continent Euro-America will allow no less. We are not interested in slogans, and calling white people dirty names while attempting to find ways to live with them. Wars are fought not over slogans but over who will occupy, develop, sustain and control the land. We say that Africa is our land; that it belongs to the more than 500 million African people who are now dispersed and divided. Our committment is to fight for this land. We will take Africa from the Europeans who control it by aggressive and organized warfare. This does not mean cultural pluralism in America, but the physical destruction of America — that is, all that the Indians and Chicanos don’t want. BSU Meeting One of the many things that were discussed in the October 9th, Black Student Union meeting was the lack of enough funds for Black students. In keeping with the true nature of an organization and political party that services the needs of the people, B.S.U.’s information center is investigating sources of funds and in the next issue November 6th, information will be available as to how to get more funds. Mental Fixity This political position is not an easy one. Most of us were born here. Many have ancestors who go back more than three hundred years. We think we have roots here, though forcibly planted. America is big and all encompassing. We get landlocked easily. There are language barriers and specific cultural differences between us and say the people of Zimbabwe, barriers which are easily accentuated by Europeans. It is very difficult understanding that our major problems are a direct result of the aggression perpetrated against us by the Europeans. It is even more difficult understanding that the only way we will reunite ourselves as a people is by a protracted and organized war with Europe and its subdivisions. Things To Come Local Is EPIS going to be phased out? If so are all special programs going to be dropped? What is the story on the Co-operative College of Buffalo? The Learning Center Free Breakfast and lunch for children High schools in Buffalo Politics in the community Gangs in the community National Inability To Transcend It seems almost impossible to get Pan African Nationalism past the cultural mystical and faddish stage and physically into the political, economic and military stage. For African people lodged in the most controlled and technologically advanced of Europe’s subdivisions the development of a clear understanding of and total commitment to Pan African Nationalism requires a very serious mental transition. This transition takes time. It must be nurtured; one must begin to live the concept not just say it. Once we understand what we are about, we begin to express it in our work. Our analysis becomes more critical. Our criticisms shed their pettiness and subjectivism and become more political and constructive. We move away from the cult of the personality toward self discipline and self sustained initiative. We assess our leaders on the basis of their experience, historical development, political direction and carrying out responsibilities. We become less concerned with western democratic principles and more concerned with correct principles at this point. Working with our people becomes a fact of life, not a state of mind. Our style of life molds itself so that we can make forty thousand dollars a year and not be corrupted, live in a grass covered hut and not despair; blow a cracker’s head off at close range and not quiver, and teach a black child the African way and not feel ashamed. Gangs in other part of the country Politics in other Black colonies in America International Pan Africanism and the struggle of Black liberation Liberation struggles in other countries Unity: Phase One - Needs 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. English Major Proof Readers Typists Photographers Reporters Research Workers Contact Tony Thomas In BSU 831-5346 or Tower 831-3568 Please Leave Name And Phone Number �Black Solidarity Day Nov 2,1970 Make Nov 2nd a Black Family Day A Day Of Unity A Day Of Strength Don't Buy Don't Work Don't Use Your Telephone � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Student Union collection Subject The topic of the resource Student newspapers and periodicals College students, Black Minority college students Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Description An account of the resource The Black Student Union (BSU) at UB was founded in 1967 and recognized by the Student Association in 1968. In 1969, it counted 1,000 members. Twelve periodical publications have been issued by the BSU and are the primary record of the activities and history of the organization. Most of the material was issued on newsprint, and the material is now extremely fragile as a result of heavy use. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-2015 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use for educational purposes only. Single copies (print, photocopy, download) are permitted for personal study, research and teaching. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-UA005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Unity: Phase One Newsletter Volume 1, Number 1, October 30, 1970 Description An account of the resource This is Volume 1, Number 1 of the newsletter "Unity: Phase One." It was published by the Black Student Union of the University at Buffalo. This issue was published on October 30, 1970 and is four pages long. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Subject The topic of the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) -- Periodicals State University of New York at Buffalo African American college students College student newspapers and periodicals Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-10-30 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-10 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Periodicals Newsletters Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG9-5-00-4_1a_1_1_012 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Black Student Union (RG 9/5/00-4) LIB-UA005 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Language A language of the resource en-US Extent The size or duration of the resource. 30.48 x 44.45 cm Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Black Student Union Newspapers https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/57ccb030c03aadc659f728ab069266c8.pdf 7e01adfc9c7d09933f8cd22c1be0604f PDF Text Text Unity: Phase One Black Student Union SUNYAB Baton Rouge, La. Vol. 3 No. 1 February 7, 1972 (LNS) Two blacks and two cops were killed Jan. 10 when Baton Rouge police attacked a Black Muslim street meeting attended by 1000 people. City police from every beat including undercover cops from the city’s two camp uses, were called to join in the attack. The ’’facts” that every establishment news paper and all the wireservices carried, came straight from the mouths of the police chi ef, the mayor, the sheriff and the governor. Mayor Wood row W. Dumas is quoted as saying, "They’re talking about taking over our city. We’re clearing the deck, and we’re ready to take them on.” Governor John J. McKie then said,”a bunch of damned maniacs” started the trouble. As police and offic ials stories changed newspapers changed their explanation about the way things happened. Attorney Robert C. Williams, chairman of the Black United Front of Baton Rouge Said, ” The people who were there are not saying anything to anyone—They’re not the ones who are making state ments to the press. Were trying to find out what really happened. Baton Rouge is a city of 200,000—35% of the city is black, and 25% of the black popula tion is unemployed. Dow Chemical, Humble Oil and Kaiser Aluminum all have factories there. Relations between the Baton Rouge police and the Black Muslims have not been good. The week before the attack on the meeting, two Muslims who were selling, their national newspaper, Muha mmed speaks, were charged with vagrancy and solici tation without a license. Around noon time on Jan. 10, the Muslims were holding their meeting, in front of the Temple Thea ter in the Baton Rouge ghetto. Traffic was blocked off and Muslims, standing on top of a park ed car, addressed the crowd. Down the street, a scuffle broke out between a black reporter and some young blacks and police Police handcuff two blacks after breaking up a street meeting in Baton Rouge at which 4 were killed 2 of them cops. Note that the cop on the left is wearing bellbottoms and boots and carries a machine gun. Many of the police at the scene were undercover cops with long hair and beards. ordered the meeting to break up. When the Mus lims held their ground, Chi ef of Police, Eddy O. Bauer led the charge into the crowd. Although the Muslims were unarmed,some of them were trained in self-defense—so when the police attacked, they dis armed them. Though police claim the blacks shot first, they aren’t able to pro duce any of the weapons the Muslims supposedly fired, the four dead men were killed by .38 ser vice revolvers. The po lice at the scene car ried 38 caliber weapons and shotguns and at the end of a few minutes of gunfire, the street was littered with spent shot gun shells. After the smoke had cleared, be sides the four lying dead 12 blacks and 14 cops and 5 other whites were wound ed. After the police overpowered the crowd, they continued to bruta lize the blacks, dragging them along in the rain or handcuffing them face down in puddles. At first, eight Muslims were charged with the ”Rap Brown Statue”-crossing state lines to incite a riot--and bond was set at $500,000 ea ch. Later the charge was changed to murder and no bond was granted. The eight are David McKinney, Toussant L’Over ature, Clennon Brown,War ren Hall, Robert J. Bar ber, Lawrence Brooks, Ray Carnes, Ridgley Williams and Lonnie X, a Muslim who was speaking at the ra lly. He was shot in the stomach and is now in the hospital. Cries of "outside agitator” have been rais ed by Gov. McKiethen Mayor Dumas and other of ficials, Robert Will iams responded, "when ever one of us travels from one plantation to another plantation he’s called an outsider.” A people’s tribunal is planned to get the facts—if they can find a place to hold it. Even though there was no indication of a threat of violence in the aftermath of the shoot out, the Sheriff, Bryan Clemmons called in the F.B.I., Mayor Dumas im posed a curfew and Gov. McKiethen proclaimed an emergency in the Parish mobilizing a battalion of National Guardsmen. Over 70 black people have been rounded up for curfew vi olation in the two-mights following the attack. Charles Tapp the white director of the Community Action Center, commented, to a reporter "We’ll just wring our hands and it’ll eventual ly blow over,” ”No Child," said Betty Williams, a young black woman in his office "it ain’t ever gonna be the same again.” �Page 2 Babylon Zimbabwe This is the first in a series of articles and interviews on the liberation movements of Africa, Asia and Latin America. Zimbabwe Zimbabwe (formerly Southern Rhodesia) lies in the southern part of Africa, bordered on the west by Botswana, on the north by Zambia, on the east by Mozambique, and the south by South Africa. It has a population of six million Blacks and under a quarter of a million white settlers. Extremely rich in minerals, it is at the same time one of the foremost agricultural countries in Africa, concentrating mainly on the cultivation and export of tobacco. Zimbabwe was called Rhodesia, in honor of Cecil Rhodes, the British gold and diamond prospector, who dreamt of colonizing the entire area, from the Cape of Good Hope to Cairo. While searching for gold in Southern Africa, he negotiated with King Lobengula for certain mining concessions. In return he promised the King, guns and 100 pounds. Instead of the guns and money promised, an occupying army arrived. This was in 1888, and the people under the leadership of King Lobengula fought until 1893 when Lobengula was defeated and driven out. Lobengula stated - "Did you ever see a chameleon catch a fly? The chameleon gets behind the fly and remains motionless for sometime, then he advances slowly and gently, first putting forward one leg and then another. At last, when well within reach, he darts his tongue and the fly disappears. England is the chameleon and I am that fly.” A lesson well learnt, but too late. After Lobengula’s defeat the people rose up once again, but were finally defeated and on September 12, 1896, the British flag was hoisted. The settlers soon consolidated their power, introduced industry, and the usual pattern followed. Africans were used as cheap labor, their lands stolen, their life styles completely changed and urbanization was the order of the day. The First, and particularly the Second World War had a profound effect upon the peoples of the world, especially the peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America. The conclusion of the Second World War laid the groundwork for the heightening of their consciousness and their demands for freedom. As Zimbabwe grew industrially, so did the exploitation of the people by the white settlers. Movements sprang up to protect the interests of the colonized people, but these were without strong foundations and no attempt was made to work outside the structure imposed by the system. In 1933, the first organization as such, the African National Congress (ANC), was formed. Then there was the Youth League which later formed a coalition with ANC. This coalition was replaced by the National Democratic Party (NDP)and this gave way to the Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU). In 1963 ZAPU suffered greatly from internal contradictions and the dissidents broke away and formed the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU). On October 1st, 1971, after another lengthy period of internal strife, both within ZAPU and ZANU, revolutionary elements from these groups formed the Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe (FROLIZI). Shelton Siwela, the 29 year old Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of FROLIZI and a former Political Commissar of ZAPU, said recently, “...ZAPU and ZANU were not suited for guerilla struggle. They were used to platform politics and haranguing crowds. They expected independence to be given to them on a silver platter. Basically, national political parties engaged in a constitutional struggle, they were not suited at all for the kind of political situation we are facing today... The political leadership was completely divorced from the war. Some had never even read a book on guerilla warfare. In fact Chitepo (leader of ZANU who refused to join or support FROLIZI) had never set foot in a guerilla camp until this year... Most of the old names are meaningless - even if they are men who are still respected and popular. Indeed, if the old leadership can embrace the new situation, they will gain more respect. There are names famous among the masses who are with us in the FRONT, like James Chikerema (Acting President of ZAPU), George Nyandoro (Secretary General of ZAPU), and Nathan" Shamuyarira of ZANU”. The political program of FROLIZI is as follows: 1. To unite all the people of Zimbabwe in order to resolutely struggle to overthrow British colonial-capitalism in our country. 2. To establish and build an independent, socialist Zimbabwe. 3. To guarantee human democratic rights for the people - free speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of the press, etc. 4.To establish and develop an independent, self-reliant socialist economy. 5. To give back land to the peasants and guarantee their right to- it. 6. To guarantee and safeguard the interests of the workers. 7. To improve the living conditions of all the toiling masses. 8. To provide free education and health services for all. 9. To build and develop our national culture. 10. To ensure and strengthen the equality, unity and fraternity of all Zimbabweans without regard to ethnic origin, sex or race. 11. To establish a revolutionary people’s army that would defend the people's gains. 12. To develop and strengthen solidarity with revolutionary movements, organizations and governments in Africa, Asia, South America and elsewhere. In 1965 Ian Smith issued his Unilateral Declaration of Independence for Rhodesia. The facade of economic sanctions by Britain recently ended when the British imperialists came to an agreement with the white-minority government of Ian Smith. The people of Zimbabwe find themselves under the yoke of a white minority foreign domination which bases its policies on the global imperialist strategy south of the Sahara. In joining hands with South Africa, Rhodesia presents a threat to all the peoples of the world who are struggling to end racism. This racist capitalist partnership also serves as one of the pillars of strength for the other fascist regime, Portugal, in its attempt to keep the people of Mozambique, Angola and Guinea Bissau enslaved. Because of the importance of the struggle of the people of Zimbabwe in the overall world struggle against racism, capitalism and imperialism, it is essential that we in Babylon understand the nature of this struggle and give our support to our brothers and sisters in Zimbabwe in their just fight for liberation and self-determination. To provide a greater understanding of the reasons underlying the formation of FROLIZI and the effect of the recent agreement between Britain and Rhodesia, an interview with a representative of FROLIZI was conducted in Algiers. Connie Matthews Tabor interview with- Charles Chikerema, formerly Assistant Representative of ZAPU for the Maghreb countries, and presently (pending confirmation by the Central Committee for the Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe) spokesman for FROLIZI. Connie: Would you give us a brief historical rundown on the struggle in Zimbabwe? Charles: The African National Congress of Zimbabwe was formed in 1933. It took as its example the ANC of South Africa, but remained in the hands of intellectuals who did not identify with the demands of the toiling masses. In 1947 there was Nkrumah, there was Ghandi and there were the Chinese. All of this had an effect on our people and during this year we had our first general strike and the first state of emergency since 1896 was declared. Still, there was not a cohesive movement in Zimbabwe. There were spontaneous mass actions without any genuine movement to channel and direct them. There were, however, young people who wanted to form a real movement that would reflect the changing situation on the African continent and the needs of the African people vis-a-vis the British colonialists. These were people like Joshua Nkomo, trade unionist and one of the old leaders of ANC, and George Nyandoro who went from one organization to another, starting at the age of 25, and finally breaking with them all. In 1953 the British government imposed a federation on Zambia (Northern Rhodesia), Malawi (Nyasaland) and Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia). The people of the three territories concerned, viewed this federation as an attempt by the British to force a Southern Rhodesia type of government on the other two. Incidentally, in 1923, Southern Rhodesia had become an autonomous country when they were given a chance to join South Africa, by Winston Churchill, the then Colonial Secretary. �Babylon In 1955 Nyandoroteamed up with James Chikerema, who had been studying since 1941 in South Africa and was one of the leaders of the ANC there. They formed the Southern Rhodesia African Youth League, with Chikerema as President and Nyandoro as Vice-President. They abandoned the old way of dealing with the struggle within the system and appealed to the masses directly. In 1956 they made their first show of strength by calling for a general strike, but the Youth League was firmly based only in the northern area (Salisbury) so they had need to spread out in the south. In the south there still remained a branch of the old ANC under the leadership of Joshua Nkomo and on September 12, 1957, the Youth League formed a coalition with the ANC, retaining the name ANC. Joshua Nkomo was elected President, James Chikerema, Vice-President and George Nyandoro, Secretary. This was a step forward since it united the whole country. This organization lasted for I 1/2 years. At this time the struggle against the Federation was taking place and the ANCs of Zambia, Malawi and Zimbabwe united to form a common front against the Federation. In other words it was a formidable struggle of three different people from three different territories, speaking three different languages, united around a common cause. In 1959 a meeting of all the general secretaries of the three different liberation movements was held in the forests of Malawi to plan strategy. Someone leaked the information. After the meeting on February 26, 1959, the ANC of Zimbabwe was banned, a state of emergency declared and 500 leaders and members were arrested. So the people of Zimbabwe were without a movement for about one year. Chikerema and Nyandoro sent out a new Constitution from jail and based on this the National Democratic Party (NDP) was formed in I960. Nkomo was not arrested in 1959, since at that time he was away in London. In I960 he was elected President of the NDP in abstentia and he returned home shortly after. In November I960 there was a Federation Constitutional Conference held in London and the three countries were represented by Kaunda (Zambia), Banda (Malawi) and Nkomo (Zimbabwe). At the conclusion of this conference which was unsatisfactory, Nkomo returned to Zimbabwe. In 1961 a Conference was held in Salisbury. The national liberation movements of Zimbabwe, the British government and the white political parties of Rhodesia participated. This conference was a tragedy. The African people were disappointed by the results since the Constitution provided for only 15 elected Africans out of a total of 65. The rest of the seats were for the white settlers. It was a pity that the African delegation appeared not to have performed very well. The people naturally rejected the Constitution, and that was the beginning of the first tremors within NDP. Some leaders felt that another party should be formed and eventually the Zimbabwe Nationalist Party, which proved to be a failure, was formed. At the end of 1961, NDP was banned and the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) took its place. ZAPU lasted one year as a legal organization. Its vice-president was killed in August 1962, and in September it was banned. The remaining leaders decided to go underground. Throughout all these problems and upheavals, there was one thing lacking the Zimbabwe nationalist pa rties did not have a correct ideology and did not know how best to face the Rhodesian issue. We were to pay dearly for this fact later. In 1963, those who had been in prison since 1959 were released and a power struggle began. This became public when Sithole broke away from ZAPU and took with him all the intellectuals who had joined the nationalist movement in I960. This was an error. Accusations and counter-accusations were made for two to three months. This took the form of a bloody struggle, especially in the northern areas. The movement had tainted itself. However, after three months ZAPU gained control of the situation. In 1964 Winston Fields, the then Prime Minister of Zimbabwe, was overthrown by Ian Smith. Incidentally, in 1963, the Federation collapsed and the British government gave all the arms of the federation to the settlers in Rhodesia. Zambia gained its independence in October 1964 and Malawi Zimbabwe was soon to do the same. The Rhodesian settlers in Zimbabwe started demanding independence. At this time, it was impossible for any organization to work legally in Zimbabwe. ZAPU sent five of its members out of the country to gain support should Ian Smith declare UDI, as he had threatened to do if Britain did not grant them independence. It should be noted that although ZAPU and ZANU were two different organizations, their policies did not vary. Both of them looked to the British to save the situation and they both felt that Britain had a moral responsibility to do so and only if Britain did not fulfill this responsibility would they rise up in arms. On November II, 1965, Ian Smith declared independence. ZANU and ZAPU declared war from Lusaka and guerilla activities heightened. In 1967 ZAPU formed an alliance with ANC of South Africa and the war really escalated. During 1967/68 it was all war in Zimbabwe. In 1969 there was a pause and from then on ZAPU began having internal problems. This situation did not become public until 1970. It was another struggle for power which staggered everyone. It was also at this time that guerilla activities had reached its zenith. These problems brought a halt to armed struggle which has not been resumed since. Connie: You have stated that the internal problems within ZAPU became public in 1970. What about ZANU and what were the reasons underlying the formation of FROLIZI? Charles: There has been something very lacking all the time if you followed what I was trying to say throughout. There was no coherent ideology. What was the aim of the Zimbabwe liberation? What did they want? Whom were they fighting?Was there any difference between the settlers and the British government? The orientation that the people of Zimbabwe had gotten from their leaders was that Britain was the legal authority and that it had to give independence to Zimbabwe in the same way that it had given to other colonies not only in Africa, but in Asia and other places. But the situation in Zimbabwe was not the same as other British colonies, especially when we take into account the fact that in 1923 the settlers gained control of all the internal affairs and the other British colonies did not, and from that time a Rhodesian Prime Minister could sit with the commonwealth prime ministers. So we can say there was a lack of correct analysis. In 1910 the British had given independence to South Africa and had given safeguards to the Africans which were all scrapped when the minority there had consolidated their power. Did the Zimbabwe leadership take this into account when they mapped out their struggle for Zimbabwe? They did not. Zimbabwe borders on the east with Mozambique, a Portuguese colony. Could the British imperialists and their allies allow Rhodesia to have an independent African government and to sandwich Mozambique between Tanzania and Zimbabwe and open the road to South Africa? They could not. We loose nothing by saying that we did not envisage the situation correctly and there began our loss of direction. In actual fact we contributed to a situation whereby we thought that the settlers and the British were different. In fact we even called for British troops to come in. The emergence of Smith is nothing but a reflection of systematic British imperialist steps in consolidating Rhodesia as a buffer state against the north for the protection of South Africa. We can see that ZAPU took this into account later when they made an alliance with ANC of South Africa, but still within ZAPU there was a definite lack of a correct ideological approach. With this lack of ideology, ZAPU, a mass movement became a stagnant pool wherein all types of mosquitos and their diseases could breed. As you know they duty of a revolutionary movement is to raise the political consciousness of its people, to bring about war if they are being called upon to make war. The lack of ideology caused certain leaders to make tribal blocks within ZAPU, especially those who never had a national base in the country, i.e. whose backgrounds were not national. Within ZAPU and outside there began a process of entrenching oneself on tribal lines. This created a situation of accusations and counter-accusations and we were faced with a terrible crisis which lasted for nearly two years and has still not been completely resolved. People began wondering what was the real problem as most of these accusations were petty and of a personal nature. The people eventually realized that underneath all these squabbles the whole scope and direction of the Zimbabwe movement, was being dealt with. As soon as this became clear we were faced with the problem of how the struggle should be carried out and the realization that there was no possibility of a peaceful solution. Could we continue with the past policies of 1963 whereby ZAPU considered itself the only authentic movement in Zimbabwe? Could we continue with such a policy when within ZAPU itself such petty things that people who had always led the struggle were now nothing? Wasn’t the real problem the fact that we had a festering wound within the movement that was just about to burst and since the break between ZAPU and ZANU in 1963 was a break between people who were fighting for constitutional changes, and since all the people we were now recruiting were around ten years old at that time, could we believe that they had the same hostilities and attachment to the movement? What was our ideology? Were we anti-capitalist? Could a revolution be won in Zimbabwe under such formidable conditions with a people and parties divided? Parties that publicly proclaimed the same objectives. Could we have young people trained abroad who have left their mothers’ homes to be used in Lusaka to fight and kill other Zimbabweans or was there definitely something lacking in the whole situation? Something lacking that needed a surgical operation to cut with the past and unite all the revolutionary forces from the two rival organizations. So then, you cannot call the formation of FROLIZI the coming together of ZAPU and ZANU as such, because d ring this time a terrible problem broke o in ZANU also. They were regional problems. It was then time for those who were conscious of the dangers of this to s eek �Page 4 The African World- January 8,1972 Inside Liberated Mozambique Under Evening Skies, Frelimo Guerrillas Cross The Ruvuma River Text and Photographs by Owusu Sadaukai Not many people have been granted the opportunity to see the armed phase of the African liberation struggle first hand, least of all Africans from the United States. It is, needless to say, unforgettable, not so much in that it dispels romantic notions about armed struggle and revolution, but rather because it gives so much meaning to the political and ideological work which one sets out to do. It is one thing to talk about armed struggle, and another thing to live those words. Thirty-one days in a liberated area by no means make one an expert on either that province or that country, or much less the entire question of the armed struggle now being waged by our brothers and sisters-wherever we may be. What it does do, however, is to provide an opportunity to acquaint oneself truly with the problems to be encountered the broad scope of the situation and the need for seriousness, commitment and discipline if Africa’s people are to be free. It is not possible for simply anyone to go into liberated Mozambique. It is a privilege and it is usually reserved for members of the international press or representatives of various organizations which have contributed significantly to the freedom struggle. Since those of us in this country lave done little of that, obviously not many of us have been in. Leaving Dar es Salaam, the capital of the revolutionary country of Tanzania, which gives invaluable support to the Mozambique freedom struggle, we visited several FRELIMO centers in Tanzania At one of these bases, we met Armando Gubuza, FRELIMO’s national political commissar. Along with him and others, we continued until we reached the shore of the river, where we joined up with the other persons who formed this FRELIMOparty. Gubuza who would lead this expedition, makes regular rounds through the liberated areas of the country. Since beginning armed hostilities with the Portuguese, the FRELIMO forces have succee ded in securing three of Mozambique’s eight provinces: Cabo Delagdo and Niassa provinces in the northern part of the country, adjoin Tanzania. Tete province is on the border with Zambia. It is here that the site of the Cabora Bassa dam is under constant attack by the Freedom Fighters. The dam seeks to strengthen Portuguese and South African settler colonist presence on the African continent, and the FRELIMO guerrillas have vowed to stop the project. We assembled on the shore of the river to cross in small boats, two or three passengers to a boat, over in to Mozambique. The soldiers were all armed with weapons of various types, including automatic and semi-automatic rifles, bazookas and rocket launchers. In the interior there are no supper markers and FRELIMO has no planes to drop supplies to its forces. Consequently, all of the necessary materials and provisions, as well as extra ammunition and the like, have to be carried with you. The freedom fighters do this by transporting things on their heads in the customary African fashion. Women and men alike bear intricately stacked or carefully wrapped loads of up to 70 pounds in addition to the usual back packs and rifles slung over their shoulders. Frelimo Forces At Attention During A Base Camp Ceremony For the past 7 years, the people ofMozambique, the so-called Portuguese overseas province, have been struggling for liberation from the colonialism inflicted upon them by these European settler colonists. Under the leadership of the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) they have been dealing heavy blows to the NA TO-backed Portuguese forces in a protracted war ofnational liberation. In the fall of last year, Owusu Sadaukai, Mwalimu ofMalcolm X Liberation University in Greensboro, N.C., went to Tanzania in East Africa to attend a conference on African education. During his visit, he spoke with members of several of the legitimate liberation groups in Africa on behalf of MXLU, the Student Organization for Black Unity (SOBU) and as a member of the international committee of the Interreligious Foundation for Community Development (IFCO), which was interested in supporting the liberation struggles. For the past three years, two brothers from the United States — Bob Fletcher and Bob Van Lierop - had been planning an extended trip into liberated Mozambique to do a film and total audio-visual documentation of the FRELIMO struggle, in conjunction with Boubaker Adjali, a well known Algerian photo-journalist. Shortly before the trip was to begin, Adjali became sick and FRELIMO officials extended to Sadaukai the opportunity to go into liberated Mozambique in Adjali's place. Sadaukai’s trip was to have lasted 16 days, but because the column came under attack from Portuguese troops and planes, the journey lasted instead 31 days. Along with Van Lierop and Fletcher, Sadaukai was among the first Africans from the US to be taken in to the liberated areas, and his vivid recollections of those experiences, as told to Milton Coleman, will be detailed in The African World in an exclusive six part series. On the shore, a salute to FRELIMO in chants and songs was carried out shortly before the mission got under way. With rifles raised in the air, the Freedom Fighters would chant “Viva, FRELIMO” and other slogans, before beginning this journey. Their uniforms varied in color, style and degrees of completeness, yet their cause was all one. Having crossed the Ruvuma river on Sept. 1, we set out into Niassa province.. FRELIMO has no motor pool and consequently all of the travelling is done on foot. It would be six days’ walk to our first destination, an orphanage. Several things tend to stand out in ones mind, during what takes place on the trail with the guerrillas. One is, of course, the marching itself. Most of the people who have gone in are impressed with this very demanding aspect. It is demanding both physically and mentally because you must be able to convince yourself that you can and will continue to march. We travelled an average of 25 miles per day. The trails are narrow. Wider roads are as a rule, avoided by the guerrillas. Most of these have been built by the Portuguese and are usually mined. Throughout the journey, the frequent elephant grass is so thick that it is often impossible to see very far ahead of you. You travel over mountains, through swamps, through elephant grass and elephant droppings, through streams, most of which are either forded or crossed over simple log bridges. On these marches, there is no place for weak-kneed male chauvinism. The FRELIMO sisters are given no special privileges, and they meet the challenge well. Another thing which makes its impression upon you is the food. The main dish we ate was ugali, which is made from ground corn. It is served at the point just before, for example, you would put hot water cornbread in the oven. That is the texture. Some people say that it tastes something like grits, but that is debatable. Those who could not eat ugali, such as myself, had to eat either rice or a cassava. Cassava tastes something like coconut, but it must be eaten baked or boiled to avoid getting diarrhea. We were fortunate in being in a chicken area and this sometimes supplemented our diet. On other occasions we ate cassava for as much as 6 days in a row. Then we would switch to a 6 day run of rice and beans twice daily. Every now and then, there was a luxury - fresh tomatoes, boiled eggs or bananas. Still water cannot be drank, so just about all of the liquids we had was tea. The tea had a good taste to it, a taste which picked one up during the gruelling marches and made one look forward to it. Large pots for cooking were carried with us, on peoples’ heads, and meals were served on pla stic dishes which were also carried along. There are many FRELIMO bases inside Mozambique. These bases are of very simple construction and very temporary in style Portuguese propagandists exploit this in their reports, to the world by emphasizing the number of bases they destroy, as if to say that certainly this must have wiped out FRELIMO. But the bases can be evacuated in less than five minutes, built again in a matter of hours. They are so well concealed that one can pass within yards of them and, if he didn’t hear any babies crying, never know anyone was there unless one of the many well-placed guards, stopped him. Everytime we came to a base, despite the heavy days’ walking which had taken place, all of the soldiers came to attention. Again they would sing some of FRELIMO’s songs. All of the songs have meaning and pass on messages. �Page 5 The African World- January 8, 1972 With the FRELIMO Guerrillas One does not need to under stand Portuguese to pick out some of the familiar phrases such as ‘imperialism’ and ‘colonialism.’ There would be political speeches, emphasizing what the struggle was all about, reaffirming the spirit and morale of the troops. Then we were introduced to the people, often in as many as four different languages. The people in the bases never doubted that we were African people, that was obvious from looking at us. They did not understand the English we spoke, but to them it was no different than any African language that they didn’t recognize. They thought we had simply come from another part of the continent. The FRELIMO leaders would explain our presence. They would first have to start with very basic things like For instance, there was Bro. Cornelio Mbumilia, who served as our interpreter. Bro. Cornelio spoke five languages including English, Spanish, Portuguese and Kiswahili. He was a very friendly, happy-go-lucky kind of brother who liked to laugh, but was extremely serious about all aspects of the struggle. Because of his ability to read and understand English, he knew more about America than most of the FRELIMO comrades. He could recognize the various Afro-American singers such as James Brown and Percy Sledge. Somewhat reminiscent of aspiring block brothers in many Black communities, he had learned the words to many of the latest songs from those Newstand hit song books. Cornelio was an invaluable organization’s women’s detachment, which, she. told me, used primarily rifles and light machine guns, nothing heavy. Maria had been educated at the African-American institute in Tanzania for five years and spoke very good English. She would always sit next to me at dinner and lunch and we would talk very much. Maria was small - about 5’2”, about 1100 lbs.. - yet one can never forget the way she took her turn carrying the packs. Already loaded down with the 30 or so pounds from her rifle and knapsack, she easily lifted another load on to her head, and kept up with the fast pace. Even encountering the steep mountains, she would not slow down, and handled them with great agility. There was another time, after we had been attacked, Maria, FRELIMO Freedom Fighter Men And Women Comrades Marching Through Brush With Guns And Packs telling the people what America was. This point became more real when they explicitly pointed out that America was aiding Portugal their enemy - but that inside America there were many forces working on the Freedom Fighters’ behalf, and that we represented some of those forces. We were their comrades. The ceremonies themselves were very impressive. Everyone would join in the singing and marching. The little brothers and sisters, some of them war orphans, were most enthusiastic. They were being enculturated with the values of the armed struggle. By the time they reach adulthood, which in Africa comes quite early, they will know who they are, who the enemy is and what they have to do. More important, they will be willing to do it. One must see the commitment among the Freedom Fighters in order to really understand its power. Many of them are young, the average age is 22-23. Yet they are not novices, but veteran Freedom Fighters, some of as much as 6 years experience. Once you see this, you cannot help but to condemn those people who, without any investigation, jump out of the air-conditioned offices and make statements about the guerrilla fighters being jive. Nothing could be further from the truth. companion. He had studied in Tanzania at the Mozambique Institute and worked with FRELIMO for the past six years. Fernando could not have been more than 19 or 20. He came from Cabo Delgado province and had played soccer and worked in a Portuguese factory before joining FRELIMO. He was assigned as my guard and was usually with me or close to me most of the time. Bro. Fernando knew a little English and a little Kiswahili, so combining that with my own English and the little Kiswahili I knew, we were able to communicate. He could really walk. Once, when he and I led the march, despite the fact that he carried his rifle and a pack, his pace kept me working to keep up, even though I had nothing but my camera. He was greatly concerned about my welfare. After being in Mozambique for about 5 days, I contracted some sort of stomach sickness and Fernando was always concerned about how I was doing. Maria was one of the truly revolutionary persons typical of the FRELIMO sisters. She was only 20, but had been with FRELIMO since she was 13, although it was only in the last two years that she had received the usual four months’ military training and joined up with the when a large group of us were up in the mountains, we were wet from the rain, tired and shaky. Yet Maria, from nowhere, brought out a box of cookies and passed them around, a little something which tremendously lifted everyone’s spirit. There was also another brother who, I never got to know quite well. What I did learn about him, however, is that before joining the guerrillas he had been in the Portuguese army. When taken prisoner by FRELIMO forces, rather than being barbarously and mercilessly tortured as FRELIMO prisoners are by the Portuguese, he was given the standard FRELIMO treatment - intense political education. He was made aware of what the Portuguese had been doing in Mozambique. The result: like the majority of those captured, he soon joined actively in FRELlMO’s work. He is now, they say, one of the bravest, most courageous, fierce and dedicated warriors in FRELlMO’s ranks. These people are serious and committed. Women are total comrades. There is no chauvinism. There is no playing around or drinking and promiscuity. No long rhetorical arguments and useless woof tickets. There is no place for it. The Freedom Fighters are the kind of people who are determined to get freedom by any means necessary. For days they will lay out in the bush in the rain, almost motionless eating raw cassava waiting to ambush the Portuguese from whose bombs they have just run. Setting up a school in the bush is hard. Yet a freedom fighter, one day out of combat with the Portuguese, will put up a black board on a tree and with his gun still strapped over his shoulder, begin to teach these younger brothers and sisters - that’s a revolutionary brother. We have brothers in this country who buy and wear combat boots just to look revolutionary. Many of the freedom fighters will march those 25 miles every day with head packs and knapsacks on their backs, with no shoes at all - barefoot. The first group that went in to begin the struggle is said to have walked from 6 o’clock in the evening until 5 o’clock in the morning, in total darkness, barefooted, for three weeks with only Cassava to eat, waiting and moving to strike a death blow to the Portuguese colonialists. Obviously, these people are not perfect. Yet their commitment cannot be doubted. Against overwhelming odds our people here have taken on the might of the western world and dared to not only strike the first blow, but follow through with the next. In spite of daily bombings and tortures by the Portuguese, a world-wide propaganda machine which seeks to call their legitimate war merely and internal ‘squabble’ on the part of ‘terrorists,’ they have engaged 80,000 Portuguese troops with unshakable courage and vowed to make good their slogan that “Mozambique Will Be Free.” Next Issue: Part 2 FRELIMO Puts Ideology Into Action Owusu Sadukai (R.) With FRELIMO Assigned Body Guard Fernando �Page 6 Babylon for the coming together of the revolutionary elements both from the political and military side to form an organization with a sound ideological basis, to come together and form a Front with no questions whatever of former ZAPU and ZANU political positions being maintained within the Front, but that all genuine patriots of Zimbabwe, irrespective of tribe, form a large - anti-colonial, anti-imperialist Front, whose ideological basis is the achievement of a liberated socialist Zimbabwe. Thus after one year and about nine months of internal struggles, during which people lost their lives in Lusaka, the revolutionary elements in both ZAPU and ZANU came together on October 1, 1971 and formed the Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe, whose aim is to unite all the people of Zimbabwe, to wage a protracted people’s war, paying no attention whatever to the maneuvers of the British imperialists, identifying the British imperialists as the enemy, against whom our people are really at war and singling out the Rhodesian minority as an agent of British imperialism, doing away with infantile former positions whereby our people were meant to look up to Britain as our savior and the British ruling class as having a moral obligation to liberate our people, putting the whole burden of struggle on the six million Africans, as part and parcel of the continental and international forces fighting against imperialism, headed by the financial powers with the USA at the head, seeking revolutionary solidarity with all the fighting peoples of the world, in Latin America, Asia, Africa and the USA. Finally, there are within certain quarters, doubts about FROLIZI. Some of these are based on the age of the leader. Shelton Siwela is 29 years old and within the liberation movements in Africa, he is the youngest leader. We have had enough of the older leaders who have given us nightmares and there is a lot of evidence that the. Front has won acclaim by most people and progressive forces throughout the world. The question of leading the struggle from towns is over. This decision is a result of our experiences and our specific conditions in Zimbabwe. FROLIZI is not going to, commit the errors that some other revolutionaries make, that once their experience has succeeded, based on their particular and specific conditions then they want to make them universal. We will not say that there should be fronts as we have made in every fighting territory in Africa or elsewhere. Other struggling people have the right to choose their own methods according to the needs of their struggle and where Africa is concerned FROLIZI adheres to the principle of extra-territorial alliances, where geography and political ideology are identical as the former ZAPU did with ANC of South Africa. However, this approach cannot be set above the need of territorial revolutionary alliances within specific countries that should constitute the basis for the general alliance with other genuine liberation movements in Southern Africa for a common struggle against Portugal, South Africa and the British imperialists. Connie: How do you see the struggle in Zimbabwe in relation to the struggle of Afro-Americans and what type of mutual aid do you think is possible? Charles: There is one point that must be made clear. Black people are the most oppressed in the world. The imperialist enemy that is the propertied class has worked in such a way as to view itself as superior to Black people on a basis of race. The slave trade which was one of the first contacts between the whites and the blacks has created in the whites, a sense of superiority, and the financial sharks involved with slave labor have not yet abandoned that racket. It is only the form of it which has changed, but the essence still remains the same. Whereas in the past black people had been shipped from Africa to the USA to work on the plantations, the industrial changes in the world have brought about a change of tactics on the part of those who need cheap labor for their profits. Whilst we all agree that throughout history the struggle has been between classes, today the black man is in a specific and peculiar situation, whereby his color is an excuse for all types of brutalities. There is no more slavery as in the old days, but slavery is now being carried out at home by the same monopolies which yesterday took slaves abroad. So even within the capitalist infrastructure, which has private property as its basis, there is in relation to Black and white a superstructure whose characteristics are those of despising the black people. In the USA black people for the last 400 years have been trodden under. The same goes in South Africa, the same goes in Zimbabwe, in fact the same goes throughout the whole world in one form or another. The Zimbabwe struggle as the South African struggle is directly linked up with the struggle in the USA, in that we have ar common goal, the destruction of the myth of white supremacy. A defeat of the whites in South Africa or Zimbabwe or in the USA will bring to shambles the whole attitude of white supremacy. So that we find ourselves having a dual role within the worldwide struggle against imperialism as black people, i.e. as the international army of oppressed against world capitalism in league with all other struggling peoples of the world, fighting to recuperate the means of production which are in the hands of the oppressing classes. We also have to struggle to attain our human dignity which has been undermined throughout history by those who own property,because you will find that due to the maneuvers of the imperialists a shade caste system has developed. So that whilst we accept that in essence the whole struggle is a class problem, we as black people have something in. common. It is explained in one way - take Northern Ireland. It is said that the British did not go to Zimbabwe to overthrow Ian Smith because the whites there are kith and kin so they cannot kill them. We even fell for that bait for sometime, but we find that for example, the Irish people are not black, they are white, but they are being killed by the British, so in essence they are being killed because they threaten British interests, so in that aspect we are part and parcel of the whole international struggle, so we support the Irish struggle, even up to cessation from Britain, but this does not make us forget that we are struggling as black people, who throughput the whole world are despised,due to the maneuvers of the propertied class. As we fight at home, i.e. Zimbabwe and South Africa, we are aware that the Afro-Americans too are fighting for the same goals and we are also aware that the American imperialists are in league with the South African and Rhodesian fascists as proven by the recent position of the US government in lifting trade sanctions with Rhodesia and buying chrome, which is one of the main mineral products of Rhodesia. The actual aid that can be given to us by the Afro-Americans is the same that we can give to them, constant struggle against the common enemy and always trying to strike identity of strategy and tactics wherever possible. What is the American government within the context of the oppressed peoples throughout the whole world against imperialism? FROLIZI considers, and rightly so, that the American government is a fascist regime and so are all the NATO powers. Before Hitler it was necessary for. all the democratic forces throughout the whole world to struggle together against Hitler’s fascism and so Hitler’s fascism was defeated, due to the combination of the democratic forces throughout the World and the then only existing communist power, the Soviet Union. After that, what has taken place? Winston Churchill made his famous declaration of preventive war and the so-called cold war came into being. There then emerged a new world structure, which reflected the changed balance of power. After having fought to defeat fascism, the capitalist countries then became fascist states headed by the USA. However, since they could not overtly impose fascism within their own territories in the same manner as Hitler and others had done, they exported it abroad. That is why all the NATO powers, headed by the USA support petty hitlers in Saigon, in Cambodia, in the whole of Southeast Asia, and the oligarchies in Latin America, in South Africa and Rhodesia. So then, a united front has been formed between the NATO powers and all the fascist retrogressive regimes from the Rio Grande to the Cape of Good Hope. The answer of the people who are oppressed is also a united front against the structure of our oppressors. Connie: Just recently it was announced that the British had come to an agreement with the fascist Ian Smith regime. What does this mean and where do you go from here? Charles: We reject the settlement. The question in Zimbabwe is not just a struggle against racism or apartheid. The struggle is against British colonialism. We do not believe, and rightly so, that the British government or the settlers in Zimbabwe are legal authorities. Colonialism is an act of banditry and it can never be legal. There has never been any differences between the settlers in Rhodesia and the British government, whether it is a liberal government or a conservative government or the Labor Tarty. We consider that all of them are illegal and that the only legal entity is the six million African people. We do not consider that the question is one of votes. Within the context of the so-called settlement there is too much talk of attempts to diminish the “degree” of racial discrimination. There is also talk of equality between the six million people and the 200,000 white fascist settlers that might take place in the next one hundred years. From a revolutionary point of view, Zimbabwe is our country. We have been fighting to recuperate our lost heritage ever since 1890, not in order to be equal to the white fascists in Rhodesia. We consider racism to be one aspect, and a little aspect at that, which is being used as a smokescreen to cover up the basic contradiction, and the basic contradiction is that the British government does not accept, as it did accept in other African colonies, that the Africans in Zimbabwe must have majority rule. To come to the crux of the point, it is not votes that constitute power for an oppressed people. What constitutes power is ownership by the people of the means of production, the control by the people of the armed forces, the police and all the institutions that constitute a state. So that for FROLIZI, the slogan of "one man, one vote” is gone forever. It is now the mobilization of our people to form their own people’s army, a people’s army that responds to the needs and aspirations of the oppressed people in Zimbabwe, as against the present fascist army that responds to the needs of the capitalist interests in league with world imperialism, within the framework of NATO, led by the USA. The Zimbabwe liberation movements, whoever they are, will loose nothing in making self-criticism and stating both to our people and the world that we made errors and that we duped our people by allowing them to think that the intentions of Britain or British imperialism towards the Africans of Zimbabwe were better than those of the settlers. I looked at a photo of Douglas-Home when he made his so-called agreement with Smith. He was smiling. I saw a similar photo over the years with Neville Chamberlain. I was not born when it was taken. The smile is still the same. Chamberlain is dead, but the man who was with him at Munich, smiled the same smile, the British Parliamentary Secretary in 1938, and they said: “We have achieved peace in our lifetime”. The same thing has happened now and it is still the same man, Douglas-Home. 1 am not going to be naive enough to think that everything is going to be rosy for the next few months. There is going to be a great deal of confusion. The provisions of the so-called settlement allow for the release of leaders who have been in detention all along and allow for a period of three to six months for the liberation movements in Zimbabwe to work, in order to fulfill one of the so-called provisions of acceptability by the Rhodesian people, meaning black and white. There are people who have been in jail for the last eight years, prominent men, such as Joshua Nkomo of ZAPU and Sithole of ZANU. They have all rejected the settlement. We are now beginning to hear certain familiar voices calling for a British base in Zimbabwe, a UN base to guarantee that the settlement will be honored by the settlers. This is once again proof of the fact that during the last sixteen years the liberation movements of Zimbabwe did not give correct and proper ideological direction to the people. It is being forgotten, because of our errors in the past, that there are British troops in Zimbabwe, and that the whole settler set-up is British. We hear that there are petitions within the UN that there should be memoranda from Nkomo and Sithole. We want to say that we have had too many memoranda, that we have pleaded, that we have lobbied, that we have argued for the last sixteen years. All the arguments that could be made to the international world have been made. There are no more memoranda as such that can change the present situation, but there will be some which will take the form of a shopping list to the appropriate countries - to socialist countries, the OAU and progressive forces in Africa, democratic forces within the capitalist world - for the type of arms and financial assistance that we need for the inevitable coming confrontation between the people of Zimbabwe and British imperialism. We demand the release of all political prisoners. Not only Nkomo and Sithole. But all the rest. Musarurwa, Madzimbamuto, Robert Mugabe, Enos Nkala and the rest. Above all we demand the unconditional release of all those condemned to death for having undertaken the noble task, whether from ZANU or ZAPU, of bearing arms against British colonialism in Zimbabwe. And when they are released, it won’t be for the purpose of sending memoranda to or addressing the Security Council. Oh no! We have had enough of this. They will be in the political arena once again, forgetting past differences and struggle against British colonialism in our country. And of course we are going to win, and the aspirations of our people, from Sipolilo to Lupani, might be summarized as follows: Zimbabwe ruins standing still, Defying time, man and storms, Telling stories of ages unknown, Of-glory, grief and heroism unsung, Now in silence stare and wait, Mute and deaf but eloquent yet. Now do you gape and wonder, And in different groups yourselves gather, Charging treason brother against brother, In place of being one and indivisible, And thereby render yourselves invincible? Footnote UDI: In 1965, the white racist minority in Rhodesia, the British settlers, unilaterally proclaimed the independence of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), allegedly because Britain had plans to institute a system of majority rule in that land which up to that time had been (and still is) ruled by a minority of 250,000 whites over 6 million Africans. This act is known as the Unilateral Declaration of Independence. �To Our Brothers In Jail From Your Sisters... One of the things very much in the minds of brothers incarcerated in the jails of Babylon is women. Jail or prison is supposed to be punishment and part of that punishment is the unnatural separation of males from females. Consequently, many brothers spend a lot of their waking and sleeping hours with sisters on the brain. Pictures and pin-ups line the walls of the brothers cells, old loves and conquests are avidly discussed in bullsessions. As a result, women become in the minds of the brothers, objects of fantasy. They're no longer real living human beings who think and act, they become unreal distortions, with the emphasis placed on their sexuality. Women become no more than an assortment of breasts, and legs and flesh, to be dissected and dreamed about. This process is understandable, because it is the brothers only alternative to homosexuality. Recently, a number of brothers who are presently incarcerated have written to us, asking for clarification on the role of women in the struggle. Several brothers are te aching political education classes and have been waging ideological struggle with other brothers who still believe that sisters are not equals, and that the role of the black woman is in the home. Recently I traveled across the country and spoke to many women about their ideas on the subject; all expressed an interest in developing solutions, since there are no pat answers. The following are some of my ideas, however. The struggle of women for their liberation is part of the struggle for the liberation of all people from the racist, capitalist and sexist society we "live in. Just as black, Puerto Rican, Asian, Chican and Native American peoples are oppressed in amerikkka, women and men are oppressed by the sexism of society. Sexism can be simply defined as the artificial roles which define the social, economic and political relationships of men and women. The role of the “man” in this society is that of the leader, provider: “men" are supposed to be warlike, aggressive, strong, non-emotional, and dominant. “Women” are the reverse-they are given the passive role and are supposed to be the weak, sentimental, soft, emotional consumers in our society. These roles are established from birth, when little boys are given pants to wear, guns and tanks to play with and little girls are dressed in frills and given "dolls and Suzy-Homemaker sets. The Black man expresses his self-identity through his sexuality, since he is not offered any economic or political power by this system. The Black woman is also defined either by her sexuality, or by her role in the home-not necessarily her own home, because Aunt jemima, Mammy and Beulah don't ever take care of their own children. Womans liberation in this country has, for the most part, involved white, middle-class women and has been viewed by the Black community as a separatist movement. For this reason, it has appeared to be a decisive move on the part of the power structure, and seems to threaten the struggle of Black people for their liberation. We, as Black folks, cannot afford any more divisions in our community. But this negative aspect of the “Womens Lib” movement should not be used as an excuse to negate the validity of Black women freeing themselves from the oppressive role defined for them by the society. Instead, brothers and sisters should realize that liberated Black women mean more Black freedom fighters. We must understand that the oppression of Black women is threefold-We are oppressed as Blacks, by capitalism, and as women. Our brothers do oppress us, but this is not an antagonistic contradiction and must be resolved through discussion and education, not by taking a “feminist” position and separating from our primary struggle. We must all look at the objective reality of our situation. At this point in time the revolutionary struggle is going through a process of change. During the civil rights movement and the year of the raising of the awareness of our people for the need for self-defense, almost all of our leadership was male. Sisters played a supportive, or minor role in the leadership of the movement, and were mostly relegated to secretarial roles. But conditions have changed and most of the leaders of yesteryear are in jail, dead, underground, or in exile. More and more brothers have been busted, leaving a new situation out here on the streets. Everywhere I have been in the country I have found more sisters involved in leadership, in many cases sisters have been forced to throw off their passivity and take up the slack because there was no one else around to do the work. On an underground level, sisters can play certain roles tactically that it is impossible for brothers to play. We must take advantage of the fact that pigs are male chauvinists and are less likely to suspect a woman with a pocketbook than a man with a bulky package. Brothers who are coming back from the Nam are very vocal about the role that ‘mama-san’ is playing in the Vietnamese liberation struggle. Many pig generals have hopped impatiently into bed with lovely ladies in the Nam to find a butcher knife waiting for them. It is true that many sisters are not as physically strong as brothers but that is no excusefor negating women as liberation fighters. A brother once said to me, “Well, if you're so liberated, let’s see you lift that box over there.” Equal physical strength has nothing to do with the issue... there are lots of big, dumb reactionary brothers around. What we need are more brains and courage, not brawn. Many sisters do not have the technical skills with weapons that a lot of brothers have gained by fighting in the army, but these are easily acquired and it is the responsibility of brothers to share their skills and for sisters to take the initiative to learn. Many brothers have raised the question of who is going to take care of our children--let me repeat..Our children, that should answer the question. Women bear the responsibility of carrying a child until it is born but that does not stop us from sharing the raising of our young. Many of us are finding out that children reared collectively develop faster, with fewer emotional problems. Groups and collectives should share the responsibility of children’s education, freeing the mothers to do political work. This has a positive effect on the child, because a woman who does nothing but stay at home and cater to a child’s wishes cannot possibly educate a child correctly about life or our struggle. Many Black Nationalists who don’t really know anything about modern day African Liberation movements have been using African history to justify their oppression of sisters. They claim that the “African way” is for women to stay in the home and raise the kids, and have eventried to justify polygamy as a revolutionary way of life. Just because women were oppressed in the past is no reason for us to continue the practice. To follow that line of reasoning, we could also say...niggers were slaves, so they should remain slaves. Sound familiar? That’s the way your local white racist thinks. Women in Africa have borne the burden of most of the heavy work for centuries but times are changing, and we should follow the example of the Peoples’s Republic of the Congo, where there is an active Revolutionary Womens Union. Women are involved in the peoples militia, and are being traine d to take their place as part of the work force in factories by the Congolese Workers Party. The Congolese see the oppression of women as the remnants of tribalism, and are struggling to eliminate it. For those of you who look at our struggle from a military viewpoint, it should be obvious to you that if 53% of Slack folks are women then our peoples army is going to have to have a .lot of sisters in it. What are you gonna do-tell half the army to stay home and mind the kids? We must also understand that a sexist attitude in you dealing with sisters can get you busted, which has already happened to a number of revolutionary brothers who are sitting in jail. If you are an underground guerrilla and you all of a sudden feel your collar getting tight, don’t rush out and sleep with the first “fine big legged" sister you see. She may be a pig. If she dows not have the same level of political awareness you do she may be the star prosecution witness against you if you get busted. And if you persist in fucking around with sisters with low PE levels, just because you think that the only thing sisters are good for is to sleep with, one of those sisters is bound to get reactionary (jealous) and turn you in. I’m not making all of this up, this has happened already in a number of cases...and aH because revolutionary brothers couldn’t deal with relating to revolutionary sisters. Some of them don’t even think sisters can be revolutionaries. They will have to learn from experience. Now, don’t get uptight and stop reading. There’s no need to get defensive. This is one of the criticisms I have of the Women’s Lib movement...they spend too much time hitting brothers over the head with the taunts of "male chauvanist pig” and stuff like that and brothers immediately get uptight and defensive without ever understanding why they are being called male chauvinists. Sisters should try to explain and educate instead of turning brothers off. If we truly want some changes made, we must make extra special efforts to be understanding without becoming liberal or passive. All men have male chauvinist tendencies, not be cause they want to, but because of the sexism of the society as a whole, just as many sisters still use "feminine tactics” to get things done for them that they could do themselves. Women are taught to manipulate men by batting their eyelashes, and using certain irresistible perfumes, and if that’s the way you brothers like to have your minds made up for you, instead of discussing things logically and using reasoning, then you are perpetrating female chauvinism too. I’m not saying there's anything wrong with a woman looking neat and pretty and smelling nice-brothers- should smell nice, too...people should...and I think some women in the movement are going out of the way to make themselves as obnoxious looking as possible. We should just try to get away from artificial standard of beauty manufactured by Madison Avenue, and relate to each other not as people out of magazine ass...our moveme nt should not be about superstars and wholooks best on a poster, but who is doing work. We should relate to each other as mature men and women, in struggle, and not as sexual playboys and bunnies. Too many sisters in our struggle have been neglected by brothers because the sister doesn’t look like a model out of Essence magazine. Or the reverse happens, a sister is considered to be very beautiful by society’s standards, and people immediately say that she's stuck up. Let’s get it together, brothers and sisters, we’ve got a long, hard, protracted struggle to wage against this monster, and if we don’t work together as revolutionary equals, we might as well stop struggling right now and join the Republican Party. Brothers have got to stop putting sisters down and sisters have got to stop being passive and pick up the slack. We will get it together, and we will win. Together. Denise Oliver �Page 8 "In Our Force 400-Year Struggle For Survival It Has Been The Guns and Manifested In The Racist Communities Murder Us. Self-Defense That Directly Military That Oppress, Repress, Occupy Our Brutalize, And So For Us To Talk About Survival We Must Talk About Against This Brutality And Murder That Is Defined By The Racist Power Structure As "Justifiable Homicide". D.C. A.A.L.A. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Student Union collection Subject The topic of the resource Student newspapers and periodicals College students, Black Minority college students Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Description An account of the resource The Black Student Union (BSU) at UB was founded in 1967 and recognized by the Student Association in 1968. In 1969, it counted 1,000 members. Twelve periodical publications have been issued by the BSU and are the primary record of the activities and history of the organization. Most of the material was issued on newsprint, and the material is now extremely fragile as a result of heavy use. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-2015 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use for educational purposes only. Single copies (print, photocopy, download) are permitted for personal study, research and teaching. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-UA005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Unity: Phase One Newsletter Volume 3, Number 1, February 7, 1972 Description An account of the resource This is Volume 3, Number 1 of the newsletter "Unity: Phase One." It was published by the Black Student Union of the University at Buffalo. This issue was published on February 7, 1972 and is eight pages long. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Subject The topic of the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) -- Periodicals State University of New York at Buffalo African American college students College student newspapers and periodicals Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972-02-07 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-10 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Periodicals Newsletters Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG9-5-00-4_1a_1_1_011 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Black Student Union (RG 9/5/00-4) LIB-UA005 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Language A language of the resource en-US Extent The size or duration of the resource. 30.48 x 44.45 cm Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Black Student Union Newspapers https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/eaabb0926d6d922864346703a0a25663.pdf fb64af9a9890c2e2c415ff522f267a14 PDF Text Text Unity: Phase One Black Student Union SUNYAB Volume 2 Number 3 August 9, 1971 Open Letter To The Community Of Buffalo All throughout our history in this racist, capitalist land, we Black people have fallen victim to the divide and conquer tactics of the rulers of this country, which keep us confused, in constant conflict with each other, and disorganized and therefore unable to deal with the real source of our problems; the ruling class of this very country and their exploitive capitalistic system. Time and time again, generation after generation, we said that our youth will not fall victim, as we did, to their treacherous game and would rise up and win for themselves and all Black people the freedom they have so long been denied. Yet the truth is that because of our failure to educate our children to the real causes of our oppression and to prepare them for the kinds of tricks the rulers use to keep us disorganized and fighting amongst ourselves, we are witnessing another generation of Black youths right here in Buffalo grow up even more divided and savage toward each other and the community. On Pershing St., where five people have been shot, and entire street has had to ban together to defend themselves against a gang. So hostile is the conflict there, that the people have to go in large groups to the shopping market with guns for fear they will get shot. On High Street, we have had to watch an entire family move out of the neighborhood, because their house was under nightly seige by a gang in that area. In that incident, three persons were shot, and the family was warned that if they did not stay away from the house, the gang would blow Up the house and the family in it. On Grape Street, we have had to see yet another family have to flee from their own home from an incident that began with children, ages 9-10, fighting amongst themselves, which wound up with one gang member being killed and a non-gang member bing shot. This particular incident at this writing still isn’t over. We have seen 5 people shot on Pershing, 3 people shot on High, and 2 people shot, one of whom was killed, on Grape Street. It is clear that these kinds of incidents are increasing not decreasing. More than that, they’re not going to stop unless we do something about it more than simply telling these gang members that they shouldn’t do that any more. We have got to stop bullshitting ourselves and figure out just what is really happening here and how we are going to deal with it. What we are going to have to understand primarily, is that this gang activity is going under the complete sanction of the police. At the incident that occurred on High Street, the police came an hour and a half later than they had been called, and not only did nothing in terms of providing adequate protection for the home, or dealing with the people who attacked it, but actually took away the weapons the family had borrowed to defend their home, thereby leaving them, (the victims). defenseless. At the incident on Grape Street, not only did the police come two hours late, they took one of the family’s shotguns they had borrowed to defend their home, and while the family was trying to get a wounded brother into a cab so he could get to a hospital, these vicious animal police savagely attacked three of the people who were attacked by the gang, leaving one of the brothers with a gaping gash on his head and nearly shattering his temple. They struck down this blood’s wife and another brother, who had cussed at these police for coming so late,(as he had every right to do.) Adding on to that, one of the brothers who was assaulted by the police, though he was defending his home, is now being charged with the murder of the slain gang member. On Pershing Street, which has been under constant seige for the past 3 weeks, a brother, James J. Shaw, has been accused of second-degree assault and first-degree reckless endangerment in the gunshot wounding of five men, one of whom was his father. A warrent was issued by one of the gang members in conjunction of some unidentified policeman. This youth was arraigned and charged with the above and given $5,000 bail inspite of his insistence to that court that his father and the other wounded persons could and would testify that not only was he not the one who shot them, but was in fact a part of the struggle to protect them as well as himself from an attacking gang. It is obvious, from this pattern, what is “Really Happening”. The police are using these gang youths to do their work, of killing Black people, for them, by simply allowing them to run rampant. As soon as a victim resists, the police bust the victims and harass and disarm him. We are hip to the fact that the police have been supplying certain gangs or certain gang members with guns; wwe are hipped to the fact that the police have even suggested to the gangs that they go and rip-off a junkie and that they wouldn’t bust them; we are hip that in fact these gangs are being Manipulated By The Police To Cause Division And Conflict Among Black People, By Black People In Our Community. We don’t seem to be able to make these youths understand that they are playing right into the man’s hands with his divide and conquer scheme. They don’t seem to understand that they are sowing the seeds of their own destruction as well as that of all Black people in the city. We understand that Black Genocide is not a figment of our imagination, but is in fact a reality. We understand that Black people are going to have to analyze the situation that we as a people are in and devise some concrete programs to organize our brothers and sisters around a program of survival for us as a people. We understand also that we cannot even begin to talk about fighting the man to gain the power to determine the institutions that govern us, if our own children are Shooting Us In The Back!!! Black Mothers and Fathers Get Down With Your Children And Talk With Them! Make them understand the position that Black people as a group are in, and the kind of organizing amongst our people that will be necessary for us to wage a successful struggle for survival in this Criminal Country. It is essentially your job Black Mothers and Fathers to teach and guide your children and give them the necessary tools mentally that they will need if they are to struggle for our people’s Survival. Black youths, you have Picked Up Your Guns! It is time then that you understand that when you pick up a gun, you are no longer a Boy But A Man! When you pick up a gun it means that you are ready to Lay Down You Life for what you want. You will have to decide whether you are going to use those guns to Defend Black people or to Harm them. Keep in mind, though, that when the reactionary elements of this country unleash their full program of mass Black Genocide, they won’t be the least bit selective about who they kill. If you can understant that much, you can understand that if we are going to be destroyed as a people then it is very logical that we unite as a people and understand what we are faced with and what we must do to change it. If you don’t understand fully what I’m talking about there are organizations in this city dedicated to politically educating and organizing Black people here in Buffalo, (I know for certain that there is one on Genesee Street) check these people out. Let them fully explain it to you until you completely understand, and then act on what you learn. To be sure, if we don’t All Stand and fight for each other, we All surely will Die!!! �Education Birth Control Abortion: A means of Birth Control Abortions are finding a place as a perfectly acceptable means of birth control in many areas of this country. One of the biggest single centers for abortions on demand is New York City. The new abortion law permitting any licensed physician to perform any abortion on request went into effect a year ago this month. Since then, New York has become the abortion capital of the Eastern U. S. During the past year. 165,000 abortions were performed in N.Y.C. It has been estimated that 950 abortions have been performed for every 1,000 children born in the City’s hospitals. Only eight deaths have occurred after therapeutic abortions. During the last four months, there have been no deaths at all. An equally significant sign of success under the new law is that the rate of illegal abortions and self-induced abortions have dropped greatly in the last year. Illegitimate births, which had been rising steadily in inter-city hospitals have dropped for the first time in the last ten years. Also, many adoption agencies have reported a substantial decline in the number of children to be placed. Black and Puerto Rican women account for more than half of the abortions performed on New York City residents. Almost half of the abortion and hospital bills were payed by Medicaid, and for 10 per cent who couldn’t qualify for Medicaid, the city paid the bill. The competition among private out-patient clinics, most of which charge $150.00 has helped drive the cost of “early” abortions down. Proprietary run-for-money hospitals that once charged $200.00 to $575.00 now do abortions for around $200.00. At municipal hospitals, patients who can pay are charged $177.00 for abortions not requiring an overnight stay. Women’s Medical Center, a non-profit clinic, provides abortions for $125.00, and Planned Parenthood, which already offers free referral services, plans to open its own clinic in the fall. The fee will be $80.00. The simple dilatation and curettage, also called D & C or the vacuum extraction, can be performed in the early stages of pregnancy. They are much safer than abortions that require salting out or a hysterotomy. “More American Women Die Every Year From Illegal Abortions Than American Men Die In Vietnam.” One of the biggest problems doctors run into is that a large number of women delay in seeking an abortion. Some women don’t even know that there is a connection between missing a menstrual period and being pregnant, But, since abortions have become legal, more and more women are coming forth early for abortions. Today, there is no need for any woman to have an unwanted child. If you are not in a position to love, give protection, security and support to a child, there is no sense in having the child. If you are pregnant, it is up to you only to decide whether you are physically and mentally ready for your child. If you are not, it is unfair to you and the child to give birth. After the first child is born, most couples use some form of birth control. This helps them to regulate the size of their families and to space their children. Studies have showed that most people in the lower socio-economic bracket hope for small families. However, it usually turns out that the poor have large families and people with money have fewer children. In the last few issues, we have tried to educate women about different methods of birth control. However, it is up to you to get more information. Planned Parenthood is a good source. It is a non-profit, voluntary, health and welfare agency. Their services include birth control, medically prescribed, premarital consultations, infertility services, pregnancy counseling, research, education and training. Planned Parenthood also offers ten weekly clinic sessions staffed by twelve doctors, six nurses and seven social workers. Carolyn Lee �A Real Fable By: Ed Washington Many years ago on a farm in the south, 22 Black people were working in the field picking cotton. Suddenly, there was a loud rumble from the north and as everybody turned their eyes to see what was making the noise, a large stone rolled down from the mountain and pinned 10 of the brothers and sisters to the ground. There were screams of pain and cries of anger and everybody stood around in amazement for a moment. Then the people began to act. Some ran and got shovels, some got boards to pry the large rock up, some got ropes, and others ran off to get help. Everybody was doing something to save the people under the rock except a few brothers and sisters who had clustered in the background. But nobody noticed them at first because everybody was working so hard to free the people. The rock was moving a little, but the people just weren’t strong enough to move it. Just then, one of the sisters with a shovel in her hand said, “Wait a minute; if those brothers over there would help, we could get this rock off of our people.” As she said that, all eyes turned to the brothers and sisters who were standing over on the side of the field under a shade tree. There they were: some were singing, some were dancing, some were writing poetry, some were smoking some strange looking, wrinkled up cigarettes. “What are you doing, brothers?”, said one man. “We’re doing our own thing, man. We’re doing a Black thing. We’re building unity, man.” Another sister spoke up and said, “All of that is good, brothers, but we have to move this rock now. Why don’t you grab a shovel and help us.” The “brother” with the drum said, very drowsily, “Man, that’s the white man’s way of moving rocks. We can create our own way of doing it. The way white people move rocks is different from the way we’ll have to move them. But I don’t have any time for you all now, this smoke is to good.” Then the brothers around the rock began to talk. One said, “Well, those brothers will come around.” Another said, “They already know what the problem is, why don’t they help us?” Sister Sweet spoke up and said,. “Them niggers are scared. All that talk about finding another way is B.S. They are copping out. If we can get them to help us we can succeed, but they’re afraid..” As the brothers and sisters were talking, the plantation owner appeared on the scene and started talking to the brother who was playing his drum the loudest (in a sense, he was the leader of the drum players). He said, “You fellows certainly are doing a fine job. At first, I thought you were a dangerous bunch, but now I can see that you are pretty nice fellows. I don’t mind if you cuss a little bit, just as long as you don’t help those others. Here, take this five dollar bill and buy yourself some more of those funky little cigarettes.” When the owner left, some of the other brothers threw down their drums and said, “We always did have doubts about this stuff, but now we can see that you are working for the enemy.” They went over and started pushing and pulling on the rock and with all of them working together, they moved the rock away. Everyone was happy and jumping up and down with tears in their eyes. The brother who was still playing drums stopped and came running over to congratulate everyone. He had 25 different handshakes to give the sisters and brothers, but as he stuck out his hand, the brother with the shovel cut it off. “You didn’t help us when we needed you, but now you want to come in and unify with us. You found every way in the book to keep from helping us before. You even stooped so low as to confuse the other brothers. You played long and hard and you had a good time while the rest of us were struggling. You even took money from the same man you told everybody you hated so much. In fact, not only did you not help us, but you helped the enemy who was trying to kill us all. You’re not a brother; you’re not even a black man; you are a traitor. And there is only one way to deal with traitors.” As he said that, all of the brothers and sisters who had shovels raised them to strike the traitor. When he said this, the traitor began to back away. Just as he turned to run, he hit smack into the big rock that they had just moved. As he fell to the ground, the ground creaked and the rock shifted, pinning him to the ground. “Help! Help! Help!”, he cried. But the brothers and sisters swung their shovels over their shoulders and began to walk away. As it began to get dark, there was no one to hear the cries for help. The others had some more rocks to move that night. Moral: We should always remember in our struggle that those of us who struggle will be the ones to make change. Those who sit in the shade and reap the benefits won’t do anything except slow us down. We should remember also, that it takes longer for some people to see the way than others. But, once we recognize clearly who are the enemies among our own ranks, we must deal with them. �The history of P.O.D.E.R. at the State University of New York at Buffalo is a very stimulating as well as a controversial and depressive one. It is also the same history of ail minority groups who arrive on a "lilly white" campus struggling for survival of their culture and fighting for the expansion of their numbers on all campuses in America. P.O.D.E.R. was founded by a handful of Puerto Rican students with the help of George Rivera (faculty member) in 1968 who saw the need for the Puerto Rican voice to be heard and to awaken the University of Buffalo to the plight of the Puerto Rican community and its educational needs. In 1969 the number of Puerto Rican students entering into U.B. was 50 through EPIS, 10 through Upwardbound and so few through regular admissions that they remained unknown. With the coming of these 60, Puerto Rican students, P.O.D.E.R. was to start moving in a positive and unshaken direction for the 1969—70 school year. It was during this time that the word Puerto Rican was to be heard in the University of Buffalo like it was never heard before. Some of the things which came down during 1969—70 were as follows After a year of existence P.O.D.E.R. faced its first confrontation, dealing with the racist admissions policies of the U.B. Medical School. During this crisis P.O.D.E.R., B.S.U. and the Afro-American awareness organization issued out leaflets about the medical school and its racist admissions policies, saying: "Since 1946 7 blacks have been admitted to the medical school 3 -of— whom were Americans, 3 Africans and 1 Jamaican, not one Puerto Rican was ever accepted or graduated from the medical school. Why??" The "Why" was answered by P.O.D.E.R. The University from its time of existence never related to any minorities. Organizations like Afro-American awareness, Black Student Union, and P.O.D.E.R. were involved in working for a common cause. The main demand presented to the U.B. Medical School was an open admissions policy for all third world students. In order to achieve their demands P.O.D.E.R. and the other organizations formed mass rallies, demonstrations and a strike. After many weeks of negotiations and deliberations the University finally gave in to the demands. The medical school issue is not dead or over we still need support and strength in order to keep the University from falling back on its commitment. The medical school issue was only the beginning of what was to come. As the semester progressed new issues started to arise which was to disrupt the whole University community. Some of the issues which the students rallies around were racism, admissions policy, military funded project Themis and ROTC, the war in Viet Nam and the murders of students at Jackson and Kent State. It was during this period of agitation that P.O.D.E.R. mobilized around the existing issues and presented the University with another series of demands. Med School: talks and strike continue by Greg Hopkins Spectrum Staff Writer [illegible] Committee composed of members from the Black Student Union the Puerto Rican Organization for Responsibility and the organization for Afro-American Awareness announced this week that they were given a “yes” to their demans by the Medical School and Dr. P eter F. Regan, acting president of the University. The “yes” was met with mixed reactions at a student rally in Haas Lounge Wednesday afternoon. A dissatisfied group of about SO left at the end of the meeting and walked to Hayes Hall to picket the front entrance. A few minutes later the group — nude up of both black and white students — entered the building and disrupted a meeting of the Executive Committee of the Faculty Senate. Strike to continue The dissenters said they got a “yea” to demands and nothing more. Demon strations said the strike would continue until responding to the substance concrete results were evident. to the demands. We [illegible] delighted that the [illegible] In affirming the demands, TODER, andOAAA [illegible] Medical School [illegible] responded affirmatively representatives released a We look forward to [illegible] statement saying “The ,discussion an d [illegible] Medical School affirms the Actions to further programs.” belief of open admissions and The leaders of who BSU, health care for disadvantaged P ODER and OAAA called communities. To this end, it emergency meeting after the will work with minority rally and announced they communities to specify jointly acceptable steps that will:” - implement increased minority enrollment in 1970 and continued increases in following years, and 2) plan for improved health care in disadvantaged areas. would make known [illegible] Regan, Dr. Peach and the Medical School representatives. At the conference the Chants and demands Implamentation Committee Miss Davenport said: repeated what they had told “concrete implementations the students earlier on the of the demands would be acceptance of the demands. discussed. The strike will Doris Davenport said later continue until the demands that evening they would are met” with definite continue meeting with Dr. actions. “It is our belief that this constitutes an affirmative commitment in response to demands made on the Medical School. Action will begin immediately." It was signed by Donald W. Bennis, Harold Brody, Eric A. Barnard, Evan Calkins and Cedric M. Smith. Regan, Peach respond A joint statement from Dr. Regan and Dr. Le Roy A. Peach, dean of the Medical School, said: “We support this statement of the Medical School representatives Strike rally A rally on the steps of Capen Hall was a [illegible] scene this writ as demonstrators pressed their demand for more minority group enrollment an d community involvement in the Medical School. Community support generated for PODER’s eight demands Puerto Rican community representatives met Wednesday with members of the Puerto Rican Task Force Committee of the State University of Buffalo Office of Equal Opportunity to lend support to the eight Puerto Rican Organization for Dignity Elevation and Responsibility demands presented on Monday to Acting President [illegible]. The demands include instituting a program of Puerto Rican studies and a minimum admission of SOO Puerto Rican, Mexican American and American Indian students in September, 1970. A special committee composed of Dr. Francisico Pabon, Faculty of Arts and Letters, George Rivera, sociology, graduate student, and Russel Smith, history graduate student, was named to negotiate and implement the demands. The demands were presented to Acting President Regan last Monday at a meeting in Townsend Hall. The Acting President termed the demands very justifiable. Telegram support for the P.O.D.E.R. demands have been sent by community leaders in Buffalo and New York City. Following is the text of the demands: 1. Immediate approval and funding of a program of Puerto Rican Studies: To be adequately staffed, equipped and operative by June 1,1970. To be properly housed with office space and facilities. 2. Establishment of a comprehensive Puerto Rican library collection. To include an immediate acquisition and a substantial annual increase. 3. . Immediate approval and funding of comprehensive tutorial program. To include a minimum of 50 tutors at a minimum rank of teaching assistant. To be coordinated by a full-time faculty member who will be chosen by P.O.D.E.R. To be operative by June 1,1970. 4. Immediate recruitment of a minimum of 500 Puerto Rican, Mexican American and American Indian students. To be fully financed and enrolled by September of 1970. To be selected by special admissions board composed of the following: One member of Admissions and Records One member from the Special Programs One representative from the Graduate Student Association who will be chosen by P.O.D.E.R Two representatives from P.O.D.E.R. And one full-time faculty member who will also be chosen by P.O.D.E.R. 5. Establishment of an Adult Education Extension Center for the Puerto Rican community. To be fully funded by the University and staffed by full-time faculty 6. Immediate investigation of admission and enrollment of Puerto Ricans, Mexican American and American Indians in all departmental programs at the undergraduate and graduate levels. A statistical breakdown to be made available to P.O.D.E.R. and the President's office by no later than March 31, 1970. Corrective action to be taken by September, 1970 and to consist of a minimum annual increase of 25% per department. 7. Establishment of an International Exchange Program by this University where Puerto Ricans and other minority students be financed to study in Puerto Rico and receive credit for it during their junior year. 8. The University must contact P.O.D.E.R. on all a matters concerning Puerto Ricans for approval or implementation of any program. The demands that we (P.O.D.E.R.) have presented must be met in order to promote the relationship among the University, students and the Puerto Rican community. P.O.D.E.R. Medical School Demands ‘Open it up or shut it down’ by Sue Bachmann News Editor Attempting to facilitate their goal of more “non-white doctors for nan-white people,” three student minority-group organizations, supported by two other campus groups, submitted a list of six demands Thursday to University and Medical School Administrators. The students told LeRoy Pesch, Dean of Admissions at the Medical School, that they would return at 1 P.M. today for a response to their proposed program. Dr. Peschrefused to comment on how he planned to answer the ultimatum. However, he - said that “many of the requirements that they want to change are determined by a national joint commission on accreditation,” and are not under the control of this University at all. In addition, “if we lose our accreditation, we cannot graduate any physicians,” he said. For the past week students have demonstrated against the “racist admissions policies of the Med. School.” Chanting “open it up, or shut it down,” nearly 150 students marched to Capen Hall Wednesday to meet with Dr. Pesch but were told drat he was out of town. Later Dr. Pesch revealed that “at the time students came to see me, I was in Washington testifying before Congress that medical costs here are just too high.” Re-allocate government funds The dean contended that the problem extends beyond this University and the Medical School itself The same day he was testifying before Congress get more money for medical needs, a joint committee of Congress passed the Defense Procurement Budget. Dr. Pesch said: “We know that this money will not be used to finance” even medical research projects like Themis, but rather, just to “buy more bombs.” Such a contradiction in goals is “a problem too big for any one institution to handle,” Dr. Pesch said. Recently the Student Health Organization printed a letter dealing directly with the need to re-allocate government funds - to take the money that is financing programs to serve the military, and channel it into health clinics to serve all people. Last March the Student Health Organization also published a two-page letter attacking the Medical School for its “institutionalized racism.” Last year the SHO reported that there were no black Americans in either the medical or dental schools here; this year there are ten non-whites among the Medical School’s 104 freshmen. Implementing the demands Peter F. Regan, Acting President at the State University of Buffalo, met with students Thursday when they presented him a copy of their demands. Later he referred to the list as “a set of very well-oriented demands that are on the right track in terms of minority and majority needs of health care in the U.S.” Commenting on how he feels the Medical School will respond today, Dr. Regan said: “I believe it will be a positive, affirmative response capable of providing some reap solutions to these problems. An awful lot of work for this was laid long before these demonstrations began.” When the students presented the demands, one spokesman explained that he supported such changes because as a black pre-med student, he did not intend to study hard for four years and then get turned down for admission into the Medical School. He added that if satisfactory steps are not taken to meet these demands, “I am telling you that we will take whatever steps we feel are necessary.” Formulated by the Organization for Afro-American Awareness, the Black Students Union and the Puerto Rican Organization for Dignity, Elevation and Responsibility. The demands are: 1. Open. Ad missions for all Third World students from Buffalo and the surrounding areas. The Medical School will enlarge its facilities accordingly. 2. These black students will be recruited and selected by a committee of Third World students and Black doctors. This committee will be formulated by us. 3. A board composed of Third World students , Third World doctors, and people from our respective communities. This board will control all aspects of the Third World students’ administrative activity. No Black or Third World student can be dismissed without express approval of the board. 4. Financial aid is to be given to all Black and Third World students. This will include all living expenses. No Third World or Black student will be [illegible] t ake the MCAT. demand the creation of free medical clinic which have the health needs of black, brown, and poor people subsidized by the university and medical school. A. Areas requiring clinics immediately include: Ellicott, Masten, Cold Springs, West Side, South Parks. At least one clinic in these areas, with the number of clinics required ultimately to be decided by the number of people requiring service in each area. These clinics should be fully equipped and financed by S.U.N.Y.A.B. medical school and shall operate 24 hours a day B. Operation of the clinic will be supervised by a review board composed of Third World students, black and Third world doctors and community people. C. All medical students shall receive credit towards graduation for work in these clinics. D. All black and Third World students shall be required to work regularly in these clinics.These clinics could also serve as a place of internship for U.B. medical students. E. The clinic should include full health and nutritional services and in general, should serve all health needs of the people. F. The range of these needs shall be determined by the review board. The medical, dental, and nursing schools are institutions of racial and class oppression which serve the needs of the rich rather than the poor. Our program is a first step toward taking power from these illegitimate and irresponsible authorities and placing it in the hands of the oppressed peoples. �As a result of the medical school issue and our involvement during campus unrest that the name of P.O.D.E.R. and Puerto Rican was firmly implanted in the heads of all at the University. During P.O.D.E.R.'s existence its involvement has been in many fields. In the cultural aspect P.O.D.E.R.: 1. Introduced "Latin Soul" music to the University. P.O.D.E.R. Presents... for the First Time in Buffalo The Best In Latin Entertainment 2. Set up a Puerto Rican art festival. Direel From New York City . . . Not One — But Two! Orchestra "Heavy" 1 festival de culture Puertorriquena by John Bradley Viva Puerto Rico! With this cry, PODER inaugurates the tint Festival of Puerto Rican culture to be held in the community of Buffalo. “Our objective,” the official letter to the community states, “is twofold: to let the whole Puerto Rican thing hang out to the general public (I.E. American end Puerto Rican community as well as students) while sponsoring at the same time a running dialogue: Given The Puerto Rican Experience In The World, Where Do We Go From Here? The festival will feature guest speakers from the two islands (Manhattan and Puerto Rico), including leading writers, artists, historians and revolutionaries; a film series from the Institute of Public Education of Puerto Rico; an exhibit of Puerto Rican prints, posters, lithographs and books; a dance, featuring a New York City Orchestra. Guest speaker from Puerto Rico will be Rene Marques, leading writer and outstanding playwright (The Ox Cart, a play dealing with Puerto Rican migration to the U.S., staged at SUNYAB two years ago.) The Young Lords of New York City will send some representatives, who will speak Wednesday on “Vietnam and the Puerto Rican Liberation Front.” Tuesday, a speaker from LADO (Latin American Defense Organization) will speak on “Puerto Ricar. Draft Resistance.” Rene Marques will speak Wednesday on “Vietnam and the Puerto Rican.” The schedule of events is below. The Cultural Festival is not the only event sponsored by PODER this year. The organisation cosponsored Caesar Chaves, labor organiser for the grape pickers in the Southwest, who came here to apeak on the problems of organization in bis labor movement last October. This was followed in December by a toy drive and a concert. To enrich the life of the Puerto Rican community of Buffalo, PODER had established a tutorial program for children (still going), and has founded two cultural centers for adult programs. More recently, the organization has joined with BSU in demanding an increase in the number of minority group doctors graduated from the medical school here at the University. It is presently negotiating a number of demands with the University which will guarantee further reforms in financing these programs, and the starting of new ones. PODER, one of the important cultural organizations on campus, hopes to be given the opportunity to enrich this Campus with its various projects, the greatest of which will be the Cultural Festival. Attend this festival, and make it una coea interesante: nuestra maestra kalander of events and Cholo Rivera & The Latin Soul Drives Date: December 12, 1969 Place: Fillmore Room Time: 7:00 P.M. Til: 1:00 A.M. "A Historical Dance to Remember" Courtesy of P.O.D.E.R. Come On Out and Have A Good Time Donation: $1.00 Ponderous Moments - Taking in the glowing sunlight, a member of PODER relaxes tn the organization's third floor office in Norton Hall. This week PODER sponsors a Puerto Rican festival at SUNYAB. The Puerto Rican reality it the theme of the activities. Tuesday, April 14 11:30 A.M.: art exhibit opens on “Vietnam and the Puerto rican,” room 301, crosby Hall 12:30 P.M.: films; Conference 8:00 pm.;; Young Lords in Theater room 6, Acheson Hall; film following 6:08 P.M.: speaker from L.A.D.O. on “Puerto Rican Thursday, April 16 Draft Resistance"; poetry readings will follow 11:30 A.M.: art exhibit opens 12:30 P.M.: films;Conference Wednesday, April 15 5:30 P.M.: Rene Marquis speaks 11:30 A.M.: art exhibit opens on “Puerto Rican Literature of 12:30 pm.: Conference Theater Today, ” Fillmore Room 4:00 P.M: Rene Marques speaks 8:00 P.M.: “Vietnam and the In education P.O.D.E.R.: 1. Started a tutorial program for Puerto Ricans in the grammar and high school 2. Started a day care center which is in operation now and serving 30 Puerto Rican children. 3. Started an orientation program for incoming freshman. 4. Attempted to start the first Spanish newspaper in Buffalo "El Fangito." 5. With the help of Dr. Francisco Pabon was able to get a Puerto Rican studies program which was to function both at U.B. and in Puerto Rico. Dr. Pabon was also very influential in the medical school issue. 6. Also helped sponsor the Chicano leader Ceasar Chavez and gave him a contribution for high fight to set up the (UFW) United Farm Workers Union. P.O.D.E.R.'s first year was a very prosperous one considering all its members were full time students and had other commitments. In 1970-71 P.O.D.E.R. turned itself toward the following up of what it had gotten from demands such as recruiting for the medical school, finding housing for Puerto Rican studies. Another important factor which occurred was P.O.D.E.R.'s changing from an executive committee of a president and vice president to a central committee of a chairman and four committee heads. Though P.O.D.E.R.'s 70—71 year wasn't as verbally outspoken or outwardly active as 69—70 year, it Puerto Rican Liberation Front,” Young Lords; Fillmore Room 9:00 P.M.; poetry reading and short skits Friday, April 17 11:00 A.M.: art exhibit opens 12:30 P.M.: films; room 233, Norton 2:30 P.M.: panel discussions; room 233. Norton 5:30 pm.: film and discussion; room 233. Norton 8:00 P.M.: poetry reading; room 233, Norton Saturday, April 18 11:30 am.: art exhibit opens 9:00 P.M. dance; featuring live entertainment; home made Puerto Rican food will be sold; donation for bail fund: $1.50; prizes for dance contest. Sunday, April 19 1:00 P.M.: Final art exhibit P.O.D.E.R. programs organized To the editor: We the Puerto Rican students here in the University feel that it is about time that something was done to help the Puerto Rican community. Puerto Ricans have been cheated in every way possible by both the communities in which they live in and the government as well. They came to this country with the belief that they could find better jobs and a better standard of living, but instead they found landlords that charged outrageous prices, stores that sold low quality food, jobs that paid them such low wages that they could barely feed their families and to top it all their children were dropped down three or four grades in school because they had language difficulty. All these obstacles have served only to discourage Puerto Ricans of their abilities and potentials. In order to help solve some of these problems the Puerto Ricans students in the University have formulated an organization by the name of P O.D.E.R. (po dare). P.O.D.E.R. (Puerto Rican Organization for still was (1) able to send 15 students to Puerto Rico for 4 months of study. (2) open the day care center which is providing jobs for some sisters and helping 30 children and their families. (3) it was also able to set up an orientation for this year's incoming Puerto Rican freshmen. So as you can see P.O.D.E.R.'s history has been a stimulating as well as controversial one. The part I haven't gotten to yet is the depressive one and that is what's kept in the organizational structure itself. I must say that no organization is without internal strife and P.O.D.E.R. is no exception. We must all resolve our differences of male chauvanism, Dignity, Elevation and Responsibility) aims to re-instate a sense of dignity and identity that society has taken away from the Puerto Ricans. We are in the process of setting up programs that will prepare Puerto Ricans to cope with the academic as well as the business world. One of these programs, and one that is in desperate need of your help, is the Tutorial Program. We need volunteers that are willing to tutor high school students from age 16 to 18 two evenings’ a week from 4:30 to 6:00. We have been informed that it is too late this semester to receive Independent Studies credits for this Tutorial Program, but if you continue on you may receive credit for next semester. Those in College A who are presently in another program and are dissatisfied with the work they are doing, may be interested in our program. If you are interested, please contact Jose Pizarro or Evelyn Munoz at the P.O.D.E.R. office 333 Norton Hall or phone 831-2132. Your help is needed. P.O.D.E.R. fanatical women's liberation and of being reactionaries and crisis oriented. We must all come together and with new ideas and energies from our incoming freshmen we can stimulate P.O.D.E.R. to a higher level in its struggle. This is to bring relevant programs and services to both the Puerto Rican students and the Puerto Rican community. P.O.D.E.R.'s orientation committee dedicates this pamphlet to the incoming brothers and sisters and hopes that the orientation is beneficial and helpful in making their transition into the University an easier one. P.O.D.E.R. �Consumer Education How To Save $ By Better Upkeep Of Auto Would you stake $5.00 to win $1,000? Or don't you gamble at all? By spending $5.00 on a small maintenance item, you may avoid a $1,000 repair job. Most of the time the repair bill won't go that high if you neglect to take care of your car, but there are some remarkable savings to be made if you look for tip-offs to potential trouble and fix it before it becomes a problem. "A stitch in time" applies to cars as well as to clothes. For instance, if your engine suddenly develops a clicking noise, chances are that a valve lifter is sticking. That could mean the oil gallery in the camshaft area is clogged. This is an ailment that cannot cure itself. Go to a professional repairman. It's too big a job to do at home. Replace the sticking valve lifter and check oil circulation. For a small repair bill, your engine will be as good as new. If left uncorrected, it might lead to a big breakdown—-bent valves, scored camshaft, damaged pistons, it could even mean a whole new engine. Take another case. Does the care shake when you back up? Many people fail to get their automatic transmissions serviced for fear of a $250.00 repair job. Well, if your car drives jerkily in reverse, it's probably Continuance Of Last Week’s Edition Of Police Lineup On Wednesday, July 14th, and Thursday, July 15th, six more pigs were singled out of the two-day lineup. These were the last of four lineups that took place after several black people were harassed and brutalized on April 6, 1970, at 467 Scaymore Street. The incident followed after an alleged sniper fired at a passing pig car. The pigs took for granted that the shot came from the home of Mr. and Mrs. Hall and forced their way in, terr iozing its occupants. A tree month old baby was also sprayed with an eye-searing liquid. It took 15 months for Commissioner Felecetta, with the assent of the U.S. Supreme Court, to conduct the lineups. When the lineups did take place, the pigs began going through their games of making each pig take off any identifying things; in other words, anything that would help the sisters and brothers identify them more quickly. The 279 pig lineup was said to be the largest in the country. Wednesday’s gathering behind closed doors, lasted 37 minutes; the shortest of the three lineups. The 65 men assembled were viewed by the four adult sisters and brothers. Each was escorted separately to view the pigs. Ronal Moore stayed viewing the pigs six minutes, Mrs. Eloise Hall, four minutes; her husband Robert Hall two minutes, and Mrs. Gloria Underwood, two minutes. This goes to show you that they definitely knew who harassed them! The racist pigs are still withholding the names of all 10 pigs that were identified after Thursday’s lineup. Felicetta met with nothing more than a loose adjustment on the reverse band that shouldn't cost more than $5.00 to fix. It could be due to low fluid pressure as a result of a tired oil pump or faulty pressure adjustment, but even these things can be fixed without removing the transmissions from the car. Beginning to get the idea? Look for signs that something is wrong, and get it fixed before it gets to be expensive. The longer you wait, the bigger the repair bill will be. How do you search for potential trouble? You can do that while driving. Listen for strange noises. A "ping” from the engine on acceleration could mean many things. A $12.00 tune-up may take care of it, but if your engine has alot of miles on it, you might need a decoke and a valve job. Still, find out as soon as possible. If you wait, you'll probably end up with burned valves, or worse—-burned pistons. That means a full engine overhaul. Do you notice any vibrations from the engine or drive train? Anything abnormal here should be given attention. It could be nothing more than a loose spark plug lead. Whatever the cause, vibration is bad. It can destroy vital engine parts if allowed to continue. Keep tabs on your engine's response. Is it hard to start when warm? Get your carburetor adjusted. It's a small job for a pro and will soon pay for itself in gas savings and avoided delays. Does the carburetor stumble when you step on the gas? That means late ignition timing or a weak spark, as a rule. A tune-up will fix it. If your engine overheats, don't wait until irreparable damage has occurred. Fine the problem. Chances are it's simple and easy. Maybe the lower radiator hose has collapsed and circulation is blocked. That's a job any gas station attendant can handle in minutes. Maybe the radiator cap won't hold specified pressure, or perhaps the radiator is blocked. The same gas station can sell you a new pressure cap or flush you whole cooling system. It's quick work and won't cost much. Look under the hood. Yes I'm serious! Learn to identify the things you see, such as the air cleaner, battery, coil and distributor, and spark plugs. Soon you'll be able to make simple checks yourself, such as for loose wires. Just keep some of these things in mind and you can be sure to save on the upkeep of your automobile. Linda Dubose Know the Law top pig officials and representatives of the Police Benevolent Association. They had previously backed the pigs through court suits by claiming that their constitutional rights were being violated. (I guess when they busted into the home of the Hall’s and terrorized them, their constitutional rights were not violated).(I’m speaking of everyone who was in 467 Scaymore)! Maybe they now believe the statement; “What goes around comes around”. (The pigs I mean)! Felicetta said after the lineups he would confer with the Corporation Counsel’s office before deciding whether to prosecute the 279 officers who first defied his order. Well, Dame All That!! First Things First!! I feel that these sisters and brothers should be entitled to see those ten pigs punished. And I don’t mean some Bullshit mess like being kicked off the force; for that matter, all 279 of those Racist Faggots should be kicked off. Those ten pigs need to get their Ass Kicked, just like those sisters and brothers were done, and then stood up against a wall and Shot To Death! Also on Friday, the pig squad tried to say that some of the pigs picked out of the lineups weren’t even on duty. There could have been a mistake made by the sisters and brothers, but Black people know that all them racist crackers look Alike!!! We as Black People cannot allow the pigs to get away with anymore of these acts. of violence against our fellow sisters and brothers. As the lawyer representing the sister and brothers said, they, (the Sisters and Brothers) didn’t have to go through the change of picking out ten pigs in a 279 pig lineup. The head of the pig force could have easily had the 56 pigs in that particular area in the lineup. But, why didn’t they?? Because this is part of the game that whitey plays with Black people. The name of the game is “changes”. “Take them Niggers through as many changes as we can”. Black people have to realize that this has got to Stop!!! As far as the $300,000 suit taken out by each sister and brother is concerned, their lawyer feels that they didn’t have to identity the pigs just to prove that the racist dogs did enter 467 Sycamore street. Blacks Must also remember, that the struggle of one black person against our oppressor is the struggle of All Black people. All Power To The People And Death To The Racist Dogs!! Roger E. Williams �Afrika-Towards Freedom Leaders And Black Liberation The path to total freedom of the masses of people in any area entails many varied and explicit crossroads. First, the oppressed must know they are being oppressed, and by whom. Secondly, along these lines is the implementation of ideas and force to remove this oppressive boot. The ideals of the oppressed should remove the slave mentality they had when they were oppressed, and replace it with a progressive ideology which will serve the masses. On the surface one can see the fight for liberation as a violent, bloody, and often times suicidal attempt of a people to throw out another ruling power. Always under the surface is an area which can be classified easily as leadership. However, this leadership category is not as easily defined as it is classified. When one asks oneself, "who is our leadership?", one really finds out what the struggle is all about. The whys and whens of the bloodshed and negotiations are merely extensions of the ideological, economic, and political "thinking" of the leaders. On the highest level the ideas and actions of the leaders project the aspirations of the masses he strives to lead. This strengths and weaknesses must be direct reflactions on those of his people. In Africa, we can find many leaders, some diversified in thinking on levels of government, some with grievances against the others, but most with a common goal—-a unified Africa. The unified Africa must be free from domination both internal and primarily externally. In it's quest for liberation it should have a goal in mind for the masses, whether the basic ideology be Pan-Africanism or some other form of governing body. (Pan-Africanism as defined by the renowned Black poet Don L. Lee, is Pan meaning one, whole, and Africanism meaning Africa, not under imperial rule.) As implied earlier, the leaders role is to identify and define the actions of his followers. For instance; if an act of revolution takes place, it is the function of the leaders to state whether it was part of his actions or not, whether it is successful or not. An example of this can be seen in the actions of an African leader, Kwame Nkrumah , in an incident happening Feb. 24, 1948. There was an outbreak of violence between the people and the European powers over the prices of certain imported goods. Nkrumah's group, at that time the United Gold Coast Convention, denied all knowledge as to what went down. In the aftermath of the event, this was seen not only as a wise and logical move, but added force to their ultimate plan to remove a European Governor from their ranks. Nkrumah's influence was felt mainly in Ghana and his successes were many. In regards to the issue stated above, where Christianborg Castle was never again to be occupied by the rule of a European, he attained one of his greatest victories. His leadership qualities were felt thruout Africa, to gain this goal. After victory was achieved, he did what every great leader does; call together his followers to pick out a new course of action. The Ghana Constituent Assembly held in Accra, was to draw some 90,000 people. In two years, positive action was taken in which the life of the whole country was brought to order with the utmost discipline. The leader himself, must be able to bear quite a few hardships and setbacks in his quest for the people's liberation. Nkrumah spent a great deal of time in jail in this early period of Ghana's development, and a larger amount of time was spent in exile in more recent years. The people freed Nkrumah from jail and after years of fighting succeeded in the ultimate independence of the Gold Coast in 1957. With this initial rise of independence came many more struggles for independence among the African Leagues of Nations. Leaders with the makeup of a Nkrumah, or a Nyerere, a Malcolm X, a Martin Luther King, and Elijah Mohammed, are hard to find and are also of an infinite aid to the people. It is the people's role to follow the advice and leadership of a strong leader. The Soledad Brothers Desperately Need Cash! With the trial finally about to start, the Soledad Brothers Legal Defense team is on the verge of total bankruptcy. The outcome of the trial hangs in the balance. The Soledad Brothers have been under indictment since February 1970 (more than 18 months). The massive pre-trial assaults by the prosecution (changes of venue, gag rules, harassment, endless pre­ trial hearings) have almost completely exhausted every penny raised by the defense. The trial is now scheduled to start on August 9,1971. Defense attorneys expect it to last 5 months. Conservative estimates put the cost of the defense (expert witnesses, special investigators, travel ex­ penses for witness interviews from all over the state, the bare necessities for supporting three attorneys and their staff during the trial, etc.) at $125,000. The state will be spending many times this amount in its ruthless attempt to railroad the Soledad Brothers to the gas chamber. Your money is urgently needed to prevent a legal lynching. Please send your contribu­ tion immediately to: The Soledad Brothers Legal Defense Fund 510 North Third Street San Jose, California 95112 I enclose [blank] for the cause of justice in the Soledad Case. [blank] Please send Soledad Button (75c minimum contribution) [blank] I would like to work for the Soledad Brothers in my community. Please send information. Name. [blank] Address [blank] To the United States of America, a message to you. America, Wake up from your sickness, That exist under your dress. Hateful souls congregate, In you symbolic name, Politicians use you as a scapegoat to make wars, And racist animals promote sickness under your dress. America, Wake up from your sickness, Wake up, Cause you have developed syphilis under your dress. alberto O cappas Internationally Acclaimed Motion Picture Books For The Liberated Mind A History Of Pan African Revolts C.L.R. James—-Drum and Spear Press, Wash., D.C., 1969 Finally Got The News Documenting the historic struggle of the League of Revolutionary Black Workers in their efforts to organize auto workers Black And White: Land, Labor and Politics In The T. Thomas Fortune-—New York Press, 1968 of the City of Detroit. Now available for distribution The Wretched Of The Earth Frantz Fanon—Paris Presence Africaine, 1963 (sales and rentals) Contact Up From Slavery Booker T. Washington—Bantam Books, New York, 1959 Black Star Productions 19230 James Couzens Detroit, Michigan 48235 (313)341-8614 �Ideology Of The BSU Part 1 There has been a lot of discussion among members of the Black Student Union as to precisely what is the ideology of our young organization. The leadership has said the ideology is Pan-Africanism, but has never defined Pan-Africanism and laid the necessary ideological foundation for concrete and positive action in that direction. We understand very clearly that there are prerequisites which have to be met in order for our struggle to proceed on the correct path to liberation for ourselves and other oppressed people. A firm ideological foundation provides us with power to stand firm against attacks from the oppressor, and puts us in a position to deal with ideological revisionists and dogmatists. It serves as our most important weapon in our struggle to eliminate the evils of liberalism and organizational hangups within our ranks, as well as the ranks of people. Our ideological foundation provides the masses with a guide to judge us as we move among them with implementation of our programs. When we say our ideology is Pan-Africanism, we mean that the ideology of B.S.U. is the understanding of the historical experiences of African people the world over and the wisdom gained by African people in their struggle against colonialism, racism, and imperialism, defined through the ideological framework of Pan-Africanism as defined by the B.S.U. Central Committee. However, we must place heavy emphasis on the last part of that definition, “as defined by the B.S.U. Central Committee.” The world of Pan-Africanism has become a large jungle of opinion in which conflicting interpretations from revisionism to dogmatism have been allowed to give off reactionary and blind philosophies, as revolutionism has been defined from the need of all African people to return to the motherland and liberate it, to the idea of setting up an independent African nation within the americas. Such an ideological inconsistency presents serious problems to a young organization, such as ours, in its attempts to move in our struggle for liberation and unification of Black people. When we say we are Pan-Africanists, we mean we understand the classical principles of Pan-Africanism and that we have adopted these principles to our own situation. Although we do not move with closed minds to new ideas and new information, we realize, to be free from ideological flunkeyism, we must use our own brains in solving problems of an ideological nature. We understand, very clearly, the revolutionary principle of self-reliance, and how we must relate to it if we are to survive. It must be us who lay the necessary ideological foundation that is intuned to an ever changing political situation. Ideology is a body of doctrine, myth, symbols, etc., of a social movement, institution, class, or large group. Such a body of doctrine, myth, etc., has reference to a political and cultural plan, with the necessary means for putting it into action. The correct ideology is an invincible weapon against the oppressor in our struggle for liberation. Pan-Africanist philosophers around the world have taught us the correct classical principles in our ideological struggle, but they have never truly dealt with the struggle of African people in the United States. Although their principles apply, it is our duty to carry these principles further by our political work among the masses. Only when we bridge the gap between theory and practice, do we see any type of an ideology formed. This bridge gives further meaning to our political definitions and to our political work. Historically, through our involvement, we have found that organizations cannot give us a political ideology. They can only give us an ideological framework in which to define our experiences, as we move about implementing programs and doing the necessary political work. The classical principles of Pan-Africanism constitute the ideological framework or the theory, and the experiences we gain by teaching these principles to the masses constitutes our ideology (the practice). We teach in various ways: community programs, lectures, newspapers, etc. When we take our ideological framework to the people, we bridge the gap between theory and practice. A political organization that does not bridge that gap becomes static and fails, whereas, those that do, continually succeed in their struggle for freedom and liberation. In order for our struggle to move in the direction we desire, we must clearly understand the classical principles of revolutionary Pan-Africanism. These principles are many and varied, but we shall deal with only those that apply to us and our particular situation: 1. We are African people - Just because we were ripped away from Africa does not change our origin. Does kidnapping a person change his identity? We came from Africa, so we are Africans! Our future is bounded up with Africa. England, France, the U.S. make divisions between us such as Negroes, Colored, African, etc. because it is to their advantage. But among Africans there must be no division. We are African - period. 2. We must be revolutionary internationalists — We understand that our struggle is part of the entire world struggle of African people. We say especially the struggle of African people because we are Pan-Africanists. We realize that we must first organize and unify all Africans because this is the most natural and efficient path to freedom. We are a nation. We can identify Africans physically, on the basis of color. We know that all Africans have been assaulted by the exploitation and racism put out by European and U.S. controllers. That is one common bond. It is in our interests to unite ourselves because we must eliminate the oppression put down by the present controllers. So, we must first organize ourselves. It would be unrealistic for black people to go out into Williamsville, Paris, France or Scotland to organize non-African people there. We must work with Africans in Buffalo, and the U.S., on the African continent, in the Carribean, South America, Europe, Australia and any other place where Africans are now living. This does not mean that we are against the struggle of other people for their own self-determination. We will work with and support all socialist movements that are working towards the independence of their people and ending exploitation. But our energy will be concentrated on organizing African people and strengthening our own nation. 3. Our fight must be against racism and capitalism — We do not agree that by destroying capitalism, you automatically destroy racism. Revolutionary socialist Cuba has taught us that. Cuba has been trying to rid itself of the situation where lighter skinned Cubans have been pressing for preferential treatment from the government so that they can control the Cuban society. The lessons gained from the movements of African people the world over have taught us we must fight against both capitalism and racism. Capitalism was not designed for the majority of people; it serves as a vehicle by which the rich get richer at the expense of the poor and colonized people of the world. Racism operates this exploitation on color lines. 4.Land is the basis of independence — We don’t mean that as soon as you get a deed to a piece of soil you become independent. To be independent, you must control the land. The schools in your neighborhood are part of the land; the stores are part; the houses, factories, power plants, are all part of the land. We must control these! Until we control these, we are only tenants on somebody else’s land. We understand that with this land, it is our duty to create a nation. We use the land to produce the things that are necessary for our survival and growth. A nation is a group of people who control a certain land, who have the same interests and background and are moving toward the same goals, using a unified, organized plan. The African nation is composed of black people who are working for all-African unity founded on the principles of socialism. It is, our duty to apply these Pan-African principles and carry them to their furthest point — implementation. Another legacy left to us is to bring forth new revolutionary Pan-Africanist principles, derived from our constant participation. Let us always remember the words of Frantz Fanon: “It is a question of the Third World starting a new history of man, a history which will have regard to the sometimes prodigious theses which Europe has put forward, but which also does not forget Europe’s crimes, of which the most horrible was committed in the heart of man, and consisted of the pathological tearing apart of his functions and the crumbling away of his unity. And in framework of the collectivity, there were the differentiations, the stratification, and the blood-thirsty tensions fed by classes; and finally, on the immense scale of humanity, there were racial hatreds, slavery, exploitation, and above all the bloodless genocide which consisted in the setting aside of fifteen thousand millions of men. So, comrades, let us not pay tribute to Europe by creating states, institutions, and societies with their inspiration from her. Humanity is waiting for something from us other than such an imitation, which would be almost an obscene caricature. If we wish to live up to our people’s expectations we must seek the response elsewhere than in Europe.” Unity: Phase One Volume 2 Number 3 Deputy Min. of Information . Robert Fields Editor-In-Chief.............................................. TonyThom Proof Reader....................Yvonne Gransberry News Analysis ...............................Nora Jackson Distribution Manager...............James Mixon Health ............................................ Robert Rowell Education.............................................. Carol Lee Labor.................................................Leroy Jones Law ...............................................Roger Williams Consumer Education ............... Linda Dubose African International Reporter .Van Ridgeway part of Student Assn. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Student Union collection Subject The topic of the resource Student newspapers and periodicals College students, Black Minority college students Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Description An account of the resource The Black Student Union (BSU) at UB was founded in 1967 and recognized by the Student Association in 1968. In 1969, it counted 1,000 members. Twelve periodical publications have been issued by the BSU and are the primary record of the activities and history of the organization. Most of the material was issued on newsprint, and the material is now extremely fragile as a result of heavy use. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-2015 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use for educational purposes only. Single copies (print, photocopy, download) are permitted for personal study, research and teaching. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-UA005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Unity: Phase One Newsletter Volume 2, Number 3, August 9, 1971 Description An account of the resource This is Volume 2, Number 3 of the newsletter "Unity: Phase One." It was published by the Black Student Union of the University at Buffalo. This issue was published on August 9, 1971 and is eight pages long. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Subject The topic of the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) -- Periodicals State University of New York at Buffalo African American college students College student newspapers and periodicals Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-08-09 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-10 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Periodicals Newsletters Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG9-5-00-4_1a_1_1_010 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Black Student Union (RG 9/5/00-4) LIB-UA005 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Language A language of the resource en-US Extent The size or duration of the resource. 30.48 x 44.45 cm Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Black Student Union Newspapers https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/e5c4ba09f884f801c88e1a5697e19c15.pdf 185b4fa0ce11c271fbb1b5ca8e32b84f PDF Text Text Unity: Phase One Black Student Union SUNYAB Volume 2 Number 2 Afrika-Towards Freedom "Guinea-Fight For Freedom" Once again, as if it will go on forever, the colonial forces of Europe are extensively raping Mother Africa. The forces of colonial exploitation and imperialism, centered mainly in Portugal, are again on the move to maintain control over Africa. With open aggression and a fair plan of attack the Portuguese military, on November 22, 1970, launched a two fold attack on the nation of Guinea. This West African seaport nation was attacked not only from the sea at the capitol of Conakry, but also in the area of a border city Boke. White mercenaries, perhaps the lowest form of human being (?) on the face of the earth, in regards to their life style, began an attack on one nation with the intent of "undermining" the whole of Africa. The downfall of a country such as Guinea, which has a very strategic military and economic value, would be like a death blow to the whole Pan African movement in Africa. Portugal knows this and with the support of the United States aided N.A.T.O. organization, is making an attempt to make it a reality. Traditionally the country of Guinea was a haven for certain political exile leaders. Such men as Kwame Nkruma, for president of Ghana, and Stokley Carmichael, former cha irman of S.N.C.C., make their residence in Conakry. Since this action however, Carmichael has returned to the country, that he saw as being so decadent (the United States), to continue his fight for the liberation of all Black people. As to date, he has published a new book in which he gives a very good format for the Pan-African movement in Africa and its effect on the United States. The mass media Phenomena in the United States did its usual good job of not enlightening the masses to the reality of world events. It probably did'nt print it. Books For The Black Liberated Mind To Grow On the guerilla fighters of A.I.P.G.C. (African Independence Party for Guinea and Cape Verde). A.I.P.G.C. activities are recapturing large amounts of "European" occupied African lands and over-throwing European imperialism and colonialism. Other motives for the attack on Guinea are its strategic military location. Since it is a seaport nation it is an ideal location for the entrance of foreign aid in terms of supplies, food, soulless mercenaries, guns, and artillery. Secondly, it is an economically rich nation. The area around Boke is extremely wealth in mineral resources. This makes it a source for economic independence in not only the world market but also to many underprivileged African states. It's downfall would cripple and crush the whole Pan-African liberation movement in Africa. In view of the emergence of so many independent African states, approximately thirty nine, it can be said on one level that Africa is finally overthrowing colonial domination. However this is a superficial level. The However the importance of this attack cannot be over looked. At the time directly before the attack, it can be seen that Guinea was in full support of the Pan-Afrcanist—(United African States)—ideology. Although they had not formally adapted this form of Pan African government as their own, they definitely showed support for Black Fork Then and Now—W.E.B. DuBois—Henry Holt and Co., 1939 American Negro Slave Revolts—Herbert Aptheker—New York International Pub., 1968 Black Power: U.S.A.—Lenore Bennett—Ghicago Johnson Press Co., 1967 Capitalism and Slavery—Eric Williams—New York Russell and Russell, 1961 Freedom Road—Howard M. Fast—New York Crown Pub., 1964 A History of West Africa to the Nineteenth Century—Basil Davidson—New York, Doubleday Anchor Books Van Rideway countries have not tasted the sweetness of freedom long enough to be able to grow according to it’s aspirations. Only Tanzania seems to be really moving forward in progressive steps toward this goal. They very recently made a move to restrict mini-skirts and soul music and even more recently against bars and "socialistic tenancies. The predicament is rather precarious in a sense, for other nations since they are relatively weak in their economy and governmental ideology. An improtant concept to bring out now is the fact that replacing an imperialistic government by replacing an imperialistic government by another, even if the former was from external forces, will not give the people Freedom. Only by destroying the imperialism at its roots, which can be seen as the "ideas" on which it is engendered, can the tree of domination be killed. Jul �Editorial The gangs didn’t originate because one group lived in Cold Springs, and one in the Fruit Felt, but because of the continually oppressive conditions in the black ghetto's of Amerika. In recent weeks, one of the most depressing problems to plague the Buffalo Black Community, has been the actions of the gangs. Everything from petty theft, to sniper fire has occured and has sent many people into a hellified panic. Mothers are not only worried about getting their purses snatched, but are also fearful of their sons being forced to join local gangs. The Buffalo Police, as to be expected, are unable to halt these actions, mainly because the victims are always black. However, their inability to stop the gans actions has one good side to it, for if the police were to actually pursue the gangs they would end up shooting and killing alot of innocent brothers and sisters accidently on purpose. In having the police run through the black community any more savagely and viciously then they already do, would be total genocide. Being that the gangs have persisted in their actions, and since the police are highly inefficient, leaves but one course of action (which incidentally is the best, to handle all our problems in the community) to be taken by the residents of the black community. And that is we, the members of the community, must take action ourselves. By action I don't mean we should all go down to the Delevan Gun Shop and "cop a piece", because all that would do is cause more blood shed. But we must get togetheron this issue to put a stop to this nonsense. The first step is to ge a group of community people together who are willing to give up some time and effort in dealing with the young members of the gangs. Once this group has committed itself, it must seek out leaders and members of the gangs to rap about the conditions that have been taking place. More often than not, the gang members will talk of the same problems that other black people speak of discontentedly. You'd be surprised to find out that young people change rapidly when they see that somebody actually cares about them or is willing to spend some time with them. We all know that people are not born bad, but on the contrary, it is the conditions of life that is the catalyst that starts people on a destructive life. Such things as: 1. Poor housing with phenomenal amounts of rats and roaches 2. Poor food at all the local stores 3. Jive teachers teaching jive courses, and giving jive grades 4. No parks, playgrounds, or recreation areas 5. And no summer jobs all contribute drastically to a young persons discontent and hateful outlook on life. The jiveass racist cracker would have us believe that black people kill each other for basically the same reason they mess with dope. They say (now dig this) that because of our inferior feelings (of self) we hate ourselves and thus tend to indulge in actions that are self-destructive or harmful to us.(ain't that some Shit) A little over a month ago, the gangs signed a truce declaring they would cease fire on one another for a limited time. Since then, some of the gangs have been waging war on heroin pushers and addicts. They have beat up some, shot at a few, and even robbed others. Though their method is dangerous, they have alot of people shook up. Now it's not my contention to condemn their actions, but what I am saying is that within the ranks of these gangs, are some cats with good leadership potential. If the members of these gangs can be directed into a constructive program, they might be unstopable. Just think, if the Mad Dogs, Matadors, Manhattan Lovers, and Pythons were united together as a militant group, there would be fewer racist on the police force and fewer political bigots running this city. Our job as interested black people is to meet with members of the gangs and explain to them that the actions they are presently taking are counter-revolutionary and at the same time we must come up with a program or plan that gives them better and more rewarding things to do with their time and energy. Upon meeting with the youths, we must be as understanding and truthful as possible for what the youth are doing in their own way is showing their discontent for the society of which they feel they are a small and unimportant part. We must not let ourselves alienate our young the way the white man has alienated his. And at no time shall we forget that these are our brothers and are the roots of our eternal survival. As a final reminder, it is high time that we of the black community start dealing with the problems that face us. It will be better for us if we solve our own problems rather then have the so-called police create more. For if we can solve the gang situation, we can save our youth the agony of going to the mans jails and ending up on that road that leads nowhere. Time Is Of The Essence Labor There has been a great deal of information in the past four to five years on the economy of this nation, and how it functions. One of the main reason's is to inform us on how we should respond to this;meaning, if you are poor things will get better through legislation. If you are of the white upper-class, things are prosperous, lets keep them this way. So you see, information can have a dual purpose; to inform the power structure, and also to try and conform the oppressed into a more confusing state. Problems of United States Capitalism (in reference to labor) is: 1. The new technology, is in effect, a second industrial revolution and is performing a role similar to the first in fostering long-range economic growth. 2. New competition between socialism and capitalism induces extensive aid and investment in the Third World, which in turn creates new markets for advance capitalist countries. 3. Availability of an "economic tool box" which can be used to maneuver a capitalist economy so as to avoid serious crisis in reference to the rich. The benefactors of economic systematization are the rich; poor people, primarily black people, are the Victims. Next is the question of competition between the capitalist countries and socialist countries. In reference to the countries of Africa, each system (U.S. and Russia) is trying to bleed these countries of it's resources. The statement on long-range economic growth, if further proof that the economy can not stand on expansion of capitalism with no definite over all performance value for it's people. As long as money is in circulation to expand false horizons, the workers will work with the thought in mind that their job has security. This means you are a "tool" to be used at the capitalist convenience. Performance of the worker is a "myth" that most people misunderstand. Your performance is measured by the quality of work in conjunction with the amount you are paid, but the capitalist sets up a wage scale for you to work from. The definition of wage, a Payment usually of money for labor or services, usually according to contract (not performance). So what the employer (capitalist) is saying, work for me, produce for me, and I'll pay you my scale of pay, not what you are worth. This is one of the main reasons for the rich and the poor; it is not education. (You see the capitalist is trying to buy time, soon he won't even be able to buy a watch). Let us go even further into capitalist enterprises. The "National Budget" is fixed by the capitalist in Washington, in conjunction to the amount of money that possibly can be made after the piece meal programs are set up. This does not mean the working class of people are taken into consideration; what this means is the amount of money to be made for the rich. Blacks are at the lowest economic levels of this society; this is very unique isn't it? The reason for this is, as soon as the labor shortage eases, the black advance slows down, or declines. The mechanics of this operation, even during prosperous times, are presented as one of the conclusions of a recent study. White workers capture the newly growing fields in which labor resources are scarce, pay levels are good, prospects for advancement are bright, the technology is advanced, and modern working conditions exist. Once the field stagnates, the white worker is reluctant to enter, and this brings on the scavenger white workers that pull down blacks for lower wages. We are (black people) considered a reserve work force for exploitation. Leroy Jones �Birth Control Birth Control Forward Margaret Sanger is called the mother of birth control. In 1912, she decided to fight the Comstock Law, which was pressured through congress in 1873, by a group called the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice. Even at this time women desperately aborted themselves with knitting needles, hooks, or threw themselves down steps. There was an estimated 25,000 deaths every year from self induced or abortionist's abortions. Margaret Sanger, a nurse had heard the desparate cries of women asking please tell me the secret, the secret of “not getting pregnant". But she didn't know the secret either. For hours she studied the medical texts trying to discover an answer to prevent conception. But there were no answers to be found. So she traveled to France where women had been practicing family planning since the French Revolution. In Paris she found family planning an accepted way of life. There was much to be done. Margaret spoke to doctors, midwives, and many women. She collected the best and latest formulas and techniques and bought the most effective devices. On returning from Europe she began publishing amonthly magazine, "The Women Rebel", where she appealed to women to emancipate themselves biologically. The response was good but the magazine was banned from publication. After many fights in the courts, Margaret with the aid of her sister and another woman, both nurses, opened a clinic in Brooklyn. Ten days after the opening the trio was arrested. While in jail, Margaret taught other prisoners about birth control. Her case was appealed, and the decision was a major victory. She accomplished her goal; women would not be denied information they were entitled to. A wanted baby by Mr. and Mrs. John Doe is a very lucky infant, but not all babies are so lucky. What proportion of them are unwanted? There is no simple answer to this question. Many factors are involved. Whether or not the parents are married, the quality of their marriage, their socio-economic situation, how many other children they have, their health, emotional stability, age, place of residence, and so on. But even though there is no accurate answer to the question, we do know that a tragically large proportion of babies are unwanted. Out-Of-Wedlock Pregnancies It is fair to say that nine out of ten babies born to unwed mothers are unwanted. In the United States alone every hour, twenty-seven out-of-wedlock babies are born; about six hundred and fifty from sunrise to sunrise. A quarter of a million babies about on baby in seventeen are born to unwed mothers. Forty percent of “More American Women Die Every Year From Illegal Abortions Than American Men Die In Vietnam.” "I challenge the speaker's charge that we have one health care system for the rich and another for the poor. To us, there are no poor!" these mothers are between fifteen and nineteen years old. It certainly does not follow that unplanned pregnancies invariably result in unwanted babies. Probably most "surprise" bundles are loved as deeply as planned babies. However, the percentage of unwanted children resulting from unplanned pregnancies is certainly greater than those resulting from planned pregnancies. The Rejected Child Extensive study has been devoted to the unwanted child who is rejected. Among the more common causes found are; the mother's own unhappy adjustment to marriage; forced marriage through pregnancies; in an out of wedlock birth; resentment on the mother's part of her childs interference with her social life or career; defective emotional experiences stemming from the fact that the mother herself was rejected as a child; and disgust with pregnancy because of the mother's attitude toward sex. In some instances, a parent who has a hostile attitude, will instill this into her child. A parent may manifest rejection for a wanted child in many ways. Some do not disguise the rejection and severely punish, neglect or nag the child. Other parents who reject a child may have a sense of guilt which expresses itself in over protection. The over protective parent is frequently overly anxious and fearful that the child will die. One result of extreme parental rejection may be juvenile delinquency culminating in corrective institutions. Margaret Sanger fought for women to have the right of birth control. Yet there are still many unwanted, unplanned and rejected children. There are many reasons for this, one being birth control methods were not available to all women who wanted it. Another is that women and men did not know about the different forms of birth control. Carolyn Lee �Free Expression's Porto Regan process terminal, Rochester, N. Y., Afro hair Kinky hair Straight hair Mingling into revolutionary Formation of Grito de Lares Somos Puertorriquenos Y que viva Puerto Rico libre! And While manifest destiny Made plans to colonize our minds Turned us into reflections of color values Where to advance the race Became a spoken reality And Blanquitos forgot to speak Spanish And ate rice and beans with American gravy And Negritos adopted hot combs to straighten Out their hair A Puerto Rican Reality Inflicted with American sickness.... alberto O cappas “Do To Thru” To The Actor/the junkie/ Why do I talk in the manner I do is it needed what I do because I have a cause must do Hate to act myself the way I have to do this I may have to do don’t know what you gonna do i’m getting what's due Tired of mines being what he threw better move cause i’m coming thru can’t bear no more, i’m thro’ caught the last shit ball he threw All is needed is you that's going through to do too what you have to do. Come and share your tears with me, You can't hide What is Already there, For You And For Me, Hermano, Life is only a stage where the Producers and directors are our oppressors, And Your Life, Well, A Reflection Of My Self Being disguised in a different outfit. alberto o cappas Its the extension of The Ex Ten Sion Of the Rican funny power Rican running for this Running for that Rican Moving Away from the ghetto Moving away from the tropical scenee & Stupid putas Running to Gringos on Time Square Selling it To buy The American dreams & Junkies want To be Social Workers When They Go Cold Turkey The extension of the funny Rican power Little green island 35/100 flowing in the back yards of America. alberto O cappas The Man Is My Oppressor The man is my oppressor and I will always want He forces me to lie down in slum gutters He leadth me to piercing needles He negates my soul He leadth me down the paths of racism for his profit’s sake Yea though strung out I run hoping for the shadow of death I will fear all evil for he will chase me. His dos and his sleers will taunt me. He prepares the laws against me in hope for the victory of mine enemies He encircles my neck with ropes My blood spilleth over Surely the hatred and torment shall follow me And I will dwell in the damned U.S.A. sallie williams �for the nursing of my sleep, I hardly dream. “From God to a Blessed Dreamed” she was there right in the alignment my disbelieved view almost as pleasing as a new day being birth and even fresher than morning dew but i trembled . .. sheepishly for i am God! the “God of lust” her creator this fear is joyful as the tremor travels infinite hazed & dazed w/ supreme aesthetics in her this split second------ i can’t bear a repeat act precisely now------ not like the dream she can’t disappear via dream, being God my creation by virtue is avaricious but now, before me the arch of curves & shapely dips are purer than heart beats via man i should adhere Before a woman becomes grown if she’s black and poor she learns that the world is cold ready to rape you of everything if a black girl child wants to ever become free she has to really struggle like we did thru shouts of hatred and screams of amerikan misunderstanding prison can make you look back on a lifetime of bitterness... handed-down clothes cold winter nights for whites only colored served here, but take heed God suppose you only control the graceful & ultra feminine outlines will superiority hold steadfast if you don’t penetrate the woman of her in the man you there could be a permanent ego damage one woman, no mind! ahhh, i became concerned of this, trembling, when desired & terrified memories only other black women could understand trying to be what aint/of trying to see what's not of trying to rid ourselves of what never was of men crying of children dying memories that harsh and cruel of alley ways where people live of ‘people’ who not only attack with weapons but with words (which you cannot combat) -if you’re black and poor and female like my mama like me and my sisters. -ericka huggins by her sight yes, thinking w/ Godly air anyhow i prefer relinquishing the goodness rather than “Godness” that's why, the profound accent on my creative ability & desire her dreamily self clearly depicts that my creation was created benevolently & by deity nature, i marvel over such a rare & “plenty fine” creature & i blessed her gratuitously “God damn it!” —Cinque Tomorrow gives the heart a song to sing, a part to support in life's play rehearsed at the dawn of every day and played as the day is spent. Because there's tomorrow let the love-tuned soul release mellifluous song even though others wrong the purpose, the intent. Photo by: James R. Best, Jr. Beyond this time, these temporal lines will cease from remembrance abate and lose cadence. “Prosperity Through The Cooperative Life” �Sickle Cell Anemia To confuse the people, medical terms such as drepanocytic anemia and meniscocytosis, have been used to describe the killer sickle cell anemia. By now, the danger of this Enemy of the people should be well recognized. Even though much has been brought out about sicklemia, much more can and should be brough out about this Killer. If the possibility of sicklemia isn't kept in mind, any of the following systems may be critical to Black people; abdominal disease, rheumatic fever, or a nerve disease. There is a great misunderstanding of plasma and blood. Plasma is only the liquid portion of the blood, and sicking is a property of the red blood cells. Two types of red blood cells can be differentiated in the blood of patients with sicklemia. The first reverts to the disk shaped form on exposure to oxygen. The second doesn't revert, but is sickle shaped. When blood was observed in the first appearance of the disease, it was found that non reticucated cells loss their ability to resume normal shape in a disk like form and others retained this ability. Even though there is no cure for the disease, a great deal of things that went unexplained are now trying to be brought out. The people want to be told about themselves. Brother such as myself are doing this and trying to make it relate as simply as possible. Brothers and Sisters I make a plea to you to Understand everything about sickle cell anemia, and try to help in making it possible for us to Stand side by side and organize against Genocide by the sick white society that rules this nation of Racism and Hate against our people. If everyone works and adds to the cause in their on way, Then and only Then will we have a free Health nation.If we're dying from Sickness, Disease, and Dope, we can't possibly come together. A Health Revolution will make us Fit and prepare us to overthrow our Major Enemy. We can't do it if we're dying, so come together and support all programs that are going to help kill off diseases such as sicklemia. Urban Center is still the location for testing of disease such as sicklemia. It is located at 220 Delaware Avenue, will be open on Saturdays at 12:00 noon, and will continue up to August 14, 1970. R.A. Powell Red blood cells taken from a patient in a sickle cell crisis. Three of the cells are sickled and the other stretching away from its normal, donut shape. Normal, donut cells. shaped, red blood Consumer Education How To Buy A Stereo When buying a stereo system, first deciede on a price range you can afford. It is easy to be talked into a high-priced system, so get an idea of overall prices first. You can buy a worthwhile system with good quality sound for $250.00-$300.00. Although this may seem expensive, remember that you are investing in equipment you'll have for a long time, and the second best is only slightly less expensive. Small economical systems don't necessarily pay off. Testing The Equipment Test any prospective equipment by taking a record you know well, or that gives the highs and lows of several different instruments, to a radio or music shop and ask to have it played on the stereo of your choice. Listen to see if the high notes ''flutter” or go off frequency and if the low notes "rumble”. A record player should have a frequency range of 40-1500; anything less will give you trouble. Try another record player in the same room. If the other is in a different room the sound will be different. Compare the sound of the two and choose which sound you like best. If you consider a third record player, compare you choice of the first two to the third. Don't compare all three together. You can't retain the three sounds all at once. Play each stereo both low and high (anything sounds good loud). Listen for clarity and good response. What Are The Different Kinds Of Stereos? There are three kinds of stereos. The console; the package, including turntable amplifier, and speakers. The components are the speakers, turntable, and amplifier brought separately. The console is sold largely as a piece of furniture. Consoles are good if you have a large room to put them in, with no furniture that blocks the speakers. Good record players do come in consoles, but you will probably have to pay more for a console than you would for a comparable quality record player without the furniture. There are other drawbacks. You can't separate the speakers any more widely than they are in the console which doesn't make for the best sound. Really, speakers should be 12' to 15' apart. The package, is perhaps the best deal for most people, and generally speaking, the more expensive the package, the better it is. It's almost always your best bet for an apartment, being convenient, compact, and easy to place in a desirable position. With a jack for earphones, the listener can hear very loud music without disturbing the neighbors. It is a good idea to look for the one with connections through the speaker system for radios, cassettes, and T.V.'s. This enables you to maximize the use of your stereo. Components brought separately can potentially give the best sould possible. But they can run into large amounts of money and unless you are really into listening to music or are a technical buff, forget it. This system is very delicate and it you are a party giver, beware!! The tuning arm will tend to slip off you records. Also you can't stock albums because of the specially weighted turntable that is made for one record at a time. However, if you feel this is an important addition to you life style, first choose a radio-electronic store where a trained person can help you. When buying an amplifier don't be impressed with the power ratios. If they say you need 150 watts, its completely wrong unless you're playing the stereo in War Memorial Stadium. Twenty watts is more than enough. Make sure there are outlets provided to connect cassettes, microphones, earphones, etc. Speakers are a very important part of the system. Make sure they respond well. The sound should run smoothly from the woofers(low-sound part of the speaker) to the tweeters (high sound of the speaker) with no distortion at either end. If you can hear scratches on your record, this may mean that the speakers are sensitive and not that they are scratchy. If your're electronically inclined, you can make your own stereo with little more than a soldering iron. Several companies make these kits and often you can get a better machine for less money. My last point is always remember to look for warranties on Any goods you purchase such as a stereo. If a warranty is good only for 90 days, and your machine is suppose to last a lifetime, the machine can't be very good.. Linda A. Dubose �Things Comin' Down Local—-The B.S.U. is sponsoring a Book Drive to re-cycle books among Black Students. Bring all books to 335 Norton between 10:00 and 5:00 daily. Local—-World Fighting Arts is sponsoring an open Karate Championship, August 14, 1971, at Buffalo State College on Elmwood in the new gym. The cost is $2.00 in advance, and $2.50 at the door. Children under 12 or students with I.D.'s$1.00. Local—Any one interested in learning printing techniques, contact Bob Fields in 335 Norton, between 10:00 and 5:00 daily. Local- The Black Workers Organizing Committee is sponsoring a two-day conference to address problems in Buffalo and the State. It will be held at the Jefferson Education Center, 1207, Jefferson Avenue, from 4-8 P.M.,Saturday and Sunday, July I7-I8, for further information contact Jefferson Education Center, 882-2255. Oakland—Charles Garry, Panther lawyer, had his motions for dismissal of charges against Huey P. Newton on the grounds of both, his not being tried,(even vaguely) by a jury of his peers, and the fact that the judge instructed the jury improperly in the previous trail. Ethopia—The Ethiopian Government has jailed thousands of high school students Retraction—At times, we have to judge between the ages of 16-20, and placed them in the things we do by their correctness, and four detention camps. They were arrested as a truthfulness. For Anybody to print out result of the massive demonstrations against a information, or say things that are not 20% raise in bus fare, steep and sudden raise correct, whether this is done deliberately or in food prices, mass arrests, and in favor of by oversight, undersight, or lack of sight, is a land reform(close to three out of four of Ethopia's peasants are dangerous thing for anybody who is a part of tenants who pay as much as 75% of their an organization to do.Misinformation affects crops in taxes and rent to the emperor, the everybody. few noble families and the church who In the last issue, Vol 2-No.1, I wrote between them own an estimate 90% of the a message in the selection of the Vice land.) President for Academic Affairs. I was High Point N.C.-The trail of four Panthers, begins July 26. The four, Larry Medley, George Dewitt, Bradford Lilley, and Randolf Jennings, are charged with assault with intent to kill, assaulting and obstructing an officer. They were arrested after 50 police and sheriffs deputies attempted to evict them from their hea dquarters which was owned by a judge. misinformed on the positions involved. Dr. Francisco Pabon is a candidate for Associate Vice President of Academic Affairs. So, I mistakenly confused the two positions and there by wrote in ignorance. This kind of ignorance (negligence) won't be tolerated!! Prosperity Through The Cooperative Life Bill Peters Los Angeles—13 members of the L.A. Branch of the Black Panther Party are now on trial for charges ranging from assault to commit murder, to conspiracy to commit murder. The charges stem from the November 28, 1969, police assault on Panther Headquarters, which turned into a 5-hour stand-off assault. Money for their defense should be sent to Los-Angeles Black Panther Party, 2443 Stockwell, L.A., California. Know the Law On April 6, 1970, seven blacks were assaulted by 6-20 pigs, claiming to be looking for a sniper. Of the seven blacks assaulted, at 467 Sccaymore Street, three were small children. There were an estimate of at least 56 uniformed pigs in the area not counting 6 detectives. The complaintants were knocked down, kicked down stairs, and sprayed with a subtance(alleged to be pepper spray.) That following day, a police brutality charge was filed by Mr. and Mrs. Hall, Mrs. Underwood, and Mr. Moore. They also filed on behalf of their children. Police Commissioner, Frank A. Felicetta, after receiving the complaint had an investigation started. After he concluded his findings, he ordered a police lineup to take place in the case. The order was directly disobeyed by all 279 police officers, stating their reason as a violation of their constitutional rights. The police Benevolent Association, represented the policemen in their suit which was fought all the way to the Supreme Court. After reaching the high court the Police Benevolent Association's suit would not even be reviewed. This gave Felicetta the right to set up the lineups as ordered. All 279 officers face a charge of disobeying the order of a Superior officer, which is ordinarily punishable by being thrown off the force. (But you and I know there ain’t no way Felicetta is going to risk every man of that force.) sday, July 6, I97I, On Tue fifteen months after the assault, the forst of four lineups were held in the Police Academy. The complaintants who are presently filing a suit against the city for $300,000 a piece, appeared at the lineup, but were unable to identify any of the 70 police officers. But on Thursday, July 8, I97I, four pigs were identified in a lineup of 70 pigs as the ones who were there during the break-in and assault on our brothers and sisters. There are still two more lineups to be held by the end of the week. After the lineup, Felicetta held a conference for about 50 minutes, but refused to give the names of the pigs singled out in the lineup. As every black person should know by now, pigs being as they are, always try to set up some kind of trap to hang black people up. One of these happened to be the "decoys" they had placed in the lineups. In order to help confuse the sistersand brothers involved in this act of brutality, they placed pigs that were off duty, on sick leave, and any other place besides the area in question, to try and throw them off. Here are some questions that every black person should think about because we are all apart of this act whether we want to be or not. In an article in the Buffalo Evening News not to long ago, Felicetta admitted that there were pigs who had racist attitudes within the pig force. Now, if that doesn't concern us, then nothing does. Another thing that was added to the confusion was the fact; why did the pigs wait fifteen months to go through with the lineup? This gave the pigs ample amount of time to grow beards and anything else they felt like growing to confuse the sisters and brothers involved. There are probably countless other things they have done to prolong and confuse the minds of these black people. And don’t you think for one minute that this is the end of it, because this is only the beginning!!!! Have you ever stopped to think whether those four pigs were taken into custody after they were identified? And when the other two lineups are over, and hopefully the rest of the pigs are identified, will they get what they really deserve, or will they be set free to terrorize the black community again? Think about it, because your Life may depend on the conclusion you come to!!!! All Power To The People And Death To Those Racist Motherfuckas Roger Williams �Ideology Of The BSU Part 1 There has been a lot of discussion among members of the Black Student Union as to precisely what is the ideology of our young organization. The leadership has said the ideology is Pan-Africanism, but has never defined Pan-Africanism and laid the necessary ideological foundation for concrete and positive action in that direction. We understand very clearly that there are prerequisites which have to be met in order for our struggle to proceed on the correct path to liberation for ourselves and other oppressed people. A firm ideological foundation provides us with power to stand firm against attacks from the oppressor, and puts us in a position to deal with ideological revisionists and dogmatists. It serves as our most important weapon in our struggle to eliminate the evils of liberalism and organizational hangups within our ranks, as well as the ranks of people. Our ideological foundation provides the masses with a guide to judge us as we move among them with implementation of our programs. When we say our ideology is Pan-Africanism, we mean that the ideology of B.S.U. is the understanding of the historical experiences of African people the world over and the wisdom gained by African people in their struggle against colonialism, racism, and imperialism, defined through the ideological framework of Pan-Africanism as defined by the B.S.U. Central Committee. However, we must place heavy emphasis on the last part of that definition, “as defined by the B.S.U. Central Committee.” The world of Pan-Africanism has become a large jungle of opinion in which conflicting interpretations from revisionism to dogmatism have been allowed to give off reactionary and blind philosophies, as revolutionism has been defined from the need of all African people to return to the motherland and liberate it, to the idea of setting up an independent African nation within the americas. Such an ideological inconsistency presents serious problems to a young organization, such as ours, in its attempts to move in our struggle for liberation and unification of Black people. When we say we are Pan-Africanists, we mean we understand the classical principles of Pan-Africanism and that we have adopted these principles to our own situation. Although we do not move with closed minds to new ideas and new information, we realize, to be free from ideological flunkeyism, we must use our own brains in solving problems of an ideological nature. We understand, very clearly, the revolutionary principle of self-reliance, and how we must relate to it if we are to survive. It must be us -who lay the necessary ideological foundation that is intuned to an ever changing political situation. Ideology is a body of doctrine, myth, symbols, etc., of a social movement, institution, class, or large group. Such a body of doctrine, myth, etc., has reference to a political and cultural plan, with the necessary means for putting it into action. The correct ideology is an invincible weapon against the oppressor in our struggle for liberation. Pan-Africanist philosophers around the world have taught us the correct classical principles in our ideological struggle, but they have never truly dealt with the struggle of African people in the United States. Although their principles apply, it is our duty to carry these principles further by our political work among the masses. Only when we bridge the gap between theory and practice, do we see any type of an ideology formed. This bridge gives further meaning to our political definitions and to our political work. Historically, through our involvement, we have found that organizations cannot give us a political ideology. They can only give us an ideological framework in which to define our experiences, as we move about implementing programs and doing the necessary political work. The classical principles of Pan-Africanism constitute the ideological framework or the theory, and the experiences we gain by teaching these principles to the masses constitutes our ideology (the practice). We teach in various ways: community programs, lectures, newspapers, etc. When we take our ideological framework to the people, we bridge the gap between theory and practice. A political organization that does not bridge that gap becomes static and fails, whereas, those that do, continually succeed in their struggle for freedom and liberation. In order for our struggle to move in the direction we desire, we must clearly understand the classical principles of revolutionary Pan-Africanism. These principles are many and varied, but we shall deal with only those that apply to us and our particular situation: 1. We are African people — Just because we were ripped away from Africa does not change our origin. Does kidnapping a person change his identity? We came from Africa, so we are Africans’ Our future is bounded up with Africa. England, France, the U.S. make divisions between us such as Negroes, Colored, African, etc. because it is to their advantage. But among Africans there must be no division. We are African — period. 2. We must be revolutionary internationalists - We understand that our struggle is part of the entire world struggle of African people. We say especially the struggle of African people because we are Pan-Africanists. We realize that we must first organize and unify all Africans because this is the most natural and efficient path to freedom. We are a nation. We can identify Africans physically, on the basis of color. We know that all Africans have been assaulted by the exploitation and racism put out by European and U.S. controllers. That is one common bond. It is in our interests to unite ourselves because we must eliminate the oppression put down by the present controllers. So, we must first organize ourselves. It would be unrealistic for black people to go out into Williamsville, Paris, France or Scotland to organize non-African people there. We must work with Africans in Buffalo, and the U.S., on the African continent, in the Carribean, South America, Europe, Australia and any other place where Africans are now living. This does not mean that we are against the struggle of other people for their own self-determination. We will work with and support all socialist movements that are working towards the independence of their people and ending exploitation. But our energy will be concentrated on organizing African people and strengthening our own nation. 3. Our fight must be against racism and capitalism — We do not agree that by destroying capitalism, you automatically destroy racism. Revolutionary socialist Cuba has taught us that. Cuba has been trying to rid itself of the situation where lighter skinned Cubans have been pressing for preferential treatment from the government so that they can control the Cuban society. The lessons gained from the movements of African people the world over have taught us we must fight against both capitalism and racism. Capitalism was not designed for the majority of people; it serves as a vehicle by which the rich get richer at the expense of the poor and colonized people of the world. Racism operates this exploitation on color lines. 4. Land is the basis of independence — We don’t mean that as soon as you get a deed to a piece of soil you become independent. To be independent, you must control the land. The schools in your neighborhood are part of the land; the stores are part; the houses, factories, power plants, are all part of the land. We must control these! Until we control these, we are only tenants on somebody else’s land. We understand that with this land, it is our duty to create a nation. We use the land to produce the things that are necessary for our survival and growth. A nation is a group of people who control a certain land, who have the same interests and background and are moving toward the same goals, using a unified, organized plan. The African nation is composed of black people who are working for all-African unity founded on the principles of socialism. It is our duty to apply these Pan-African principles and carry them to their furthest point — implementation. Another legacy left to us is to bring forth new revolutionary Pan-Africanist principles, derived from our constant participation. Let us always remember the words of Frantz Fanon: “It is a question of the Third World starting a new history of man, a history which will have regard to the sometimes prodigious theses which Europe has put forward, but which also does not forget Europe’s crimes, of which the most horrible was committed in the heart of man, and consisted of the pathological tearing apart of his functions and the crumbling away of his unity. And in framework of the collectivity, there were the differentiations, the stratification, and the blood-thirsty tensions fed by classes; and finally, on the immense scale of humanity, there were racial hatreds, slavery, exploitation, and above all the bloodless genocide which consisted in the setting aside of fifteen thousand millions of men. So, comrades, let us not pay tribute to Europe by creating states, institutions, and societies with their inspiration from her. Humanity is waiting for something from us other than such an imitation, which would be almost an obscene caricature. If we wish to live up to our people’s expectations we must seek the response elsewhere than in Europe.” Unity: Phase One Volume 2 Number 2 Deputy Min. of Information . Robert Fields Editor-In-Chief.......................................... TonyThoma Proof Reader.................... Yvonne Gransberry News Analysis ............................ Nora Jackson Distribution Manager............. James Mixon Health ........................................ Robert Powell Education.......................................... Carol Lee Labor............................................ Leroy Jones Law .......................................... Roger Williams Consumer Education ................ Linda Dubose African International Reporter .Van Ridgeway part of Student Assn. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Student Union collection Subject The topic of the resource Student newspapers and periodicals College students, Black Minority college students Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Description An account of the resource The Black Student Union (BSU) at UB was founded in 1967 and recognized by the Student Association in 1968. In 1969, it counted 1,000 members. Twelve periodical publications have been issued by the BSU and are the primary record of the activities and history of the organization. Most of the material was issued on newsprint, and the material is now extremely fragile as a result of heavy use. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-2015 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use for educational purposes only. Single copies (print, photocopy, download) are permitted for personal study, research and teaching. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-UA005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Unity: Phase One Newsletter Volume 2, Number 2, July 15, 1971 Description An account of the resource This is Volume 2, Number 2 of the newsletter "Unity: Phase One." It was published by the Black Student Union of the University at Buffalo. This issue was published on July 15, 1971 and is eight pages long. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Subject The topic of the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) -- Periodicals State University of New York at Buffalo African American college students College student newspapers and periodicals Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-07-15 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-10 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Periodicals Newsletters Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG9-5-00-4_1a_1_1_009 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Black Student Union (RG 9/5/00-4) LIB-UA005 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Language A language of the resource en-US Extent The size or duration of the resource. 30.48 x 44.45 cm Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Black Student Union Newspapers https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/be5ee85eb1a376454f222b53354a877e.pdf fe65a65098198cc6031b3dd9b6359d84 PDF Text Text Unity: Phase One Black Student Union SUNYAB Volume 2 Colonialism and Oppression Colonialism and oppression; two doctrines which go hand in hand, stride by stride wherever you find them in the world, always entail some European power doing not only the oppressing, but also the colonizing. Only in very few isolated incidents do you find the oppressors within the ranks of the oppressed groups, such as the “Papa Doc” Duvalier dictatorship, which is said by many social science intellectuals to be the most progressive and functional government conceived by the mind of man. However, the oppression usually comes from some external, racially, and culturally different group, who have only their selfish goals in mind, and a gross indifference to the needs and aspirations of the people. Historically, one can find an almost innumerable number of examples of colonial oppression. Right here in the good old USA, one is taught that the early Americans overthrew the rule of Mother England. Usually this is taught by a racist institution, to the extent that the primary motives are hidden or vague or totally misconceived. If you are black, you never hear of Crispus Attucks. If you are white, there is a chance that you were told that he was merely protecting Massa and Missus. You are then schooled to the many revolutions, mainly quasi, that have gone on throughout man’s existence here on earth. The fact is, that you will come out of class never knowing that you were oppressed. The reality of these situations, is that oppression, colonization, exploitation, and imperialism are still running rampant in the world today, and they exist in what many will call their Motherland — “Africa.” Despite the fact that there are many struggles in Africa, that have had a semblance of success or successes, there are many others that are still under the colonial bonds of European nations. For instance; Portugal has been involved in Mozambique since 1498. (Vasco Da Gama, remember him and how he was depicted as an adventurer in search for the New World, which was never any happier than the Old World) Portugese colonists, perhaps the last remnants of colonialism in Africa, are still oppressing with the aid, not only of South Africa, (but also guess who?) the United States. The support of the United States, as primarily engendered in their obligations to NATO, remains the same oppression and colonialism. This battle of revolutionary change is especially evident today in Angola. Here the Angolan Freedom Fighters are in constant danger of American guns which try to wipe out the lives of their men, women, and children, who merely want freedom and an end to oppression by the white minority. March 15, 1961, marks the inevitable day that the Angolan people said “No” and took a frim hold in an attempt to break the chains of colonization and imperialism. Imperialism can be seen as a primary motive in the United States involvement there, since large corporate powers, such as Gulf Oil, have economic interests in Angola, and the Armed Forces have interests in military bases there. Tangible results are the only way to measure the effectiveness of a revolution. In Tanzania, which acquired its independence, it was seen by the instituting of progressive socialist government by the people; the like of which has never before existed in the World. In Angola these claims of victory can be cited: 1) Liberation! of more than 400,000 SQ. Number 1 July 9, 1971 Colonialism A womens Militia group in Angola kilometers from 1,200,000 of the national territory. 2) Grounded more than 124 Portugese airplanes Grounded more than 170 helicopters 3) 18,000 soldiers and militiamen killed in combat 4) Portugese captured as prisoners 5) Destroyed airplane runways, mines, and plantations: cut lines of communication, attacked towns and many important areas. The Angolan people on April 3, 1962 set up a Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile (GRAE). It has temporary location in Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, as soon as the revolution attains full victory, it will be disolved along with the vote for the fundamental Charter of the New Independent Republic of Angola. Its primary missions are: 1) Taking all measures and making all decisions necessary for the success of the Angolan Revolution. 2) Establishment of all necessary contacts and strengthing of existing relations with international organizations to safeguard peace and assure the triumph of justice and harmony in a world determined to be free. 3) To solicit immediate aid and recognition by the Afro-Asian Governments especially over territorial integrity in Africa. This is an aid to moral, and material well being of these struggling human beings. 4) To lead independent Angola toward an establishment of a democratic and representative regime respecting the Declaration of Human Rights. Making sure rights are distributed to each, and all people have the understanding of the measures beneficial to harmonious development of a truly democratic, political and social government. Unity is a monolithic bloc which no outside force can do anything about. It is primarily an irresistible and indestructible power achieved by the mingling of different ethnic groups. It is the power to bring to the conscious mind, the knowledge and feelings of the sub-conscious in regards to oppression and what has been stolen. In Angola it was marked by a break in servitude to some European Colonialist. In Tanzania the fight was similar, the results tangible. Let us hope that the results in Angola, and all the liberation struggles of people throughout the world, will be as fruitful and prosperous as the battle in Tanzania. Power To The People Van.Ridgeway �Ideology Of The BSU Part 1 There has been a lot of discussion among members of the Black Student Union as to precisely what is the ideology of our young organization. The leadership has said the ideology is Pan-Africanism, but has never defined Pan-Africanism and laid the necessary ideological foundation for concrete and positive action in that direction. We understand very clearly that there are prerequisites which have to be met in order for our struggle to proceed on the correct path to liberation for ourselves and other oppressed people. A firm ideological foundation provides us with power to stand firm against attacks from the oppressor, and puts us in a position to deal with ideological revisionists and dogmatists. It serves as our most important weapon in our struggle to eliminate the evils of liberalism and organizational hangups within our ranks, as well as the ranks of people. Our ideological foundation provides the masses with a guide to judge us as we move among them with implementation of our programs. When we say our ideology is Pan-Africanism, we mean that the ideology of B.S.U. is the understanding of the historical experiences of African people the world over and the wisdom gained by African people in their struggle against colonialism, racism, and imperialism, defined through the ideological framework of Pan-Africanism as defined by the B.S.U. Central Committee. However, we must place heavy emphasis on the last part of that definition, “as defined by the B.S.U. Central Committee.” The world of Pan-Africanism has become a large jungle of opinion in which conflicting interpretations from revisionism to dogmatism have been allowed to give off reactionary and blind philosophies, as revolutionism has been defined from the need of all African people to return to the motherland and liberate it, to the idea of setting up an independent African nation within the americas. Such an ideological inconsistency presents serious problems to a young organization, such as ours, in its attempts to move in our struggle for liberation and unification of Black people. When we say we are Pan-Africanists, we mean we understand the classical principles of Pan-Africanism and that we have adopted these principles to our own situation. Although we do not move with closed minds to new ideas and new information, we realize, to be free from ideological flunkeyism, we must use our own brains in solving problems of an ideological nature. We understand, very clearly, the revolutionary principle of self-reliance, and how we must relate to it if we are to survive. It must be us who lay the necessary ideological foundation that is intuned to an ever changing political situation. Ideology is a body of doctrine, myth, symbols, etc., of a social movement, institution, class, or large group. Such a body of doctrine, myth, etc., has reference to a political and cultural plan, with the necessary means for putting it into action. The correct ideology is an invincible weapon against the oppressor in our struggle for liberation. Pan-Africanist philosophers around the world have taught us the correct classical principles in our ideological struggle, but they have never truly dealt with the struggle of African people in the United States. Although their principles apply, it is our duty to carry these principles further by our political work among the masses. Only when we bridge the gap between theory and practice, do we see any type of an ideology formed. This bridge gives further meaning to our political definitions and to our political work. Historically, through our involvement, we have found that organizations cannot give us a political ideology. They can only give us an ideological framework in which to define our experiences, as we move about implementing programs and doing the necessary political work. The classical principles of Pan-Africanism constitute the ideological framework or the theory, and the experiences we gain by teaching these principles to the masses constitutes our ideology (the practice). We teach in various ways: community programs, lectures, newspapers, etc. When we take our ideological framework to the people, we bridge the gap between theory and practice. A political organization that does not bridge that gap becomes static and fails, whereas, those that do, continually succeed in their struggle for freedom and liberation. In order for our struggle to move in the direction we desire, we must clearly understand the classical principles of revolutionary Pan-Africanism. These principles are many and varied, but we shall deal with only those that apply to us and our particular situation: capitalism — We do not agree that by destroying capitalism, you automatically destroy racism. Revolutionary socialist Cuba has taught us that. Cuba has been trying to rid itself of the situation where lighter skinned Cubans have been pressing for preferential treatment from the government so that they can control the Cuban society. The lessons gained from the movements of African people the world over have taught us we must fight against both capitalism and racism. Capitalism was not designed for the majority of people; it serves as a vehicle by which the rich get richer at the expense of the poor and colonized people of the world. Racism operates this exploitation on color lines. 4.Land is the basis of independence — We don’t mean that as soon as you get a deed to a piece of soil you become independent. To be independent, you must control the land. The schools in your neighborhood are part of the land; the stores are part; the houses, factories, power plants, are all part of the land. We must control these! Until we control these, we are only tenants on somebody else’s land. We understand that with this land, it is our duty to create a nation. We use the land to produce the things that are necessary for our survival and growth. A nation is a group of people who control a certain land, who have the same interests and background and are moving toward the same goals, using a unified, organized plan. The African nation is composed of black people who are working for all-African unity founded on the principles of socialism. It is, our duty to apply these Pan-African principles and carry them to their furthest point — implementation. Another legacy left to us is to 1. We are African people — Just because we bring forth new revolutionary Pan-Africanist were ripped away from Africa does not change principles, derived from our constant our origin. Does kidnapping a person change his participation. Let us always remember the words of Frantz Fanon: identity? We came from Africa, so we are “It is a question of the Third World starting Africans! Our future is bounded up with Africa. a new history of man, a history which will have England, France, the U.S. make divisions between regard to the sometimes prodigious theses which us such as Negroes, Colored, African, etc. because Europe has put forward, but which also does not it is to their advantage. But among Africans there forget Europe’s crimes, of which the most must be no division. We are African - period. horrible was committed in the heart of man, and consisted of the pathological tearing apart of his 2. We must be revolutionary internationalists functions and the crumbling away of his unity. — We understand that our struggle is part of the And in framework of the collectivity, there were entire world struggle of African people. We say the differentiations, the stratification, and the especially the struggle of African people because blood-thirsty tensions fed by classes; and finally, we are Pan-Africanists. We realize that we must on the immense scale of humanity, there were first organize and unify all Africans because this is racial hatreds, slavery, exploitation, and above all the most natural and efficient path to freedom. the bloodless genocide which consisted in the We are a nation. We can identify Africans setting aside of fifteen thousand millions of men. So, comrades, let us not pay tribute to Europe by physically, on the basis of color. We know that all Africans have been assaulted by the exploitation creating states, institutions, and societies with their inspiration from her. Humanity is waiting and racism put out by European and U.S. controllers. That is one common bond. It is in our for something from us other than such an interests to unite ourselves because we must imitation, which would be almost an obscene caricature. If we wish to live up to our people’s eliminate the oppression put down by the present expectations we must seek the response elsewhere controllers. So, we must first organize ourselves. than in Europe.” It would be unrealistic for black people to go out into Williamsville, Paris, France or Scotland to organize non-African people there. We must work with Africans in Buffalo, and the U.S., on the Unity: Phase One African continent, in the Carribean, South America, Europe, Australia and any other place Volume 2 Number 1 where Africans are now living. This does not mean that we are against the struggle of other people Deputy Min. of Information . Robert Fields for their own self-determination. We will work Editor-In-Chief...........................Tony Thomas with and support all socialist movements that are Proof Reader .................... Yvonne Gransberry working towards the independence of their people News Analysis ......................... Nora Jackson and ending exploitation. But our energy will be Distribution Manager.................. James Nixon concentrated on organizing African people and Health ...................................... Robert Powell strengthening our own nation. Education.......................................... Carol Lee Labor............................................ Leroy Jones Law .......................................... Roger Williams 3. Our fight must be against racism and Consumer Education ................Linda Dubose African International Reporter .Van Ridgeway �Black Cops In Georgia Black Police Fired For Tearing Flags From Uniforms Demonstations, Firebombing And Boycotts “A group of outsiders with no legitimate concern here came to Columbus with the purpose of launching an attack upon the city. The leader of the band of invaders sowed his seeds of hate, collected his contributions and left town. ” — Columbus, Ga. Mayor J.R. Allen referring to Hosea Williams, Georgia state chairman of the Black Leadership Coalition and national program director for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) at a news conference during the recent racial disturbances in Columbus. Columbus, Ga. (LNS) - The firing of seven black patrolmen from the Columbus force at the end of May has set off deomonstrations, firebombings of white businesses and black-led boycott of all white stores. The men were fired after they tore American flag emblems from their uniforms at a Memorial Day demonstration protesting the firing of another black patrolman. A Justice Department investigation of the firings is now underway and 2-7 black patrolmen (there are 38 on the force) are using the Police Dept. for $ 100,000 in damages and are demanding the reinstatement of the now job­ less policemen. At a large rally on Sat. June 19 in support of the fired blacks, Hosea Williams delivered a list of demands to city and county officials. They are asking for the reinstatement of the seven officers and six others who were fired earlier in the year; the promotion of three of the 38 blacks on the force to captain and seven others to lieutenant (right now, the highest black officer on the force is one sergeant); desegregation of the jail; appointment of a citizen’s police review board (including 50% black representation from the black community); and increasing the racial balance of the police force to 35% black. Mayor Allen called the list of demands “an extortion note.” The day after the march, 19 Columbus businesses were firebombed. Monday, June 21, Mayor Allen doubled the police patrol in the black community. And that night police shot and killed Willie Osborne, a 20-year-old black man, who was “suspected” of robbing a grocery store. The police detective, L. S. Jacks, who killed Osborne, was merely suspended from the force pending an investigation. At a large rally on Tuesday night, Hosea Williams demanded that Jacks be arrested for the killing. “You don’t suspend murderers from their jobs. You put them in jail.” Mayor Allen responded by declaring a state of emergency and that night state troopers patrolled the city. A prohibition against the sale of firearms and ammunition was put into effect in Columbus and across the river in Phoenix City, Ala. But there were still more firebombings. Twenty-one fires were set the night of the rally and six more the next evening. In Washington, Congressman Jack Brinkley of Columbus made a speech on the floor of the House of Representatives calling Hosea Williams a racist and implying that he was responsible for the firebombings. When reporters asked Mayor Allen what he thought about Hosea Williams he replied: “Rep. Jack Brinkley on the house floor and Gov. Jimmy Carter have covered the subject pretty thoroughly. I don’t have anything to add to their statements.” Wednesday night, June 23, Joe Hammonds, SCLC field representative announced the beginning of a boycott of white businesses. “There will be no negotiations until our black brothers are rehired,” Hammonds said. He added that SCLC and the Afro-American Police League had made overtures to the whites who control Columbus “to sit down at the conference table, but it seems that they’re taking the hard line.” He called on poor whites to join the boycott because they are also “in economic slavery to the police.” Drug Solution? Drug Solution Heroin has gotten “middle Americans” in a panic. Heroin has lifted its head from the inter heart of the ghetto and has carried some its disease and despair into suburbia. And believe it or not heroin has also made its way into the United States military. The President of the United States has “declared war” on heroin. The President feels that it will only take 370 million dollars in programs and agencies to control heroin. Heroin has plagued the poor and depressed community for many years. Heroin also known as scag, dope, smack, horse, stuff, junk, boy, etc., is the most depressant drug in the narcotic circle. Heroin is a lethal drug, more addictive and more dangerous than morphine, another opium derivative. Opiates are depressants that may cause stupor, nausea and slow breathing or drowsiness. Heroin is usually taken through injection, sharing of a hyperdermic needle may cause the user to contact hepatitis or venereal disease. Unfortunately, addiction can come rather quickly and is not evident until withdrawal symptoms are visible. An overdose of heroin may result in shock and death. The president not only has planned for new drug control centers but has strengthened laws against drug abuse. Mr. Nixon has proposed to have 1,000 new customs officers, 325 new Narcotics Bureau officers. Also, he wants 500 new Internal Revenue agents to attack big-time underworld drug mugglers for tax evasion. The poor and depressed areas of this country are feeling the pressures of drug abuse even more today than ever before. At one time heroin was just (supposedly) related to jazz musicians, pimps and other street people. But now heroin is creeping into high schools, junior highs and even playgrounds. I feel that the youth must use their time and effort to educate themselves to help get other brothers and sisters “Together.” It should be understood that the main focus of the President’s plans for rehab, is going to be placed on the “middle American addict.” We, the people are going to have to come “Together” and defeat this plague that is killing so many brothers and sisters. Heroin does not necessarily provoke crime or does it bring on irresponsible behavior. Heroin has a sedative, tranquilizing effect. The crimes of drug users are overwhelmingly crimes against property committed to secure the means to obtaining drugs. Some addicts are criminals first and drug addicts second, others are criminals primarily because they are addicts. In the United States almost all addicts must raise money by. illegal means. Heroin was outlawed by Congress in 1924, but since then heroin has killed thousands of people yearly. The average age of an addict in 1940 was 35 years old. In 1950-55 the average age was 22-25 and in the late 60’s the average age was 15-22. Methadon cures the physical habit, only. The people of the community must join together and rehab, the community so that brothers and sisters have another alternative. We have a probelm that must be dealt with! It is a community problem that the community must take action on. So let’s help a brother help himself. Carolyn Lee �Organizational Structure “Prosperity Through Cooperative Life” A We have been running into problems with the organization internally, by all the people not internalizing the words “Prosperity Through a Cooperative Life.” The ways in which this most often shows itself are in the attitudes taken by some people that criticism of their work as a personal attack on them and they are reacting in a like manner. Also, in the fact that people (e.g. ministers etc.) go off and conduct business but keep it to themselves as if it was a personal matter and not one involving all African people and all members of B.S.U. I believe that this could be solved by people really examining the words — “prosperity through a cooperative life” and realizing what they really mean in all phases of our lives. The other area which is causing problems is that people haven’t seen in which way the organizational structure of the organization is set-up. After doing quite a bit of observation its come to me that there is quite a need for this in a written form. This is the purpose of this paper. First of all, we must realize that the traditional forms of government was something set up by European capitalists, people who had no feeling for the whole theory of a cooperative life and who were only interested in personal prosperity. The whole set-up of president, vice president, etc. leads to personal power and just as bad inter-personal struggle which leads to people placing themselves and their personal progress over the good of the organization and the people the organization serves. The reason I say people the organization serves instead of the people we represent is because the whole idea of a representative elected government is again a throwback on the whole European capitalist forms of “government.” We must begin to form modes of living viable to oppressed people the world over. The structure of the organization should be the main power being distributed to members of the Central Committee which will be composed of ministers which will be in control (be responsible) for all functions falling under that particular minister and each having a equal vote in decisions made by the Central Committee. Each minister would in turn appoint his staff composed of as many deputies as necessary for the proper functioning of that particular ministry. The post that I have mentioned are not post that should be filled just with the idea of filling it but are posts that should only be filled with people who can actually fulfill the duties required of the post. There is only one position that could even be vaguely considered a figure-head position and that would be the position of Chairman. His main purpose would be to use in business transactions with other organizations who Health Health Robert Anthony Powell 3rd Sickle Cells In an earlier article on sickle cell anemia, quite a few interesting points were bought out; now is the time to deal with the origin of this abnormality! The epoch — making discovery of pauling, Ithano and there associates revealing underlying Molecular abnormality of sickle cell anemia and described it as a Molecular disease. Sickle cell anemia, and the presence of abnormal hemoglobins, are a consequence of the inheritance of genetic traits, which when heterozygous, gives little evidence of its presents but, when homozygous, results in disease, an outstanding manifestations of which is an increase of red cells destruction. Heterozygous and homozygous broken down simply means; heterozygous which on alleles with different traits, homozygous alleles which have the same traits. The traits which are either dominants or recessive or both, dominant and both recessive. The terms are seemingly complex but when broken down are really simple to understand. A shorter term now being used for sickle cell anemia is sicklemia. Sickemia was first described in Black in North America. The incidents of the trait varies in different parts Robert Fields of the country; 7.3 per cent of a series of 8,543 Blacks in Memphis, 13.4 per cent of 3,066 Blacks in South Carolina and somewhat less than 10 per cent in other groups. About 2.5 to 3.8 per. cent of the carriers of the trait have sicklemia. The percentage may seem greater various cases. A great deal of the cases haven’t been studied. This would explain why the percentage might be higher. There has been no intermediates between the sickle cell traits and sicklemia described. The trait in central and South America is similar to that in North America. At least 10.7 per cent of Blacks in Caralas, and 10.4 of Blacks in Brazile. In Panama, the incidents of the trait was 14.3 per cent among Blacks, and none in the case of the whites. Cases of the disease, sicklemia have also been discussed in Argentine, Peru and Cuba. The diagram below will show the high incidence of the trait, with the highest figures in central and eastern Africa. An incident of 46 per cent was found among pigmoids in East Africa, 27 per cent in Milotic tribes and on the western seaboard, 78.3 per cent in Gambia and 18.75 per cent in Nigeria and the Cameroons. The highest incidences occur in Africa. Black people, willing or not to admit it, are of African heritage. Sickling in South Africa are very rare. Although 19 per cent of the Bantus shows the trait and only 2.9 per cent of the Hamitic people, who show white features. Red blood cells taken from a patient in a sickle cell crisis. Three of the cells are sickled and the other stretching away from its normal, donut shape. haven’t yet begun to relate to the central committee type of organization. He would be chosen from or by the central committee who would be in turn chosen by the amount of work they did and the manner and way in which it was performed. Some may find objection to the idea of lack of elections put again this is just basically the reminiscence of the neo-slave mentality that we must always take ourselves back to “the people” for their approval of our actions. This might be a viable proposal if the people were de-brainwashed to the level that they could relate to the program that would directly benefit them. This is also why Amerika continues to attack socialist governments for not mimicking them in it’s form of puppet democracy. They cannot see where the power lies at in these socialist countries. They don’t because they are still into the whole trick-bay of power-struggles and don’t accept that the ultimate power comes from the people. This is why they continue to attack them because they still can only see things through their eagle-eye view. In the area of budget request we should not bring ourselves to the old level of making out budget line by line because this only entails added struggle on our behalf as far as attempting to restructure the budget request in the form of a lump sum request for each ministry. If this turned out to be unacceptable we would then break down everything but still staying under the ministry lines. Normal, donut cells. Even though there is a high incidence of the trait in Africa, there are very few cases of sicklemia having been diagnosed. This is because whites don’t care enough to stop this genocide. It has been said that the disease was introduced into Africa from Asia, and the veddoids of Arabia may be the actual source of gene mutation. In certain villages in Greece, 17.7 to 37 per cent of the inhabitants have been found to have the trait. This fact shows that the trait was given to us by another race, and its destroying us. We have to fight it! To do this we must have our own Health Revolution and help kill of this enemy of the people. The B.S.U. and the student Black Health Association is offering a health program for children of the community. Tests for sicklemia and others recommended will be given at the Urban Center at 225 Deleware. Testing will be at 12:00 P.M. From June 26, to August 14, 1971. The people are urged to get their children a check-up to help fight serious diseases. The Tests Are Free!! Robert Anthony Powell 3rd shaped, red blood �Consumer Education Consumer Education Where the Buys Are In The Food Market The price of food, like everything else, has gone up. Between 1960 and 1970, Supermarket items lose an average of 23%. Still, there are foods that have increased less than 15% in the decade, representing a real bargain. They include chicken; eggs; bananas, grapefruit, white potatoes, frozen-orange juice concentrate, margarine, long-grain rice; tomato, cream of chicken soups, enriched white flour; ice cream, sugar, baby foods and peanut butter. The price of dried beans and lentils has gone up about 16%. However, compared with other protein foods like beef, pork and veal, which have shot up between 23% and 59%, beans are still a bargain. Where does all the money go? Much, of course, pays for services, for someone else to pre-cook your dinner, bake a pie, whip up a frosting, grate cheese or chop an onion. Only this someone is no longer a cook in your own kitchen. “Someone” is a manufacturer of convenience foods. Contrary to what many housewives think, profits do not pile up for manufacturers like so many do for the buyer. Average after-tax profits are 3% for the manufacturer, 1% for the retailer. The extra costs are eaten up in labor, research, packaging and transportation. Compared with other increases in the cost of living, food’s price rises have been small. Between January, 1964, and November, 1970, the Consumer Price Index rose 30.1 points (the equivalent of 28%). Out of food eaten away from home, the food you cook at home had the lowest points. Here are some food clues to good buys taken from one supermarket in Buffalo on June 25th, 1971. Meat and Poultry In buying meat, it’s the cost per serving that you should figure, not the cost per pound. For example, 1 pound of ground beef at $1.29 per pound serves 2 persons at 64.5 cents each. An 8 pound standing rib roast generously serves 8 at $1.09 each, while 1 pound of spareribs at 79 cents serves 1 person. One thick, family-size steak works out to be considerably thriftier than individually cut steaks. With turkey and chicken, the larger the bird the more meat you get per bone. One dollar will buy equal amounts of meat from whole fryers at 45 cents a pound, from breasts, 61 cents, drumsticks at 54 cents. Real values in the meat department is in less-fashionable cuts like oxtails, chicken, liver, breast of lamb, tripe, hearts and kidneys. Canned hams, corned-beef hash, and luncheon meat, often represent very economical buys with no waste at all. Take up the manly art of butchering. A good knife and poultry shears are sharp investments. Whole chicken generally cost 5 to 6 cents a pound less than the quartered bird. For stew, buy chunk in a hunk, it’s less per pound than the pre-cut. Buy sausage meat and cut it into patties yourself. You save about 20 cents a pound over linked sausages, 40 cents over little-link. Pre-sliced and prepackaged cold cuts and luncheon meat can cost 100% more per pound than unsliced. Bread and Cereals In 1960, a pound loaf of white bread cost 20 cents at the store, 14.5 cents to bake at home. In 1970, the figures were 34 cents and 16 cents respectively. Bread-baking is satisfying, takes little time, and the loaves freeze well. If you stick with the store variety, buy day-old bread on sale. It might have spent that time in your bread box. Dry cereal packaged in individual boxes may cost more than three times as much per ounce than in 18 ounce boxes. Sugared cereal costs more; buy the plain, add your own sugar. Cereal you cook cost much less than the ready-to-eat kind. Dairy Products Ice cream is lower in cost, fat and calories than delicious creamy ice cream. You get more cheese for your money, if you buy unprocessed. But processed is more spreadable, and when that’s important, it may be worth the difference. Slice or grate your own cheese. If there is less than a 7 cent price difference per dozen eggs between one size and the next smaller size, you get more egg for your money by buying the larger size. Use margarine for cooking; butter for sandwiches, toast. Instant non-fat dry milk is economical and almost as nutritious as fresh skimmed milk. Check for added vitamins A and D. Which is cheaper, bulk or pre-measured? Fruits and Vegetables Buy fresh fruits and vegetables in season. Shoppers sometimes get confused and think prices are exorbitant when the season’s the reason. Midwinter asparagus may be $1.19 per pound; in early spring, 79 cents; midseason, 29 cents, between seasons. Frozen vegetables are the better buy; at least one brand of whole green beans, baby limas, Fordhook limas, peas and carrots, cut corn, and cooked squash has dropped 12% or less since 1960. Pointers Be aware of regular food prices; then you can recognize specials that represent a real saving. It isn’t only the number of cents off that counts, but the percentages too. Three to four cents off on a 25 cents can of beans, for example, represents a 10% to 15% saving. The President’s Committee on Consumer Interest advises: “Shop alone if you can. You’ll be able to concentrate better. Household Finance Corporation takes the opposite view: “Children will gain valuable money management experience during food shopping trips.” The more money you have, the more you spend on food, up to a point, because how much can one person eat? Gelbaum The Right Choice? The U.B. Faculty Search Committee picked the director of a computer project at the University of California for the Vice President of Academic Affairs, here in Buffalo. Although the candidate best qualified to fulfill the duties of the Vice President, according to the committee's own assessment of what the job will be like, is right here in Buffalo and has been a U.B. faculty member for 3 years, (Dr. Pabon) this search committee somehow, mysteriously said, “Despite the on campus presence of talented individuals who have demonstrated great dedication to the development of State University of Buffalo as a major American university, the interests of State University of Buffalo at present and in the foreseeable future, are best served by the appointment of an Academic Vice President from outside the University.” What kind of double talking illogical bullshit are these selection people putting down!? They really must believe they can get over by dressing up their inept decisions with phases like "the best interests of the University". Maybe what we ought to look at is who is this "University" they are talking about? Is the University the students? Falculty? Falculty and students? Or a Bushfull of jive-ass Administrative Parakeets. The search committee's decision for hiring Dr. Bernard Gelbaum is irrational because the Vice Presidents position requires somebody who knows a lot about the ins and outs of the University, knows a lot about Buffalo, and is administratively .experienced. Dr. Francisco Pabon, the present director of Puerto Rican Studies, has been intensely involved in the creation and implementation of new effective programs. He knows campus; he knows Buffalo. According to the selection committee and the University Administration, the office of Vice President will be responsible for setting up new, effective programs, and will also be responsible for some programs already in existence. With this kind of responsibility, the Vice President will have to know what this University and area is about. To do the things expected of him, the Vice President of Academic Affairs must have a keen working knowledge of the University and be able to move on certain situations. Since U.B. today is not an isolated academic spot on the edge of Buffalo, it is involved with and is becoming, more involved with the action in this city. It's already apparent that the Vice President for Academic Affairs, has to know a lot of things about SUNYAB in particular. Even at this time, a lot of in-fighting has been going on concerning the Academic Affairs office. Dr. McAllister Hall, a member of the task force on organization, and Dean Ebert have been arguing about what the Vice President for Academic Affairs office is going to do. This kind of campus politics is not the place for a newcomer to this University to step in on. That's just like bringing somebody in on a shoot out him having a gun, and without knowing where the fire is coming from. Bill Peters �Free Expression's for my son’s mother, Mary Alice Williams, “Yester-Love” beautiful as you appear come near hear? when you come it’s a dream precious thing glowing gem. do you long for me as i you all black & blue wanting you. life won’t be complete after you tasts all grace no lace. you don’t know about our next time credit my trying you’re mine i taught you initial Love my Love real Love yester-Love for Central Hdq. Los Angeles “Black Panther Party,” america your society is full of promises you better fulfill some she promised me my citizenship if i was born or naturalized will i’m still waiting and, i am subversive to your jive for a fascist and a report that security is being tampered with, “J. Ed. Hoover” roll over, Rover you too, Hoover do a dog trick, Rover do a hog trick, Hoover man’s best friend, Rover man’s worst enemy, Hoover, Now! america you call me lazy, ignoramus, and a vast of other names she made me erect this empire i’ve paid all my dues i don’t owe her a thing forty acres and a mule were your intentions receiving it is my expectation. Wuff, Wuff! Now! america you gave me civil-rights replacing my human rights she made even deny my people even denied myself I am tired of your crushing blows you’ve raised my consciousness that I will fight for the brothers who waited so damn long? “see brothers?” decrepit generation dried up & just fell communication & all the electronic beeps just fell military mercenariness took leave & security just fell empire state scraper & rock-a-fellow’s foundation just fell flying supermen reconsidered/F.B.I./L.P.D./L.F.D./&ran law-n-order just fell evil, dollar, myth, America!, inhumane democracy just fell Now! slim odds just fell, bullshit just fell, cowardice just fell, “Prosperity Through The Cooperative Life Julis Nyerere see brothers you didn’t fail. All the time it wasn’t you it fell. —Cinque �Things Comin' Down school Wilmington N.C.—In Wilmington, two security guards were found shot to death in the troubled Junior High School. Wilmington has been the scene of much trouble since the school was put under seige by the National Guard. No one reported hearing the shots. Famed musician Louis "Satchmo" Armstrong has died. horn has been silenced forever, just before he reached 71'st birthday. Every brothers death is a great loss. Pittsburg—-A young 18 year old brother, Ernest Williams, was shot to death on June 22, at 9:55 A.M., by a white police officer, Howard Landers. Lander claims he thought he was killing an escaped murderer, Leonard Moses. Moses is a 5'7", 140 pound, dark-skinned, where the murdered Williams was over 6 feet tall, over 170 pounds, and light-skinned. Landers was arrested, but is now free on the nominal bail of l(one)dollar despite the fact that the taking of a human life was involved. His his Oakland—-Black Panther Chairman, Bobby Seale, has begun to make plans for communal housing units in which the people can live and grow, communally. "Huey is right, the revolution in this country is going on right now, and out of the dying destructive monster that is capitalism, we must evolve a humane people's communalism. In countries like China and Cuba, they had to wait until the day of victory to begin to evolve a people's socialism. But in this country, the situation is different. The United States is not an under developed country, you dig? Here while the revolutionary struggle is going on our survival programs will exemplify what the people want and need.” Detroit—-Twelve panther member were acquitted of murder, in the killing of a black officer which led to a siege of the Detroit office. The defense didn't use one witness or piece of evidence of their own to achieve this. He merely showed all key prosecution witnesess to be the liers they were Tennessee —The author of "The Liberation of Lord Byron Jones", Jesse Hill Ford, the book from which the film "The Liberation of L.B. Jones" was made, found himself on trial for killing a Black G.I. in Tennessee. The brother had gotten lost and turned round in Ford's drive-way, at which time, Ford shot him without warning, and at close-range with a 30.06 caliber rifle. The defense he is trying to use is based on a mans right to defend his home and property. If You Know Of Anything That Might Be Of Interest To Your Brothers And Sisters, Drop It Off At 335 Norton Know the Law As our struggle for survival becomes more essential than the previous day, we become more aware of our environment and whats happening to us. All we have to do is stop what we're doing for one minute and review our general situation, and we will find that we have been messed over and is still being messed over. Yes, Brothers and Sister, everytime one of us is arrested we are messed over, that is our rights are trampled on. For example, if you are picked up on a suspicion of robbery, the first thing the police are supposed to do is inform you of your rights. They are supposed to explain to you why you are being arrested, and let you know that you have the right to remain silent. But, instead of doing this, they arrest you and take you down to the police station on a robbery charge. Then you have to go through the hassells of bail, getting a lawyer, and beating the case. This, of course is wrong, and it happens mainly because we are Black, and also because we are not fully aware of our Rights, Yes, our Rights! I know it sounds funny, but we do have certain rights when and if we are arrested. I feel that we as Black people should know and understand these rights, because I believe it can be used as a defense weapon in some instances against hassels with the police. I'm not saying that if you are arrested and you exercise your rights that the police won't put you through any hassels, because if you are Black you automatically get hasseled. What I am saying is, if the police arrest you and they realize that you have your program together as far as knowing your rights and have confidence in yourself they might hesitate to mess with you. Most Brothers and Sisters go into a panic when arrested, either because they are scared of what might happen to them or frightened because they are caught doing something illegal. If you have ever been arrested you probably "know" what I mean by a brother or sister being scared or frightened. This is what we have to eliminate in the minds of our Brothers and Sisters(FEAR), and instill the knowledge of his rights, so that he may have some type of confidence in himself. Here are some basic rights that you should remember: A. You have the right to remain silent. Answer no questions other than your name and address. If the police start asking you questions they must first inform you of your rights. Remember anything that you say may be held against you in court. B. You have the right to call your family or your lawyer. Also you have the right to have your lawyer present during questioning. C. If you cannot afford a lawyer, you have the legal right to a court appointed lawyer, which is free of charge. Also you have the right to confer with your lawyer before you go to court. D. A police officer does not have the right to search person, houses, papers, and effects without a warrant. But, a search may be made without a warrant as an incident to a lawful arrest. Also, an automobile or other vehicle may be searched without a warrant, if an officer has good reason to believe that an offense has been or is being committed. Always ask to see the search warrant, and make sure it has your name and address (full name) on it and what is to be searched. Your rights are nothing to be laughed or joked about. It is an issue that I believe should be taken very seriously by US. Everyone of us should learn and understand our rights, so that when one, or two of us gets busted, we can show the man (police) that he is not dealing with no dumb niggers. In our struggle with the police and the system in general we must keep in mind one thing, and that is, even though we may have the knowledge of these rights at our disposal there is really no way of securing them for our use. One reason being because the police can and do disregard our rights at times. An another reason because the law makers can change them at anytime. So, you see Brothers and Sisters, all you have to do is stop whatever you're doing for one minute and check out our general situation and you will agree that the man (system) can and has messed over us legally, physically, and verbally. Know your Rights! Right On, Roger Williams �Ideology Of The BSU Part 1 There has been a lot of discussion among members of the Black Student Union as to precisely what is the ideology of our young organization. The leadership has said the ideology is Pan-Africanism, but has never defined Pan-Africanism and laid the necessary ideological foundation for concrete and positive action in that direction. We understand very clearly that there are prerequisites which have to be met in order for our struggle to proceed on the correct path to liberation for ourselves and other oppressed people. A firm ideological foundation provides us with power to stand firm against attacks from the oppressor, and puts us in a position to deal with ideological revisionists and dogmatists. It serves as our most important weapon in our struggle to eliminate the evils of liberalism and organizational hangups within Our ranks, as well as the ranks of people. Our ideological foundation provides the masses with a guide to judge us as we move among them with implementation of our programs. When we say our ideology is Pan-Africanism, we mean that the ideology of B.S.U. is the understanding of the historical experiences of African people the world over and the wisdom gained by African people in their struggle against colonialism, racism, and imperialism, defined through the ideological framework of Pan-Africanism as defined by the B.S.U. Central Committee. However, we must place heavy emphasis on the last part of that definition, “as defined by the B.S.U. Central Committee.” The world of Pan-Africanism has become a large jungle of opinion in which conflicting interpretations from revisionism to dogmatism have been allowed to give off reactionary and blind philosophies, as revolutionism has been defined from the need of all African people to return to the motherland and liberate it, to the idea of setting up an independent African nation within the americas. Such an ideological inconsistency presents serious problems to a young organization, such as ours, in its attempts to move in our struggle for liberation and unification of Black people. When we say we are Pan-Africanists, we mean we understand the classical principles of Pan-Africanism and that we have adopted these principles to our own situation. Although we do not move with closed minds to new ideas and new information, we realize, to be free from ideological flunkeyism, we must use our own brains in solving problems of an ideological nature. We understand, very clearly, the revolutionary principle of self-reliance, and how we must relate to it if we are to survive. It must be us who lay the necessary ideological foundation that is intuned to an ever changing political situation. Ideology is a body of doctrine, myth, symbols, etc., of a social movement, institution, class, or large group. Such a body of doctrine, myth, etc., has reference to a political and cultural plan, with the necessary means for putting it into action. The correct ideology is an invincible weapon against the oppressor in our struggle for liberation. Pan-Africanist philosophers around the world have taught us the correct classical principles in our ideological struggle, but they have never truly dealt with the struggle of African people in the United States. Although their principles apply, it is our duty to carry these principles further by our political work among the masses. Only when we bridge the gap between theory and practice, do we see any type of an ideology formed. This bridge gives further meaning to our political definitions and to our political work. Historically, through our involvement, we have found that organizations cannot give us a political ideology. They can only give us an ideological framework in which to define our experiences, as we move about implementing programs and doing the necessary political work. The classical principles of Pan-Africanism constitute the ideological framework or the theory, and the experiences we gain by teaching these principles to the masses constitutes our ideology (the practice). We teach in various ways: community programs, lectures, newspapers, etc. When we take our ideological framework to the people, we bridge the gap between theory and practice. A political organization that does not bridge that gap becomes static and fails, whereas, those that do, continually succeed in their struggle for freedom and liberation. In order for our struggle to move in the direction we desire, we must clearly understand the classical principles of revolutionary Pan-Africanism. These principles are many and varied, but we shall deal with only those that apply to us and our particular situation: capitalism — We do not agree that by destroying capitalism, you automatically destroy racism. Revolutionary socialist Cuba has taught us that. Cuba has been trying to rid itself of the situation where lighter skinned Cubans have been pressing for preferential treatment from the government so that they can control the Cuban society. The lessons gained from the movements of African people the world over have taught us we must fight against both capitalism and racism. Capitalism was not designed for the majority of people; it serves as a vehicle by which the rich get richer at the expense of the poor and colonized people of the world. Racism operates this exploitation on color lines. 4. Land is the basis of independence — We don’t mean that as soon as you get a deed to a piece of soil you become independent. To be independent, you must control the land. The schools in your neighborhood are part of the land; the stores are part; the houses, factories, power plants, are all part of the land. We must control these! Until we control these, we are only tenants on somebody else’s land. We understand that with this land, it is our duty to create a nation. We use the land to produce the things that are necessary for our survival and growth. A nation is a group of people who control a certain land, who have the same interests and background and are moving toward the same goals, using a unified, organized plan. The African nation is composed of black people who are working for all-African unity founded on the principles of socialism. It is. our duty to apply these Pan-African principles and carry them to their furthest point — implementation. Another legacy left to us is ro 1. We are African people — Just because we bring forth new revolutionary Pan-Africanist were ripped away from Africa does not change principles, derived from our constant our origin. Does kidnapping a person change his participation. Let us always remember the words of Frantz Fanon: identity? We came from Africa, so we are “It is a question of the Third World starting Africans! Our future is bounded up with Africa. a new history of man, a history which will have England, France, the U.S. make divisions between regard to the sometimes prodigious theses which us such as Negroes, Colored, African, etc. because Europe has put forward, but which also does not it is to their advantage. But among Africans there forget Europe’s crimes, of which the most must be no division. We are African - period. horrible was committed in the heart of man, and consisted of the pathological tearing apart of his 2. We must be revolutionary internationalists functions and the crumbling away of his unity. — We understand that our struggle is part of the And in framework of the collectivity, there were entire world struggle of African people. We say the differentiations, the stratification, and the especially the struggle of African people because blood-thirsty tensions fed by classes; and finally, we are Pan-Africanists. We realize that we must on the immense scale of humanity, there were first organize and unify all Africans because this is racial hatreds, slavery, exploitation, and above all the most natural and efficient path to freedom. the bloodless genocide which consisted in the We are a nation. We can identify Africans setting aside of fifteen thousand millions of men. physically, on the basis of color. We know that all So, comrades, let us not pay tribute to Europe by Africans have been assaulted by the exploitation creating states, institutions, and societies with their inspiration from her. Humanity is waiting and racism put out by European and U.S. controllers. That is one common bond. It is in our for something from us other than such an interests to unite ourselves because we must imitation, which would be almost an obscene eliminate the oppression put down by the present caricature. If we wish to live up to our people’s controllers. So, we must first organize ourselves. expectations we must seek the response elsewhere than in Europe.” It would be unrealistic for black people to go out into Williamsville, Paris, France or Scotland to organize non-African people there. We must work with Africans in Buffalo, and the U.S., on the Unity: Phase One African continent, in the Carribean, South America, Europe, Australia and any other place Volume 2 Number 1 where Africans are now living. This does not mean that we are against the struggle of other people Deputy Min. of Information . Robert Fields for their own self-determination. We will work Editor-In-Chief.......................... Tony Thomas with and support all socialist movements that are Proof Reader .................... Yvonne Gransberry working towards the independence of their people News Analysis .......................... Nora Jackson and ending exploitation. But our energy will be Distribution Manager.................. James Nixon concentrated on organizing African people and Health ........................................ Robert Powell strengthening our own nation. Education.......................................... Carol Lee Labor.............................................. Leroy Jones Law ........................................... Roger Williams 3. Our fight must be against racism and Consumer Education ................ Linda Dubose African International Reporter .Van Ridgeway � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Student Union collection Subject The topic of the resource Student newspapers and periodicals College students, Black Minority college students Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Description An account of the resource The Black Student Union (BSU) at UB was founded in 1967 and recognized by the Student Association in 1968. In 1969, it counted 1,000 members. Twelve periodical publications have been issued by the BSU and are the primary record of the activities and history of the organization. Most of the material was issued on newsprint, and the material is now extremely fragile as a result of heavy use. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-2015 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use for educational purposes only. Single copies (print, photocopy, download) are permitted for personal study, research and teaching. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-UA005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Unity: Phase One Newsletter Volume 2, Number 1, July 9, 1971 Description An account of the resource This is Volume 2, Number 1 of the newsletter "Unity: Phase One." It was published by the Black Student Union of the University at Buffalo. This issue was published on July 9, 1971 and is eight pages long. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Subject The topic of the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) -- Periodicals State University of New York at Buffalo African American college students College student newspapers and periodicals Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-07-09 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-10 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Periodicals Newsletters Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG9-5-00-4_1a_1_1_008 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Black Student Union (RG 9/5/00-4) LIB-UA005 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Language A language of the resource en-US Extent The size or duration of the resource. 30.48 x 44.45 cm Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Black Student Union Newspapers https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/2f6ea82cb9f097b1629fc5b085915ab1.pdf 6ddc31d9f0269fe98dc32a90e842ab25 PDF Text Text Black Student Union SUNYAB Unity: Phase One Vol. No. 5/SUNYAB/FEB. 12, 1971 The Beginning of a New Year Free Breakfast-Med-Lib School Free Breakfest The Black Student Union Free Breakfast for School Children Program, under the leadership of the Central Committee of the B.S.U., will begin its second year February 1, 1971. During this year, the program will provide more services than feeding. One new service will be giving medical and dental check-ups to all the children who attend the Breakfast. The Student Black Health Association, a group of Black students in the health related areas, and at least three M.D.s will administer the examinations. The B.S.U. will also teach reading and mathematics skills to the young sisters and brothers. We will make this year a better year for our younger sisters and brothers, if we have the help of our older sisters and brothers. You know what the situation is. We have solutions. People willing to work call B.S.U. at 831-5346 or 5347 and ask for Joann Carledge or Charles Aughtry. Liberation School The school will operate all day Saturday. Tentative plans call for 10 A.M. to 4 P.M. with lunch at 12 noon. Black Student Union will provide the lunches. The school’s primary thrust will be in these two areas: physical and political. Will offer help to those students who need special help in certain Coup In Uganda Monday, January 25, a reactionary section of the Uganda National Army surrounded several government buildings and the living quarters of president Milton Obote, took over the radio station in the capital city Kampala, and claimed they were in control of the Ugandan government. The reactionary band of soldiers fought in the streets of Kampala and other cities against citizens and soldiers who are loyal to the peoples’ government. President Obote was not in Uganda at the time of the take-over. He was returning from Singapore, where the conference of all nations in the British Commonwealth had taken place January 18-23. At this conference, presidents Obote, Julius Nyerere (Tanzania) and Kenneth Kaunda (Zambia) stated that if Britain keeps selling arms to South Africa, each of their countries would withdraw from the commonwealth. British prime minister Heath told them that Britain had decided to go on selling arms to South Africa’s racist government although these arms are being used to kill off African people in Azania (South Africa), Namibia (South West Africa), Mozambique, and Angola. The decision to break with the commonwealth would greatly affect the areas, but only as a secondary thrust. The physical end of the program will teach both boys and girls basic self-defense. Hopefully the self-defense classes can be geared in with the program already started by World Fighting Arts of Westminister House. Arrangements are now in the process of being worked out. The political part will deal with the teaching of the history of the third world, the ideology of BSU and giving students a third world view. Pediatric Physical Diagnosis This is a program directed and designed by students in the health professions (under physician supervision) to benefit both the students and the community. The program will be given in conjunction with the BSU Breakfast program of U.B. All activities will center around the Westminister House on 426 Monroe Street, on Saturdays from 12:00-3:00 P.M. The Breakfast program feeds about 400 grade school children (age 4-13) before school every morning. The purpose of this course is to screen the children in the community for certain diseases and body functions. Health students participating in the program will include medical, dental, nursing, medical technology and other health related students. Procedure: 1. All parents will be given a brief course description and a permission slip to be signed. No child may participate who has not had his parent’s permission. businesses operated by Britishers in Uganda. President Obote’s recent moves toward Ugandanization of the economy is also a threat to foreign profit organizations. Under this plan, Uganda’s citizens would be trained to manage businesses and the profits gained from industries would be spent on developing Uganda and not taken away to England or some other country. Again, the timing of this takeover is something to check out. It is very possible that the disloyal troops were prompted and supported by the British government and other foreign governments. President Obote is now in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. He said he will return to Uganda and restore the government that the overwhelming majority of Ugandans voted into power. The leader of the disloyal troops, general Idi Amin, said he expects Tanzania’s army will attack his regime. Amin also said that Tanzanian soldiers will be carrying arms supplied by the Peoples Republic of China. Amin’s statement further reveals his collaboration with British and other nations. For the past three months, Britain, United States, Israel and France have been claiming that Chinese and Soviet influence in East Africa has grown to be a real danger to world security. These nations have been painting 2. As pupils come into the center a receptionist will take the age, name, address, permission slip and ask him or her to void in a cup for testing. 3. A medical or nursing student will take the vital signs: height, weight, temperature, pulse, respiration and blood pressure. 4. The dental students will then give a dental check-up. 5. With physician supervision the medical students will proceed with the physical examination. 6. Lab tests will be done on blood and urine by medical technology or medical students. These tests will include: Sickle Cell Prep, Glucose-G-Phosphate dehydrogenase, hematocrit and hemaglobin on blood, Glucose, protein on the urine, visual acuity and audiometric tests on eyes and ears. No drugs or medicines will be dispensed. 7. Records will be filed on all results. Any pupil requiring medical treatment or medication will be referred to the appropriate doctor, dentist or clinic, parents and school nurse will also be informed, and every effort will be made to make sure referrals are carried out. 8. An information sheet will be drawn up by medical students informing parents and community of diseases and health problems endogenous to this neighborhood. pictures of an “evil Red takeover” of Africa. Now, if any soldiers from within Uganda or from neighboring nations attempt to restore president Obote to his rightful place, Britain and the rest of her partners will claim that they have to step into the battle because the Chinese or the Russians are fighting against the people of Uganda. This kind of Red lie will also give the European nations a pretext for attacking Tanzania and Zambia, because the Europeans will say that Tanzania, Zambia, Russia and China are fighting against the Ugandan people. But in reality, the reactionary forces that now hold Kampala are a distinct minority of the Ugandan population. The majority of the Ugandan population will be the ones who will fight to restore president Miltion Obote. And when the fighting breaks loose, as it is now doing, Idi Amin will say that the forces came from outside of Uganda. Then he will invite NATO troops (U.S., Britian, France) into Uganda so they can suppress the majority — those in favor of Milton Obote. NATO troops will see to it that British commercial interests are protected in Uganda. They will see to it that no changes in the economy will come about to benefit the Ugandan people. British-NATO troops will make sure president Obote’s Ugandanization program comes to an end by destroying the people and the land in the same way that the United States has destroyed the people and land of Vietnam and Cambodia. �Black Dance Work Shop Our proposal is financially divided into two parts, university and community. We were funded for the university related part of our proposal which supports our classes and two concerts, but we were not funded for the community related part of our proposal which involves a pilot program to expose black children to movement. We submit the proposal for our pilot program. Objectives 1. To be a resident company. 2. To develop and expose children to black movement with local and outside what previously would have made for campus unrest. So far, reaction to 3. To institutionalize the relationship between black movement and black music by utilizing rock and roll, jazz, and gospel music. 4. To create a School of Movement that will destroy the stigma of white connotations of dance, that will allow black students to create and define their own mode of movement with the purpose of establishing some sort of repertoire and junior company. 5. To establish some sort of formal media and model for black dance in Buffalo. Past Performances 1. The group performed April of 1969 during SUNYAB’s Black Arts Festival. 2. May 19th, 1969, the Black Dance Workshop presented the concert, “A Tribute to Malcolm X.” 3. During the week of the SUNYAB Black Arts Festival, (April 7-14, 1969) the group performed in the community at Woodlawn Home Aides Objective 1. To show student/workers and people in the community working together means a better life. 2. Help community and student/worker to get a better idea of what a Black student/workers’ relationship is to his people and community and their relationship to him. Jr. High School, John F. Kennedy Recreational Center. Friendship House. Lackawanna. N.Y., Hutchinson Tech. High School. 4. February 28. March 1. 1970 we performed in Baird Hall on the SUNYAB campus. 5. May 2. 1970 the Black Dance Workshop performed with the New Black Theater Ensemble at Woodlawn Jr. High School. 6. June 28. 1 970 the Workshop performed at Canisius College. The absence of dance in Buffalo has not been because of lack of interest but because of lack of exposure and money. The need for dance in Buffalo has been demonstrated through various cultural centers throughout the city. The shortage of dance instructors and the lack of money has put a damper on dance activities in Buffalo but the children have managed to grasp the traditional African dances and chants and they’re begging for more. Unfortunately cultural centers (because of lack of money) phase in and out and the children return to the streets. We hope to establish a permanent dance center for our black youth with permanent and interested sponsors. Members of the Black Dance Workshop teach at various centers, volunteer and paid but the programs rarely last long enough for the students to learn any more than basic exercises and chants and then it’s time to move on again. The A.P.S. Cultural Center (Anderson, Pappas, Scott) has allocated a room for us in their building in the community and we hope that this could be the start of a permanent 2. It is also a place to teach people certain skills: A. Typesetting on IBM electric-composers, headliners B. Use of offset printing press C. Use of silk screen for posters D. Use of audio-visual equipment (types, 16mm projectors, etc.) E. Use of dark rooms (still pictures, moving pictures) F. Use of different types of cameras still and moving. It should be understood that these skills will be taught in such a way that only by working with the organization and with the community will you be taught these skills. Ways This Will Be Done 1. Helping in the buying of food and consumer education e.g. buying collectively. 2. Informing people of places where they can go to get help for their different problems, e.g. food stamps, welfare, (C) Will arrange for films, talks, panels, tapes, videos to be run in the neighborhood. medicaid, legal advice, meat co-op. 3. Helping around the house when (D) Center will be open 24 hours daily. parents are sick e.g. picking up weekly foods, The free Breakfast Program for Children getting children fed and ready for school. is scheduled to begin February 1st 1971, at the Westminster Community Center, 421 Communications Center Monroe Street. Your help is greatly needed to: A. The purpose of this center is to gather Cook information and disseminate information to Serve the community. Supervise in the halls and at the tables 1. Information on Rent laws. Health Drive students codes, Abortion clinics, Bail Bondsmen, jobs Car pools will be arranged to take and other services will be made available students down to the center at 6:30 A.M. through the use of: and bring them back. 1. Unity Phase one If you have any questions, please B. Posters contact: C. Slingers Joann Cartledge or D. Pamphlets Charles Aughtry at the E. Journals Black Student Union F. Telephones and personnel contact with Telephone: 831-5346, 7 those manning the center. dance workshop for our black youth. The pilot program will run for ten weeks, from Jan. 4. 1971 to March 14th. The school will audition and accept twenty-five students initially. High schools, elementary schools, churches and cultural centers will be contacted and we will set up days to sign up interested students. Classes will be held on Tues., Thurs., and Sat. Classes will be divided into beginning and intermediate to differentiate between ages, not experience or training, since our assumption is that students will have little or no training. Each class will consist of technique and learning of dances. The emphasis being on natural black movements to popular black music with which the students can relate to. Students will be encouraged to develop their movement by creating a series of movements and bringing in new music which makes them respond physically. The schedule tentatively looks like this: Tues. Thurs. ages (7-11) 4-5:30 4-5:30 ages (12-17) 6-7:30 6-7:30 African Modern Sat. 12-1:30 11:30-3 Ballet The students will also be involved directly with the Spring production of the Black Dance Workshop. Hopefully some will actually dance. Central Committee Raymond Curtis................................................. Chairman Robert Williams .......................................... Co-Chairman Gerald Luke ............................................... Co-Chairman Percy Lambert ............................ Minister of Education Horace Flower ................. Minister of School Affairs Joann Cartledge. .Minister of Community Affairs Linda Lambert. Minister of Community Affairs Rita Thompson. Minister of High School Affairs Warren Hunter ........................ Minister. of Information Charles Aughtry .............Minister of Cultural Affairs Dewayne Baker..................... EPIS Student Association Tom Merriweather ......................... Minister of Finance It should be understood that all policy that the BSU follows is done by collective decisions of the Central Committee and no one or two people run the organization. All Central Committee meetings are open to the people (every Thursday at 1 P.M. Norton Hall Rm. 332). It should also be understood that any time someone has a problem that the officers will be more than willing to help a brother or sister in trouble. “We do not know any greater satisfaction than honest and efficient service rendered to the people in the best interest of all the people." Constitutional President of Ghana Kwame Nkrumah “Prosperity Through Cooperative Life" BSU Central Committee Unity Phase One Editor In Chief ......................... T. H.Thomas Managing Editor ........ Fred L.R. Nickens Business Editor.................................. Vacant Copy ............................................Carole Welsh Asst. Copy....................................Gail Wells Campis..................................................... Vacant Promotion ................................... King Lenoir Circulation .........................................Vacant Research ............................................... Vacant Black Community.............. William Peters Health................................... William Peters Consumer Education ...................... Vacant �The Ideology Of The Black Student Union Part 1 �The Ideology of The Black Student Union Part 1 SUNY Buffalo There has been a lot of discussion among members of the Black Student Union as to precisely what is the ideology of our young organization. The leadership has said the ideology is Pan-Africanism, but has never defined Pan-Africanism and laid the necessary ideological foundation for concrete and positive action in that direction. We understand very clearly that there prerequisites have to be met in order for our struggle to proceed on the correct path to liberation for ourselves and other oppressed people. A firm ideological foundation provides us with power to stand firm against attacks from the oppressor, and puts us in a position to deal with ideological revisionists and dogmatists. It serves as our most important weapon in our struggle to eliminate the evils of liberalism and organizational hangups within our ranks, as well as the ranks of people. Our ideological foundation provides the masses with a guide to judge us as we move among them with implementation of our programs. When we say our ideology is Pan-Africanism, we mean that the ideology of B.S.U. is the understanding of the historical experiences of African people the world over and the wisdom gained by African people in their struggle against colonialism, racism, and imperialism, defined through the ideological framework of Pan-Africanism as they have never truly dealt with the struggle of African people in the United States. Although their principles aply, it is our duty to carry these principles further by our political work among the masses. Only when we bridge the gap between theory and practice, do we sec any type of an ideology formed. This bridge gives further meaning to our political definitions and to our political work. Historically, through our involvement, we have found that organizations cannot give us a political ideology. They can only give us an ideological framework in which to define our experiences, as we move about implementing programs and doing the necessary political work. The classical principles of Pan-Africanism constitute the ideological framework or the theory, and the experiences we gain by teaching these principles to the masses constitutes our ideology (the practice). We teach in various ways: community programs, lectures, newspapers, etc. When we take our ideological framework to the people, we bridge the gap between theory and practice. A political organization that does not bridge that gap becomes static and fails, whereas, those that do, continually succeed in their struggle for freedom and liberation. In order for our struggle to move in the direction we desire, we must clearly working towards the independence of their people and ending exploitation. But our energy will be concentrated on organizing African people and strengthening our own nation. 3. Our fight must be against racism and — We do not agree that by destroying capitalism, you automatically destroy racism. Revolutionary socialist Cuba has taught us that. Cuba has been trying to rid itself of the situation where lighter skinned Cubans have been pressing for preferential treatment from the government so that they can control the Cuban society. The lessons gained from the movements of African people the world over have taught us we must fight against both capitalism and racism. Capitalism was not designed for the majority of people; it serves as a vehicle by which the rich get richer at the expense of the poor and colonized people of the world. Racism operates this exploitation on color lines. capitalism 4. Land is the basis of independence - We don’t mean that as soon as you get a deed to a piece of soil you become independent. To be independent, you must control the land. The schools in your neighborhood are part of the land; the stores are part; the houses, factories, power plants, are all part of the land. We must control these! Until we control these, we are only tenants on �However, we must place heavy emphasis on the last part of that definition, “as defined by the B.S.U. Central Committee.” The world of Pan-Africanism has become a large jungle of opinion in which conflicting interpretations from revisionism to dogmatism have been allowed to give off reactionary and blind philosophies, as revolutionism has been defined from the need of all African people to return to the motherland and liberate it, to the idea of setting up an independent African nation within the americas. Such an ideological inconsistency presents serious problems to a young organization, such as ours, in its attempts to move in our struggle for liberation and unification of Black people. When we say we are Pan-Africanists, we mean we understand the classical principles of Pan-Africanism and that we have adopted these principles to our own situation. Although we do not move with closed minds to new ideas and new information, we realize, to be free from ideological flunkeyism, we must use our own brains in solving problems of an ideological nature. We understand, very clearly, the revolutionary principle of self-reliance, and how we must relate to it if we are to survive. It must be us who lay the necessary ideological foundation that is intuned to an ever changing political situation. Ideology is a body of doctrine, myth, symbols, etc., of a social movement, institution, class, or large group. Such a body of doctrine, myth, etc., has reference to a political and cultural plan, with the necessary means for putting it into action. The correct ideology is an invincible weapon against the oppressor in our struggle for liberation. Pan-Africanist philosophers around the world have taught us the correct classical principles in our ideological struggle, but revolutionary Pan-Africanism. These principles are many and varied, but we shall deal with only those that apply to us and our particular situation: 1. We are African people — Just because we were ripped away from Africa does not change our origin. Does kidnapping a person change his identity?We came from Africa, so we are Africans! Our future is bounded up with Africa. England, France, the U.S. make divisions between us such as Negroes, Colored, African, etc. because it is to their advantage. But among Africans there must be no division. We are Africans — period. 2. We must be revolutionary internationalists — We understand that our struggle is part of the entire world struggle, especially the struggle of African people. We say especially the struggle of African people because we are Pan-Africanists. We realize that we must first organize and unify all Africans because this is the most natural and efficient path to freedom. We are a nation. We can identify Africans physically, on the basis of color. We know that all Africans have been assaulted by the exploitation and racism put out by European and U.S. controllers. That is one common bond. It is in our interests to unite ourselves because we must eliminate the oppression put down by the present controllers. So, we must first organize ourselves. It would be unrealistic for black people to go out into Williamsville, Paris, France or Scotland to reorganize non-African people there. We must work with Africans in Buffalo, and the U.S., on the African continent, in the Carribean, South America, Europe, Australia and any other place where Africans are now living. This does not mean that we arc against the struggle of other people for their own self-determination. We will work with and support all socialist movements that are with this land, it is our duty to create a nation. We use the land to produce the things that are necessary for our survival and growth. A nation is a group of people who control a certain land, who have the same interests and background and are moving toward the same goals, using a unified, organized plan. The African nation is composed of black people who are working for all-African unity founded on the principles of socialism. It is our duty to apply these Pan-African principles and carry them to their furthest point — implementation. Another legacy left to us is to bring forth new revolutionary Pan-Africanist principles, derived from our constant participation. Let us always remember the words of Frantz Fanon: “It is a question of the Third World starting a new history of man, a history which will have regard to the sometimes prodigious theses which Europe has put forward, but which also does not forget Europe’s crimes, of which the most horrible was committed in the heart of man, and consisted of the pathological tearing apart of his functions and the crumbling away of his unity. And in framework of the collectivity, there were the differentiations, the stratification, and the blood-thirsty tensions fed by classes; and finally, on the immense scale of humanity, there were facial hatreds, slavery, exploitation, and above all the bloodless genocide which consisted in the setting aside of fifteen thousand millions of men. So, comrades, let us not pay tribute to Europe by creating states, institutions, and societies with their inspiration from her. Humanity is waiting for something from us other than such an imitation, which would be almost an obscene caricature. If we wish to live up to our people’s expectations we must seek the response elsewhere than in Europe.” �Area Of Africa And Its Island: c. 12,000,000 sq. miles Population: c. 500 million �Prosperity Of The Group It should be understood by Black students, faculty, staff, and community people that the success of any BSU programs depends upon the participation of the people that it is trying to help. The majority of the programs are about self-help. Self-help in terms of supplying different services to ourselves that the system doesn’t supply for us. There are certain jobs that we all can do as Black students because we have more time than most of our people. Therefore, we can do a lot of foot work for the rest of the group. People of a profession are the faculty and staff of the group. Community people are also the professors, technicians, and revolutionaries who have forced certain changes in the system. The question that arises is how do you utilize all of these different job skills we have that will be most beneficial to the group. Basically, we* feel that the problem is not enough people think in terms of us but instead they think in terms of self. We must begin to think in terms of what each member of the group has to offer and see them equally as important for the survival of the group. Of the five programs that we* are beginning, four of the five will require more student/workers than workers from the rest of the group. Some examples are: Breakfast program, basketball, medical aid, dance class workshop. There are many more things we can do, and the work will probably require more work from other members of the group. It is clear, however, that even with our jobs defiend as Black student/worker, faculty and staff/worker, community/worker that some do not have as much time as others. There are certain problems at this particular time that we all have that require a lot of our time and resources, if we think in terms of us instead of self and there is group action, more time and resources will be to all. At this time, though, everyone should be able to give at least 12 hours out of 168 hour week for the group. How do you give time to help the group? We will use the meat co-op as an example: 1. Student/workers inform community of meat co-op. — going into homes telling people why they should buy as a group, if living at home, you can get your parents to join co-op. If living by yourself, you can join co-op. 2. Faculty and staff/workers — joining co=op and also informing others about co-op. Setting up the legal end of co-op, bookkeeping for co-op and projecting interests of group. 3. Community/worker — joining and telling others about co-op butchering of meat, helping in wiring and plumbing, and anything else that might be necessary in setting up butchershop. Other ways of helping the group is by: 1. any information you see or hear on anything that might help or hurt the group, inform the information center which is at present: Black Student Union Norton Hall SUNY at Buffalo Buffalo, New York 14214 phone: 831-5346 or 831-5347 2. join co-ops that are started (meat co-op at this time) (clothing, housing, medical clinics, food, schools in the future) 3. come to dances or clubs that will be set up to help raise money 4. partake in any fund raising projects that group starts 5. spend some time helping in programs and projects started by group. No one program or project is so simple that just one unit of the group can work by itself. All programs require the support of the other members of the group. The group is you!!? “Prosperity through co-operative life” Minister of Information Note: group — all Black people we — central committee of Black Student Union of Buffalo On Practice In view of the historical experience of Black people we must conclude that an ideology by itself is meaningless in terms of the overall struggle. Our ideology in its first stage is only the framework by which we view the world and our relationship to it. The first stage is very important, but we must never lose sight of the fact that it is only the beginning and not the ultimate goal. If we blindly allow ourselves to accept the first stage as our ultimate stage we become static and unproductive. In an effort to avoid this mistake we must understand and relate to the axiom of Dr. Kwame Khrumah, the constitutional President of Ghana; “practice without thought is blind; thought without practice is empty.” Practice must always be the ultimate stage of our struggle. A practical application of our ideological framework allows us to determine whether or not it is correct and it provides an opportunity for the masses to judge our methods. And in this respect our ideas may be fused with theirs. Our attempts to put the ideological framework into practice will provide us with the necessary vehicle by which to judge our friends and enemies. If our practice is correct, we find that a new type of unity will be developed, not based on the way people look and speak but based on their activities. Our ranks must be freed of those people who do not define action as supreme. The BSU defines practice as political work. Political work is the lifeblood of any serious political party. Our political work must be guided by four basic principles: unity between the Central Committee and the members, which means eradicating the egotism within our ranks. All of us must understand that we are a part of the whole and that the problems one faces must be the problems of us all. Only this unity will help us build a conscious discipline and enable us to share victory as well as defeat. The second principle is unity between the organization and the people which means maintaining a discipline that forbids the slightest violation of the peoples’ interest, constantly organizing and conducting propaganda among the masses, lifting their economic burdens and suppressing the traitors and collaborators that seek to harm the organization and the people. The end result of this will be that members of the BSU are welcome anywhere by the people, and a productive unity is forged between us. The third principle demands that all political work done for the masses must start from their needs and not from the desires of any individual, however well intent ioned. It often happens that objectively, the masses need a certain change, but subjectively, they are not yet conscious of the need, not yet willing or determined to make the change. In such cases we should wait patiently. We should not make the change until, through our ideological work, most of the masses have become conscious of the need and are willing to carry it out, otherwise we shall isolate ourselves from the masses. Unless they are conscious and willing, any kind of program which requires their participation will fail. The last principle is twofold: we must adhere to the actual needs of the masses, rather than what we believe they are, that is, the wishes of the masses must be self-determined. And we must never allow ourselves to be divorced from the masses. We must teach every one of our members to love the people, to listen attentively to the voice of the masses, to identify with the masses on all occasions, instead of standing above them, to immerse ourselves among them, and according to their present level awaken them or raise their political consciousness and help them gradually to organize themselves voluntarily. Within our organization, we hold as a basic belief that all political work must be a manifestation of the masses’ desires and needs. The only way we can understand this is by going to the masses and learning from them, synthesizing their experiences into better articulated principles and methods, and then by distributing propaganda within the community, calling upon them to put these principles and methods into use in order to solve their problems. In the final analysis, if our practice is poor and unproductive, then all our programs will be poor and unproductive. We must understand the principles of political work and apply them, also we must understand the ideology of the BSU and continue to translate the masses’ experiences, as well as our own, within that ideological framework. The masses are our strength and courage, our practice must reflect our belief in that maxim. “I do not know of any greater satisfaction greater than honest and efficient service rendered to the people in the best interests of all the people.” Minister of Education. �Awakening There is an awakening in our land. Black students are demanding instead of sitting in. We are beginning to realize the depth of persecution which our people have been inflicted with in the past and present. Today we are dramatically and openly striving to free ourselves from this. Ameer Alhark and Kawherun Alsakeel were arrested on the campus of the State University of New York at Buffalo. Ameer was taken to 10 Delaware and was booked and charged with dirst degree assault after tussling with campus guards. Channel 7 boldly televised police punching the brother while his face was to the wall. Ameer Alhark was charged with a number of offenses and held on a $2500 bail. He has six children and has been a student of Arabic and The Customs and Traditions of Our Ancestors for seven years. After refusing to speak nothing but Arabic for two months, two western orientated psychologists interviewed him and ruled that he is unfit to stand trial and recommended that he be sent to a mental institution. The courts plan to rule on the psychiatric judgment in a month or two or . . . Ameer has been incarcerated for nearly a half year. He has yet to stand trial, and the courts seem to be doing everything within their power to literally stall the proceedings. A reputable judge told one of Ameer’s relatives that the police had a case full of holes.” It is evident that Ameer is a Religious-political prisoner. I stress religious rather than political because he is not a practitioner of Marxism or some other the ithaca college afro-latin society thurs., feb. 11th presents 9 pm a black weekend dedicated to 3 - 5 pm* sister angela davis We, who have stood with Ameer and brothers like him call to the students of the University to rally to this cause. We ask the black organizations to take the initiative to investigate this case and recognize the importance of its depth and its scope in relation to black students all over this country. We will also be setting up tables in the front of Norton Union from Feb. 1-5 in order to solicit funds for Ameer’s bond. We also plan to hold a benefit concert at either Baird Hall or the Fillmore Room Feb. 18, 19 and 20 . . . presenting Al Bedwayn. For further information, or if anyone is willing to put up property for the Bond, please contact Accram Alhark — 886-2317. May Allah grant peace and power to the people. Abu Tarleyb afro-latin dance wor ksho p with darlene blackburn (sisters bring your leotards’) forum with angela’s sister & lawyer “it’s a black thing !’’ For students who feel they can’t afford student activities fees ($22.00) or intercollegiate athletics fees ($12.50), don’t necessarily have to pay either of these fees. Payment of these fees can be waived. Any student who feels he/she does not want to pay should come to the Office of Minority Student Affairs, Hayes Hall or the Black Student Union. 335 Norton, and pick up an application for fee waiver. There is no guarantee that the fee will be waived, however, the chances are better than if you let the whole thing slide. Unity: Phase One Gotta Have 2 accountants: will do all bookkeeping; record all expenditures for supplies, printing costs, purchasing machinery, and equipment, total all traveling costs for reporters and deliver weekly report on amount in budget. Cost Control Manager: will design ways by which UPO can save money without sacrificing efficiency or political objectives. Will find printing operations that will print UPO for less than previous printer, will organize typing pool hours and office workers timetables to produce the maximum efficiency from all workers in UPO. Photographers: will snap pictures of Buffalo and also gather shots taken by others that relate to the issue being covered. Will be assigned by editor to cover specific events. Reporters: will have regular assignment areas that each will concentrate on, so that a file (surplus) of historical and current coverage is built up. Will also handle specific assignments received from editor. Copy editors: will be brothers and sisters who are knowledgeable of BSU ideology and sensitive enough to edit material that is not in line with the directions of BSU. Copy editors/correctors will be capable grammar, spelling, punctuation correctionists. Typists: will be responsible for setting news-type on IBM selectric composer, typing out finished copy and typing office communications. Typists have to be confident and fast. The Black Studies Program 1 - 2:30* 2:30 - 3:30 3:30 - 5* 9 - 10:30 10:30 - 11 11 - until workshop/forums 1. the young lards 2. the 3rd world womens alliance 3. the black female poet & writer liberation social hour repeat of forums forum/shirley chisolm reception dance sat., feb. 13th february 11 - 13 1971 Important Information fri., feb. 12th the black woman especially dedicated to political ideology. The man professes a belief in ALLAHU, His angles, His Messenger (the Prophet Muhammed — salat wa salam — His Holy Books and The Last Days. He studies long and hard, and he speaks openly and boldly through the music of his speech and the message of his instruments. Some have said he is the best drummer in the East. Anyone who knows revolution realizes that almost every truly recognized revolutionary was submerged in strong religious convictions. Ameer is an advanced student who came up through the streets of Buffalo and who is approaching the day of graduation. He has been able to touch the hearts of many brothers and sisters including Charles Gayles and other musicians who consequently began to execute the free, devastating music of this age. 12 - 5 pm* 8 - until black family day concert: alice coltrane pharoah sanders barbara anteer & the nat’l black theatre darlene blackburn’s dance troupe guest of honor sister nina simone Is adding a new section to BSP 290 Topics in Black Studies Black Political Economy BSP 290C Tuesday 2:00 p.m.-5:00 P.M. Parker Engr. 112 The course is now open for registration. The registration no. is 099109 Afro-American Society Of Canisius College “A Week In Black Experience” Part 2 February 1-7, 1971 Friday, February 5 9:00 P.M. “Kool & the Gang” Price: $3.00 in advance: $3.50 at the door (Proof Of Age Required) Sunday, February 7 8:00 P.M. until? The “Afro-American Musical Heritage A multi-media involvement of the birth and development of Afro-American music. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Student Union collection Subject The topic of the resource Student newspapers and periodicals College students, Black Minority college students Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Description An account of the resource The Black Student Union (BSU) at UB was founded in 1967 and recognized by the Student Association in 1968. In 1969, it counted 1,000 members. Twelve periodical publications have been issued by the BSU and are the primary record of the activities and history of the organization. Most of the material was issued on newsprint, and the material is now extremely fragile as a result of heavy use. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-2015 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use for educational purposes only. Single copies (print, photocopy, download) are permitted for personal study, research and teaching. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-UA005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Unity: Phase One Newsletter Number 5, February 12, 1971 Description An account of the resource This is an unknown Volume number, Number 5 of the newsletter "Unity: Phase One." It was published by the Black Student Union of the University at Buffalo. This issue was published on February 12, 1971 and is eight pages long. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Subject The topic of the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) -- Periodicals State University of New York at Buffalo African American college students College student newspapers and periodicals Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-02-12 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-10 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Periodicals Newsletters Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG9-5-00-4_1a_1_1_007 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Black Student Union (RG 9/5/00-4) LIB-UA005 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Language A language of the resource en-US Extent The size or duration of the resource. 30.48 x 44.45 cm Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. 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Black Student Union Newspapers https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/9c25b4150a10ccb2200418fcd28c5605.pdf 73ded30dea87f6ca911d8d5ab570d304 PDF Text Text Unity: Phase One Black Student Union Vol.1, No.7 / SUNYAB / March 31, 1971 SUNYAB Liberation Movements Of Southern Africa (SOBU) Forward The struggle for the liberation of African people from the thorns of European aggression has taken the course of violent confrontation as the only viable road to independence. War is being waged in Azania and Namibia against white South African European settlers, in Zimbabwe against Ian Smith’s European settler regime; in Mozambique, Angola and Guinea-Bissau against Portugal. Many of the liberation movements have developed coordinated efforts to fight their respective oppressors. Some have begun to use liberated zones to begin laying foundations for new social and political structures, while others have found it possible to use only guerilla hit and run tactics in order to wear down the enemy. The liberation forces in Africa face two main problems, that of disunity and insufficient funds. Financial aid is received mostly from local African governments and the OAU. The limited finances of these parties force the liberation organizations to sometimes seek American and European aid. If the freedom fighters in Southern Africa are to continue to fight for our land and freedom, an effort must be made by African people around the world to alleviate their dependency on European funds, to increase the limited funds of the Organization for African Unity and to supply badly needed medical supplies. ANC and PAC both believe that the freedom of South Africans will only be won through armed struggle. They encourage their followers to operate from within South Africa whenever possible. is based inside Angola. It reportedly has active guerrilla activities going on in East and Southeast Angola. UNITA emphasizes a program of self reliance and political education of the masses. Angola Namibia A definitive evaluation of the liberation movements in Angola is virtually impossible because of the distortion of facts, lack of observers and competition for finance that is causing conflict between the organizations. The South West African People’s Organization (SWAPO) launched its first series of guerilla penetrations in August of 1966. At that time they were met by South African police and army troops. SWAPO employs hit and run techniques as In recent years, ANC has been gradually preparing the African population of Azania for guerilla warfare through political education and propaganda. The leadership of ANC has either been forced to leave the country or is detained in prison (i.e., Oliver Tambo and Nelson Mandela respectively). The other major revolutionary movement in South Africa is the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). Based in Congo-Kinshasa, PAC was formed in 1959 when its members rebelled against ANC because of alleged domination by non-Africans and close association with the Communist Party. Nineteen sixty-three marks the emergence of the Military group connected with PAC, Poqa (‘We Stand Alone’). PAC’s president, Mangalise Robert Sobukwe is presently under house arrest in South Africa. Not much is known about PAC’s present political and military activities. Mozambique FRELIMO (Mozambique Liberation Front) was formed in 1961 under the leadership of the late Eduardo Mondlane. Its army of 10-12,000 men and women, backed by the peoples’ militia, has liberated the northern fifth of Mozambique. In the liberated areas, FRELIMO assumes the responsibilities of an established government. An immediate threat to the Black people of Mozambique and Southern Africa is the South African and European financed Cabora Bassa Dam being built in Tete Province by the Portuguse. FRELIMO and ZAPU freedom fighters have vowed to prevent the completion of the dam. After the assassination of President Eduardo Mondlane on February 3, 1969, Samora Machel was chosen as the acting President of FRELIMO by its Central Committee. Also Active in the struggle in Mozambique is COREMO, the Mozambique Revolutionary Committee under the leadership of Paulo Jose Gumane. Its headquarters are in Lusaka, Zambia. Little other information about COREMO is known at the present time. Guinea-Bissau Azania There are two major revolutionary political organizations fighting for the liberation of Azania (South Africa). The African National Congress (ANC) is the oldest of the liberation movements in Southern Africa today. Formed in 1912, the organization traditionally advocated non-violence. Following the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960 a group of people in ANC formed a sabotage unit, Umkonto We Sizme (Spear of the Nation), eventually bringing the whole party to the realization that the struggle for independence would have to be violent. termination of the mandate held by South Africa in October of 1966. The Organization for African Unity has recognized GRAE as the representative of the Angolan revolution in terms of financial support. This has also been a divisional factor rather than one for the unification of efforts of all the liberation movements in Angola. The armed struggle for independence was started in March of 1961 by UPA (Angolan People’s Union). In March of 1962 a small democratic party, PDA (Democratic Party of Angola), joined with UPA to form the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA). Under the leadership of Holden Roberto, the Angolan Revolutionary Government in Exile (GRAE) was created by FNLA. GRAE’s headquarters are presently based in Congo (Kinshasa). GRAE is reported as fighting on three major fronts in the regions of the north central area, the northeast, and the eastern front. Another major liberation group in Angola is MPLA. MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola) is an urban-based mulatto led movement. MPLA is under the leadership of Agostinto Neto. The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) was formed in 1964 by Jonas Savimbe. UNITA opposed to establishing permanent bases in Namibia. The barren vastness of the land makes it necessary for this tactic to be used by the freedom fighters. Reports say that most of the fighting is being done in the area of the Caprivi Strip, and the Okavango area in the north west of Namibia. ANC freedom fighters have joined forces with SWAPO in recent years. Rewards of $1,400 have been offered by the colonialists for the capture of freedom fighters in Namibia. As a division tactic, posters of the reward are circulated in the towns and villages. The leaders of SWAPO have been imprisoned and exiled causing their effectiveness to be minimized. The headquarters of SWAPO is based in Tanzania, the operating base of many liberation units. The other major organization in Namibia is the South West African National Union (SWANU). With headquarters in Europe, SWANU is organizing and politicizing the people inside the country. SWANU’s national organizer is Nathaniel Mbwala. Evaluating the relationship between SWAPO and SWANU: their programs and objectives seem to be similar, although SWANU seems to be the least popular. Namibia has been under the control of the U.N. General Assembly since the The revolutionary struggle in Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese Guinea), under the leadership of Amilcar Cabral, began in 1956 with the formation of the African Independence Party of Guinea and the Cape Verde Islands (PAIGC). After seven years of military and political preparation in the Republic of Guinea, armed struggle was launched against the Portuguese in Guinea-Bissau by PAIGC in 1963 leading to the liberation and settlement of over two thirds of the country at the present. War is being waged on three major fronts — South, North, and East. The military and propaganda support Portugal receives from NATO is no longer sufficient. Portugal is without a doubt losing the war in Guinea-Bissau. PAIGC is the only liberation movement functioning in guinea-Bissau. Zimbabwe The Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (ZAPU) began the struggle for liberation in Rhodesia. Allied with ANC of Anzania their military and political strategy is similar. ZAPU’s Headquarters are in Lusaka, under the leadership of James Chikerema. Without having been tried ZAPU’s founder and President, Joshua Nkomo, has been detained for five years in a prison camp. The Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) is the most recent political party in Zimbabwe. It is reported that ZANU’s emphasis is on sabotage and organizing in urban areas. ZANU’s leader in exile is Herbert Chitejso. It’s founder Ndabadingi Sithole has been sentenced to six years hard labor for allegedly organizing a plot against Ian Smith. �Editorial The Congress and the Presidency and the whole political scene in Amerika can best be defined as a bigger, slicker and more powerful organization like the Mafia. The Amerikan government has such a good game going that they can keep smaller crooks like the Mafia on the run, mainly because they have what they make us believe is the general consent of the majority of the population. Now I think its about time we take a look at what the Amerikan government says is the democratically elected representatives of the majority of the people, who are acting in the best interest of the people. Since 1946, the Amerikan war department has been taking the working-man’s hard earned dollars for granted, that this money that belongs to them and only them and they dispense what they think is necessary to take care of the country. For example, the federal government spends a little more than 70 cents of every tax dollar on past, present and future wars. In other words the American people are being robbed for protection that has up to date not ever been needed. More money is spent on war and war projects than by all federal, state and local governments on health and hospitals, education, old-age and retirement benefits and social security, housing and community development and the support of agriculture. Out of every tax dollar there is about 11 cents left to build this country when the military finishes with its finances. What those dudes in the Pentagon have going is nothing more than a protection racket, and the (so-called) elected officials go along with it. Mainly because they have vested interests in the war game. These interests consist of having stock in companies that do war work, or in some cases are out right owners of some of these companies. Now you know something must be wrong if only 11 cents is left to run and build this country with. And something is doubly wrong when the men we pay to look after things for us don’t say a damm thing about it. At least the stupidness of the government has touched at least one of us almost everytime in every way, most usually bad. For some time we’ve had a notion that something in our whole political set-up is shakey, so maybe its time for a change. Every kind of political and religious figure in existence today and past, all were crooks. They couldn’t work hard at the same jobs 25-30 years or more for damm near nothing, with no recognition, but here comes some fast talking little punk who thinks he can run me away from happiness, liberty and the pursuit of things that are rightly ours. I say I’ll kick his ass first. By the same token if the government wants your new living room set for Nixon’s dogs America would explode overnight. But, if he takes more money from not only you but from what seems like everyone else then its O.K., because we’re two frightened because we think we’re in the minority of things. That’s understandable, because the government keeps us thinking that the rest of the nation is backing them. But think man, how many people do you know like yourself. (Probably nine out of ten people despise the government), then think how many people these people know who also despise the government. By now your mind has showed you things that were never visible before. Now you start to realize that if all these people throughout the country feel this way, Wow only if all these people got together we could change this corrupt system of thievery, and free the people. Thus, in some way making not only this country better but the world. People you do have the power and you don’t have to wait until election day to exercise it either. Demand a better life Now, because the way Washington is running this country and world, there may not be much time left. Just think our air is unbreathable and our water is almost undrinkable. Ecologists don’t give us long, only you can change it, cause as the saying goes If You Don’t Do It, It Won’t Get Done. Amen Unity: Phase One Frederick Nickens Managing Editor “Working A Suburban School Takes A Lot Out Of A Teacher transfer to an inner-city school and take a rest.” Black Miseducation No. 1 in a Series on American Education - Danger: May be Hazardous to your mind For many years the topic of education has stood question the authority or material handed you by to be the thorn in Black peoples’ back. It has been your teacher, you become subject to all sorts of used time and time again as the argument for why ridicule. Not only will you be ridiculed but, your Black people have not succeeded in white America. mother or father might have come to school, and if Whenever the question arises as to why we do not both your parents work and must take a morning or have the economic, social and political footholds in afternoon off to come and see your teacher, he loses America that we should, it is blamed on our lack of a pay. If he loses pay then you can expect the belt formal education. Not only is it believed that we when you get home that night. However, worse than lack the desire to learn, but it is widely circulated getting the beating and or punishment you are that we are not capable of learning, as well as our almost certain to receive, the teacher brands you a white counterparts. We realize that we don’t speak rebel — a pupil who is beyond discipline, the Black the same way the majority of whites do, but then sheep of the class and now you’re really in for it. who wants to. We also realize that we miss and cut Now anytime something goes wrong in the class the numerous classes, but then why not. If you had teacher looks at you. If her pen is missing, you took attended any of the poor quality ghetto schools, it. If there are scraps of paper on the floor, you put your enthusiasm for school would drop drastically them there. If there is a fight, you started it and if you’re not one of the kids fighting, then you must too! have instigated it. Now your parents are making In the Black community schools the teachers’ more frequent visits to class, with their frequent expectations of you learning is very dim, and his visits comes more punishment for you, more desire to teach you is even dimmer. He is no more harassment by the teacher and a drop in your concerned with you mastering algebra than he is attendance at school, and finally you drop out of with the amount of sand on a beach. However, he school. knows he must be in class daily to draw his salary, The problem of schools and Black people, and he does just that. From the first time you enter contrary to public opinion, are the schools. We that crusty old public school until you leave high school (if you can take the torture) you are in a realize that we don’t know everything and we do vicious cycle of indoctrination dubbed education. want to learn. However, with the school systems You learn that individuality is a crutch and being as they are, we don’t feel we can learn conformity a must. Instead of learning you begin to adequately in schools. We don’t want easy exams or memorize. Memorizing, more times than not, easy courses, but what we do want is a relevant material which you will never use and probably education. We are not concerned with nuclear forget during the course of the year. Yet, off to physics when we can’t control the animals on the police force in our community. school you go because the law says so. So, in keeping these ideas in mind for the next In the beginning, before you realize whether few weeks I will be discussing different topics related you are coming or going or before you pick up a pen to the education indoctrination process of the or a pencil, or eat your cookies and milk you are United States. Backed with facts and statistics (for taught the pledge of allegiance. Never once is this you statistics freaks). oath explained or wait until you can fully understand the words you’re uttering mean, you’ve Next Issue: already been indoctrinated. From this point on Reasons Why Black People Can’t you’re in a bag of blind truth. Accepting all this is Accept Public Schools And Why We Must Have Our Own drilled into you and rejecting none. If you dare to �Consumer Education It is obvious at this late date the importance of consumer education to Black People. This is not limited to people in a family situation, instead consumer education is vital to anyone who buys their own food, pays rent, or makes intelligent purchases. The purpose of this column will be to relay back to the People helpful information. It will cover such areas as; food buying, collective purchasing power, co-operative food and book buying, and numerous others. This issue concerns itself with “impulse shopping” Marketing experts know that 70 per cent of all retail sales are impulse sales. This means that 70 per cent of all purchases are made on the spur of the moment. Therefore, only 30 per cent of all sales are intelligently planned purchases. We want to make this point very clear, because we feel those statistics should be reversed. Here are some tips that will help make you a wise shopper: 3. Avoid in between trips to the store. Remember the store is geared to make you buy. The less time you spend at the store the less chance you will buy what you don’t need. 4. Shop by yourself if possible. Experts note that the food bill is always higher when a wife shops with the children or the husband or friend. 1. Have a shopping list and stick to it. Buy what you really need and avoid the impulse to buy “foodless foods” snacks that not only sharply sky rocket the food bill but that may also greatly raise the dental bill. 6. Avoid convenience foods. Eliminate most of the “con venience” foods for the cook-it-yourself foods. Even considering the time it takes, with the price, you still save not only pocket book wise but health wise. 2. Don’t shop on an empty stomach. Eat first then shop. You will be surprised how much that will save. Studies have shown that house wives who eat two hours or less before shopping, save regularly on their food bill. 5. Make good use of bargains. Food bargains are available, but don’t let the word “bargain” influence you to buy if you don’t really need the item. Who's Going to Washington? I want to discuss the value of the peace movement. The view will most definitely be based on the reaction of Blacks. Primarily how the black man has been unclear about the different procedures in the Peace Movements. There was a very unstable meeting in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The description of the caucus seemed to be nothing more than a Nation-Wide Regional party, discussing different views and proposals to end the war in Vietnam. The date which was selected (May, 1971) to me was a beautiful one. Likewise for all the longhaired radical folks. My opinion was based on the fact that the weather would automatically bring youth from all parts of the nation. Actually I had no damn business in Ann Arbor, on the fact that the weather would automatically bring youth from all As a matter of fact, I’m a young black amateur Photo-writer attending New York Institute for Photography in New York City. I work for Clergy and Laymen Concerned about Viet Nam. My main concern in the black movement is in all aspects, meaning politically, culturally, and the will to be black. This meeting in Ann Arbor, Michigan included a great deal of college students concerned about the termination of the Viet Nam war. But as I began to investigate there were not more than 10 Blacks in the two-day conference. At first student and representatives of Black organizations disappointed me. After I formulated an understanding what the meeting’s agenda was, it seemed to be a white house jam session for white radicals only. A more illustrated opinion would be a cold war game. My thoughts at this point, which I’ve made final, does not involve the Black man. As a spokesman for Black veterans, I strongly believe that the black man has always, on a 24-hour basis, been against the Viet Nam war and any other, for that matter. Therefore, this meeting would at no time benefit Black Folks. As expressions were rendered, I asked a question which I felt was important to me personally, and my community. “What are we going to do in Washington? Are we going to have a freak out, shoot dope, smoke grass, blow Washington up, or what?” The reason why my question was important at this point was that the Black wants to know what kind of involvement they will pursue. Many times in the past, Blacks have protested in Washington for every reason possible. We’ve gotten our heads beat in, and in some cases have been maimed by man-eating German Shepards, brutally injured by government troopers, etc., etc. I would like to state that considering the rate that this country has been geared mainly by capitalism and the existing system of bureaucracy, any black man with a sense of power and survival should consider his present state of income, job, and family before protesting with any movement such as the one that met in Ann Arbor. Calley Case Blood thirsty Lt. William L. ordered to do so by Captain Calley, Jr. is presently on trial for Ernest L. Medina. Capt. Medina, his life in Fort Benning, Ga. The who at the time was the company There is an important fact charges against him are the commander, is facing a pre-trial which I mentioned: the goal of pre-meditated murder of 104 hearing ori charges of the overall unarmed old men, women and responsibility for massacre. this operation. children at My Lai on March 16, The only thing Calley has going 1968. Calley, who gave the order for him is a jury of his peers. What Blacks are very sensitive about to kill the villagers, admits the I mean by that is six of the twelve massive movements with white shooting of four Vietnamese but jurors are “military officers.” It is folks. My final analysis of this insists that he acted as directed my guess that they will be meeting in Ann Arbor, Michigan and was merely following orders. prejudiced in favor of Calley. So, made the definite distinction of a Calley’s testimony was all they have to do until the trial total withdrawal from any peace ends, whenever that is, to movement, especially when contrary to the testimony of six convince the other members of former members of his platoon. Blacks hold such a percentage in the jury of Calley’s innocence. colleges, and this massive aspect is One former platoon member Yet, the thing that annoys me only generated by white folks. stated “the Lieutenant may have about this war (other than the The future will bring Blacks to the killed 140 poor Asian brothers”; senseless slaying of these people awareness of their own interests however, (the Lieutenant, they all and of the U.S. presence in Viet and movements for Civil Rights, stated that “he shot a large Nam, Cambodia and Laos) is why and the power to survive in this number of civilians”). only two officers have come to wrecked nation. It seems Calley’s main defense trial. "There are enumerable is, he did not want to kill the officers who should be brought up David McKenzie villagers of My Lai, but he was on charges. Along with Medina and Calley there should also be a few of those bums in the Pentagon. For I know that orders of this nature that took place in My Lai must have come from the top, and a group of those stuffed shirts should, if they don’t get policeman has the right to see your driver’s license capital punishment, do a Many questions have been asked in reference to and car registration. Show them to him if he stops minimum of 40 years in arrests stemming from traffic violations, and your car. However, they have valid grounds for a Levenworth or be turned over to subsequent search of the violator’s cars; such as, are search where there is evidence of a crime for which the Viet Cong. (I am sure the the police subject to limitations and restrictions the person is placed under arrest (such as a bottle of V.C.’s would have a little regarding searching of automobiles. Many people are whisky as evidence of drunk driving); where it is a something for them). curious to know whether a traffic infraction seizure of contraband visible to officers from outside Also, in case you didn’t know, constitutes a reasonable and valid excuse for a search the car; where there is a valid and voluntary consent Calley was ordered to step up his and under what circumstances do the police have the given by the person to be searched, or where it is body counts, and it seems that power to forego a search warrant. necessary for the protection & safety of the officers Calley took this to mean murdering as many Vietnamese & is pursuant to a valid arrest. The police do not have the right to search a car If you are stopped by the police, get out of the people as he possibly could. Not without your permission or search warrant, if the car car right away. Do not give him any reasons to to mention the killing of cattle is stopped for a mere traffic violation, such as a red believe you are about to run away, run him down, or and other animals for the use of light, speeding, etc. If you are driving a car, a harm him. these body counts. (UPO) Know the Law �Ponce Massacre Palante March 21, 1971 marks the anniversary of the Ponce Massacre. On this date the Young Lords Party will have demonstrations in the cities of Bridgeport, Philadelphia, Ponce, and New York. This is a day of great importance for our people, a significant date in the history of our long struggle towards national liberation. Many people ask themselves: how is it possible that the Young Lords, with roots in the u.s., a Party whose members for the most part grew up in the u.s., have a demonstration in Ponce? This question is directly related to the reason why the Lords exist in the first place. In fact, the real conditions of oppression and economic exploitation under u.s. domination make it impossible for our people to satisfy their basic needs of food, clothing, and adequate housing; and these conditions demand the existence of the Young Lords Party for the defense of our people. To develop this point, we must go briefly into our history, and then pass to the present to understand the road to the future. (Yoruba, our Minister of Information. shall cover our history in greater detail in a series of articles that begin with this edition of Palante). Our people have existed for 500 years. Boriken, the original name of our country, was originally the land of the Taino nation. For many years we have been taught that Columbus discovered Puerto Rico: but it’s impossible that someone discovered a people already in existence. Columbus did not discover Puerto Rico; he invaded a people already formed. Returning to Spain. Columbus reported his finding to the Queen of Spain. Years later, the Spaniards sailed to the islands of Cuba, La Hispaniola (Santa Domingo), and Boriken. with the only purpose of making these islands their possession, for they were rich in natural resources, gold and other minerals. The name of Boriken was changed to San Juan and then to Puerto Rico — a strategic port in relation to the rest of Latin America, and a “Rich Port” for the reason mentioned above, natural resources, including very fertile lands. The Spaniards enslaved the Taino Nation, forcing them to work in the gold mines. The Tainos rebelled, with good reason, and fought hard against the slavery imposed by the Spaniards. The Spaniards killed, violated many Taino women, jailed thousands and performed endless other atrocities, ‘til finally the population of 30,000 Tainos in 1493 was reduced to 2,000 in a few years. This is genocide. The survivors escaped to the mountains to avoid the cruelty of slavery. But the Spaniards continued their aggression against other oppressed people. Facing a shortage of workers to work on the mines, they went to the African Nations. Around that time in the 16th century, they started to import the Yoruba Nations of Africa to force them into slavery in Puerto Rico, Cuba, Santo Domingo and the rest of Latin America. Around the 17th century, there were four rebellions of our African brothers and sisters. They were defeated by the Spaniards, but not eliminated, for a great part of our people, including our culture, is Afro-Boricua. The Spaniards were criminals who exploited our lands and oppressed us. When we fought for our right to freedom, we got jailed or killed; laws were passed to make our life impossible, in short, what always happens when a nation is enslaved by another (colonialism). We fought hard against the Spaniards. The leader of the Lares uprising of 1868, Ramon Emeterio Betances, said: Boriquen Calls Upon Her Sons To Conquer Freedom! Talking about the Spanish institutions, Betances said: The popular vote is a lie justice a trick, the schools a farce, commerce a theft. Let us conquer together, brothers, in an independent republic, security for the individual, and the respect of our work. People of Puerto Rico, let us take up arms! The revolution, the Battle of Lares, was defeated by the Spaniards, but the seed of liberty was sown by the Taino Nation, and our struggle continued. In the year of 1897, the Spaniards were defeated by the u.s. in the Spanish-amerikkkan war, and in June 25, 1898, eighteen thousand amerikkkan troops landed in the city of Guanica with the pretense of a plan for progress and freedom for the Puerto Rican Nation. Lies: they brought a plan for the continued colonization of our people. As the amerikkkan general wilson said: Puerto Rico shall be first controlled by a military regime; then will come amerikkkan citizenship; and then it will be a state of the union, depending on the merits of this country. As we can see, the u.s. has carried out the first two parts of the plan: at this time 14% of our lands are occupied by military bases; in the year 1917. the second part was put in effect when the Jones Act imposed amerikkkan citizenship. And at this time, they are plotting with lombriz luis a. ferre (lombrices are vendepatrias like munoz marin). But our struggle continues as our colonization continues. During 1922, the Nationalist Party was formed under the direction of Don Pedro Albizu Campos. The Nationalist Party was rigorously organized to confront the most vicious enemy our people has had. As a result of oppression, our people suffered hunger, lack of clothing and inadequate housing. The amerikkkans started their efforts to destroy our culture and language. They tried to impose english in all the schools, etc. we did not allow it. The cry for freedom was heard in all four corners of our land. Towards 1936, the yankees arrested Don Pedro and the whole leadership, considering it a threat to their plans. The people responded, and there were demonstrations throughout the whole island. We went to Ponce March 21,1937. We celebrated the abolition of slavery, although we knew we were still slaves. What happened in Ponce that day was very consistent with the abusive habits of the yankees. The Nationalists had acquired a permit for the march, but the yankee governor winship and colonel riggs cancelled the permit. The Nationalists continued the march, which was to end with a mass in a nearby church. Then winship and riggs ordered the Ponce massacre. Twenty-two dead, including 2 girls - one 7 years old, another 11 - and 200 wounded were the results of the order carried out by the lombrices. The repression against our people was strong because the purpose was to end our struggle forever. More than 2,000 were arrested and sentenced to 400 years to prison. But that wasn’t all; their plan to destroy our people was even more criminal. Around the year 1940, they started their plan to divide our nation, promising a better life and progress in the u.s. Many of us were forced to come here, for our lands were to be used by the many amerikkkan factories and military installations. Hunger and need made us think that maybe things would change in the u.s. and that after a while we could return to the island. In search of that progress, we moved to the factories of San Juan, Ponce, New York, Chicago, Ohio, Mayaguez, etc. The owners of the factories are the same in Puerto Rico and in the u.s. In fact, the exploitation is also the same. Those of us who could not find employment were forced to live in the misery of welfare. They say progress — for whom? Our conditions get worse every day. For example, one of four Puerto Ricans under 25 years old, is a drug addict. Why? The amerikkkans. We live in slums like the ones in el Cano, la Perla, el Barrio, and Philadelphia. Sometimes the houses are wooden, others made of bricks — it is the same misery, poverty, need. It is the same enemy. If we are Afro-Boricuas, discrimination worsens by the day; if we are Jibaros, we have lost our lands and have to work picking tomatoes in Connecticut. If we are factory workers, .when we protest exploitation and want to organize, laws are passed to try to stop us. It’s all the same in San Juan, Ponce, New York, Mayaguez. Indeed, we are divided physically there’s a million and a half Puerto Ricans in the U.S. - 1/3 of our people, 2/3 in the island. But in spite of being divided physically, we are still one people like the Vietnamese. (who struggle against the same oppressor). The oppression forces us to make a revolution in Lares, to create the Nationalist Party, the Young Lords. As long as there is oppression, there will be a struggle against it. Our history shows that we have always struggled and will continue to do so until we regain our freedom. With this understanding, we know that the road to the future is to carry our struggle to a higher level. As a Nation, we have had two major revolutions, Lares and Jayuya. For various reasons, we were defeated. We must learn from the mistakes of the past so we do not repeat them. The future of our people depends upon our triumph, and to achieve it we must struggle wherever we are. Therefore, besides the demonstrations, the Young Lords Party feels a responsibility to open our sixth branch. This time in Ponce, Puerto Rico; the demonstration will be a beginning. In the next edition of Palante, we’ll explain in greater detail why we chose Ponce. On March 21, we’ll join our oppressed brothers and sisters (the Black, Asiatic, Latin American, and exploited North Americans), like a United Nation with the Young Lords, the Nationalist Party, workers, Afro-Boricuas, Jibaros, and lumpen (lumpen is the large part of our people whomoppression has forced into drug addicts, prostitutes and unemployed, because for them, there is no work). United, we’ll show to the enemies of Puerto Rico, Viet Nam, Cuba, Guinea-Bissau, Hawaii, Angola, that the peoples do not surrender. The duty of every Puerto Rican, no matter where he or she is, is to fight until we regain our freedom. Let’s go to New York. Philadelphia, Ponce, and Bridgeport on March 21. No More Yankee Domination!! Liberate Puerto Rico Now!! Gloria Gonzalez Marshal for the Island Young Lords Party Ponce Demonstration The Young Lords Party is calling for a demonstration on March 21, 1971 to be held in NYC, Philadelphia, Bridgeport, and Ponce, Puerto Rico. We are calling it on March 21st, along with the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico, in commemoration of the Ponce Massacre. After the demonstration, we will announce the opening of our first branch in Puerto Rico. Ponce Massacre On March 21, 1937, the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico held a peaceful demonstration protesting against the arrest and persecution of the Party’s leader, Don Pedro Albizu Campos. The day before, they were informed their permit was cancelled; it was no longer any good and since the demonstration was now illegal, it would have to be called off. After the Nationalist Party refused to call it off, colonel riggs (of the u.s.) and governor winship ordered their troops to open fire on the crowd. 22 people were killed and 200 were wounded. Ever since, Puerto Rican brothers and sisters come from all over the island to Ponce to have a march and rally - every March 21st. It has always been called by the Nationalist Party. This year it will be called by the Nationalist Party and the Young Lords Party. After the demonstration, the YLP is not going to pack up and come back to work only in the Puerto Rican communities in the u.s.a. We are going to stay. After March 21st, the YLP will have branches in the following cities - National Headquarters in NYC, El Barrio branch (East Harlen, NY), Bronx, Lower East Side, (Manhattan, NY), Philadelphia, Bridgeport, and Ponce, Puerto Rico. We are going to have Lords here on the mainland, and on the island, to make that link, that connection between our people in the u.s.a. and in Puerto Rico. This is because the Puerto Rican Nation is divided — 1/3 of us are here, and 2/3 of us in Puerto Rico. We have to fight wherever we are. Never before has a Puerto Rican revolutionary political party worked to make that connection between the mainland and the island. Because the Young Lords Party is doing this, we expected heavy repression, and it has begun. In the near future, the leadership of the Young Lords Party will have been busted on a jive conspiracy charge. We know this from the following things: 1) all Lord cases (in court) have been held up. Whenever Lords go to court, we are told to return 2 or 3 weeks later. 2) on January 10th, 1971, four Lords — Deputy Minister of Defense for the Island, two Field Lieutenants, and one Lord — were stopped in their car, and taken to the 25th precinct. A gun and drugs were planted in the car. All of their papers were confiscated. 3) from January 15-24, 1971, the homes of the entire Central Committee were ransacked repeatedly by the bureau of special services (boss) agents. Continued on Page 5 �Ponce Demonstration 4) assistant DA Kenneth Conboy volunteered to move on the conspiracy. Kenneth Conboy, known to us as “cowboy kenny” is not only a dirty DA, but he worked for boss, the red squad office. The police dept. specifically used for wire tapping. He has taken all Lords cases for himself. He was the one that ordered the ransacking of Lord’s homes. Conboy also has recently taken over the case of Carlos Feliciano, trying to link him with CAL, and MIRA and now the Young Lords. Although we know that the government is mobilizing to try to stop the uniting of our nation, we will go ahead as planned. After the March 21 demonstration, the March 21 Ponce branch of the Young Lords Party will be opened. Ponce is the city where Don Pedro Albizu Campos was born and is, therefore, one of the strongholds of the Nationalist Party. Ponce is the location of the Ponce Metal Company, the amerikkkan enterprise that robs our copper. There are also many chemical plants in Ponce; these make millions in profits and pollute our air. Also of great importance is that Ponce is far from San Juan, the part of our island most infested with yanquis and where they have the majority of the police force to protect their properties. This is important because we must take precautions with the police who are at this very moment trying to bust us in order to stop us from reaching the island. We know that when we arrive, they will be looking for any excuse to bust us. As things develop, we will let you know through Palante, and also through our radio show every other Monday night at 11 P.M. on WBAI, 99.7 FM. The Young Lords Party belongs to the people, to you. All our actions have been directed to serve our people. To keep ourselves strong, you have to let us know if we are doing well. Your complaints and criticisms are especially important in this time of Ofensiva Rompecadenas. Write to National Headquarters, 202 East 117 Street, El Barrio, U.S.A. Police Or Pigs? On January 6th, 7th, and 8th, Puerto Rican and Black Police in New York held a conference. From the invited speakers present, one can say that the theme of the conference was improving relations with .the progressive revolutionary elements of the Black and Puerto Rican communities. The speakers included: Pablo “Yoruba” Guzman, Minister of Information, Young Lords Party; Minister Farakon, National Minister, Black Muslims; Bill Kunstler, lawyer for the Chicago 8 and consultant in the New York Panther 21 trial. Black policeman Renault Robinson (2nd 1.) or So on the surface it appears ganized the Afro-American Policeman’s League that the conference was called to in Chicago to counteract police brutality against bring our struggle for justice and black citizens. He has since been suspended from liberation into the open arms of police force, devotes full tune to organization. the NYC police department. However, when you investigate you find out some interesting job or they honestly thought that revolutionaries are all about — details that make you think twice they would be serving the uniting all sections of the people about the whole thing. The Black community and its people. to move against oppression and and Puerto Rican police Policemen have feeling for the those who keep us this way. conference was funded by the city people and try to help. Pigs, on What can policemen do if they government. Why? Why would the the other hand, are racist are really want to help the people? city spend money to have continually harassing people Join the struggle. Decide whether revolutionaries run their program because of their superiority you are for the people or against for change down to the police? complex. The Minister of them. Either you are part of the The conference was held in the Information explained that the problem or part of the solution. luxurious, highly expensive, people are the ones who will Join the movement. Don’t quit Sheraton Park Hotel. Why? Blacks decide whether you are a the force. We don’t want you to and Puerto Ricans don’t live policemen or a pig. And the quit. On the contrary, we take the there; so why are Black and people decide by judging your position that it’s better for you to Puerto Rican police meeting practice. remain on the force. Not only there? Why was it that the city . We think that the police brass that, but advance in the force, government said they would only and the city wanted the become sergeants and captains. fund the conference if it included conference to take place so they And then work on fighting against both Black and Puerto Rican could (1) find out some of the the pigs in the police force. Help cops? How come the person who plans and direction of the political parties that serve the spoke most about the need for revolutionary movement and (2) people, by supplying information police to effectively relate to the measure the support for or calling us when a bust is Puerto Rican communities spoke revolutionary change among Third coming. Spanish with an irish accent? Why World cops. While the conference was going does the president of the Point 8 of the Young Lords patrolmen’s “Hispanic (whatever on, there were certain individuals Party 13 Point Platform and that means) Society” also speak in the audience that would Program says, “We oppose Spanish with an irish accent? It continually ask questions and capitalists and alliances with seems to us that this conference make comments that would split traitors.” Start serving the people. was set up and controlled by the Puerto Rican brothers from people who really do not have the Black brothers. The disunity roots in our communities. got to such a bad point, that Cops Serve The People, racism was starting to develop Pigs Oppress Them! In his speech, Yoruba made a between the two Third World All Power To The clear distinction between Nations. People! policemen and pigs. Policemen are When Yoruba was talking, he Gene Acosta those people who joined the force managed to unite the two groups Defense Captain El Barrio because they either needed the once again, but then that’s what Young Lords Party In order to succeed in establishing the branch in Ponce, we will need your help. Decide now where you stand: National Liberation or continued exploitation by the yanquis. If you believe in the right of Puerto Ricans to determine their own future, send us whatever you can: money, food, typewriters, paper, etc. We need everything in order to break off the chains of slavery. Unidos Venceremos! Ponce - March 21 New York - March 21 Philadelphia - March 21 Bridgeport - March 21 Que Viva Puerto Rico Libre! Information Ministry Young Lords Party For The Betterment of The People — "Together" “Together” is an organization for the betterment of the people, not just hip people or revolutionary oriented up-to-date individuals, but everyone who feels the need for help. At the present the focus is placed on the rejuvenation of the many young addicts on campus. educational research and service programs which were completely ignored by the President’s office. The main purpose of “Together” is to bring together the young addict so they can learn from each other on the “each one, teach one” basis. For the time being, Poder,in The man who acted on the Norton will use its room for some drug problem, is one Willie Rivera, of the beginning sessions. But an ex-addict who has been off and eventually, permanent space will on drugs for the last ten years. be needed for offices and Willie’s encounters with coordinating work, seminars and a organizations like the Reality room to rap in. A part of the house in New York, Synanon in dream is a farm — “Where we can California and the Masten Park teach the kids to ski.” Willie’s Rehabilitation in Buffalo has whole approach is giving the taught him to help other addicts addict - even potential addict, who are drowning in the evils of something to do. Getting off of drug addiction. Willie has definite heroin isn’t all of the problem. plans for his program and a Giving the ex-addict something to realization of the immediacy of fill up their excess time is one of the problem which is not always the main efforts. felt by bureaucracies. Willie is People involved in the working for the present needs of the addicts. An example of this is development of the program his efforts to guide people to include doctors, the Narcotics methodone programs to help Addiction Control Center, and the Narcotics Guidance Council of them “kick the habit.” Buffalo. Dr. Nathaniel Webster Willie doesn’t want to stay has been interested and helpful in limited to the campus community the establishment of this type of but to spread all over the area. multi-purpose center. Anthony “Together” has Dr. Lorenzetti Mario, of the NACE, has to coordinate and develop a drug personally contributed much time education program. Another and effort. interested doctor is Dr. Cedric This needed program cannot Smith, Professor and Chairman of survive without the help of the the Drugs in the Campus students and the Unity of the Community Committee for basic Black Students. Unity: Phase One Volume 1 Number 7 March 31, 1971 Editor-In-Chief................................................... T.H. Thomas Managing Editor ........................................ Fred L.R. Nichens Business Editor............................................................... Vacant Copy.......................................................... Carole Welsh Asst. Copy ................. Gail Wells Campus..................................................... Rod “Suki” Sayhes Promotion................................................................ King Lenoir Circulation............................................................. Bernard Pryor Research.......................................................................... Vacant Black Community......................................... Vacant Health............................................................................... Vacant Consumer Education.......................................... Nora Jackson Law Series............................................................ Bernard Pryor �Cuba-A Black Perspective stripped from the land. What the Beasts could not take, they killed. Among their “achievements” they did away with a considerable percentage of the cattle that provided the country with beef and milk. Now Fidel and his Countrymen are testing a new breed of cattle which will provide the country with both food and quality leather. There is not enough milk to go around for everyone, even though Cuba exports milk to North Viet Nam. Only expectant mothers, children, and those on special diets requiring milk receive it. 8. System Of Education In Cuba This is the preview of a series of articles involving the first liberated territory of the western hemisphere, Cuba, and the lessons United States Blacks can and must learn from that country. In the following weeks, there will be accounts on these subjects. 1. The Black CaucusWhere We Came From And How We Communicated North American Blacks with only the purpose of aiding in the fruit harvest in the beginning of the trek to Cuba, soon got their minds together enough to realize that that their animosity toward the desendants of Northern and Western Europe was not only morally justified, but politically justified as well. Mother Africa. A continually growing percentage of both Cuban and American Blacks are learning to bask in the beauty which is naturally their’s by birthright. 5. Women’s Liberation And Third World Women’s Liberation (As Pertaining To The Cuban Women) world over. If the American way is the right way, then why do those of European descent advocate (in many cases, not openly) the complete annihilation of those descended, whether directly or indirectly, from Africa, Asia, Spain, or the original Americas? Maybe it’s the “American Way.” After ten years of revolution in Cuba, tradition has kept both men and women from the brand of emancipation their ideology 7. Child Care And Medical Care In Cuba depicts. Standards set throughout more than five hundred years of oppression cannot be undone “instantaneously” in ten years of freedom; more time is necessary for the People to attain the brand of socialistic integration they now labor for. out of Cuba, leaving the remainder of its assasins in the American military base at Guantanamo, the Amerikkkan government saw to it that most of Cuba's natural resources were When the United States pulled Everyone has a place if he or she is capable and willing enough to aid and accept his or her place in the building of a better Cuba. Even sweeping floors and changing babies are revolutionary if and when done in the right spirit. 9. Cuba’s Position With Other Third World Nations - Existing And Embryonic 2. Pan-Africanism With a brief summary of an interview with Sumber Edoit Marcel, a member of the African delegation to the Isle of Pines (la Isla de Pinos), an island province off the coast of Cuba. 3. The Effects Of Racism And Capitalism On Cuban Blacks Approximately 15% of them prefer total separation. Another 5% desire the style of life they have often heard of from their friends and relations in the United States. 4. Influence Of Black American Progressives Before The Venceremos Brigade Many Black Cubans, without the proper knowledge, started to consider not only Cuban whites, but all European desendants, 6. Relations Between Cuban Parents And Their Children-How It May Affect U.S. Blacks Contrary to many popular notions that parents in socialist nations train their offspring in the whether friend or foe, as martial arts, children grow up oppressors who would sooner much in the same way as those in return them to slavery. On the capitalistic countries. There are other hand, many are now differences though, in that aside becoming aware of their African from growing up with a love for Heritage (particularly in the Black their parents and families, they Province of Orients) and, with the also develop a deep love for their aid of Northamericanos Negros, country; something which is (Black Americans), are finally almost missing in this country, taking Europe's beauty Concepts except in cases where the parents for what they are; psychological truly believe they are doing the imperialism and ignorant “right thing” by teaching their oppression over both men and children that the American way of women who are the children of life is the correct way for all the Budding Peoples’ republics such as Quebec (French-Can adian), Atzlan (Chicano), the Republic of New Africa (Black), and Puerto Rico (Puertorriqueno), are supported by Cuba as territories with the right to self-government. (preferably socialist) Existing Peoples’ states as Chile, Congo-Kinshasha, Mozambique, and Tanzania currently enjoy trade and cultural relations with Cuba. These countries also offer their moral support to any territory, willing and ready to make the sacrifices necessary to attain its freedom. 10 What U.S. Blacks Can And Must Learn From Cuba And Revolutionary African Nations Those Blacks in this country who believe that revolution is easy, or that freedom can be achieved simply by killing certain individuals who they see as hampering their cause should look at their own past as a beginning example that if something is worth having, it is also worth dying for. Many have given their lives in the bid for total freedom and self-government from the United States, and we’re still in bondage. Remember the emancipation proclamation? It didn’t free anything or anybody. We are still under the yoke of the colonists who invaded this land after Columbus blundered here and “discovered” the “New World.” Other nations, now free have looked at their situation through thinking and feeling eyes and soon knew they would continue to be in the hands of their oppressors until the People themselves fought long and hard for their independence. In some cases the struggle was crushed because the intelligence sources of the oppressors was too together. But in those cases where the People won, the oppressor was all but totally vanquished. We must remember that our enemies come not only in the pallid shades of pink and white, but also in misleading shades of Black, Brown, Red, and Yellow. This is not meant to say that we should trust no one, but to keep on our guard, at all times, for what other way can we defeat our enemy unless we know his tactics and his lack ies? �Announcements The Black Studies Program Presents Two Public Lectures U.S. $ $ $ Kill Black Nationalists In Africa American Friends of the Angolan Revolution (AFAR) urges you to boycott products from corporations which exploit natural resources and black people in Portuguese Angola. The list of exploiters includes the following: Gulf Oil Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. (Oil, other minerals) Mobil Overseas Oil Company, New York (Oil, oil storage) Texaco, New York (Oil prospecting, fuel distribution) Standard Oil Of California (Oil prospecting) Union Carbide (Oil prospecting) General Electric (Mining investments in cooperation with KRUPP empire of Germany) Offshore International, Houston, Texas (Oil prospecting) Universial Tobacco (Tobacco monopoly) General Tire And Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio (Tire factory) Diversa Corporation, Dallas, Texas (Diamond mines) Diamond Distributors Of New York (Diamond mines) Caterpillar Tractor, Peoria, Illinois (Distribution) Allias Chalmers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Distribution) American Home Products, New York (Distribution) Tenneco, Wilmington, Delaware & Houston, Texas (Sulphur, gypsum, anhydrite rights. Oil prospecting). Michael Dei-Anang: Distinguished African Scholar, Diplomat Historian and Poet, And Visiting Distinguished Professor to State University of New York will give two public lectures. Thursday, April 15th Time: tuesday, march 30 - 8:30 P.M. place: 231 “African Liberation And Independence Movements” Film In Town Admission Free Michael Dei-Anang is one of the most distinguished Africans joining an American University to work with students and faculty on problems related to post-colonial Africa. His qualifications are many and his credentials unusual. Colored Slides KX-135 - 36......................................................... 2.10 KX—135 - 20......................................................... 1.50 EX-135 - 20......................................................... 1.64 EX-126-20 ........................................................ 1.64 EH-135 - 20 (High Speed)............................. 1.92 KX-126-20 ......................................................... 1.50 Black And White Prints VP-127 ..................................................................... 44 VP-120 ..................................................................... 44 VP-620 ..................................................................... 44 VP—126—12 (Instamatic cartridge)...................... 51 TX-135 - 20 ............................................................ 64 TX-135 -36 ............................................................ 64 PX-135 - 36 ............................................................. 91 PX-135 -20 ............................................................ 64 PX-135 -36 ............................................................ 91 Polaroid Color Pack 108................................................ 4.05 Black And White 107 ...................................2.32 March 31,1971 — Wednesday 8:00 — 10:00 P.M. — Communication Center Room “N” All College Gospel Choir Review April 1, 1971 - Thursday His career as a civil servant spans the period from 1944 to 1960, years when his native country, once the Gold Coast now Ghana, moved from colonial status to independence and beyond. As Director of Recruitment and Training from 1953-57 he was instrumental in the creation of one of the finest corps of civil servants in all of Africa, gathering invaluable experience in the process on the administrative, training, and educational problems attending formation of new states. 4:00 P.M. — Communication Center Room “N” Workshop — Sister “Nikki Giovanni” 8:00 P.M. — Communication Center Room “N” Lecture and Reading — Nikki Giovanni “Black Womens’ Roles, Black Poetry” 9:00 P.M. — Communication Center Room “N” Student Play directed by Roosevelt Wardlaw “How Do You Do, The Real Nigger” April 2, 1971 — Friday He was also present at the creation of Ghana’s excellent foreign service, played a leading role in the establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and eventually advanced to represent Ghana, by then led by Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, at most major international conferences and on other special occasions. At that time he held the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. 7:00 — 9:00 P.M. — Union Social Hall Carol Welch’s Black Dance Workshop 9:00 P.M. until — Union Social Hall Charles Gayles Experience April 3, 1971 — Saturday Young Adults Day Colored Prints Movie FLM 8 MM.................................................1.92 CX—126 — 12......................................................... 1.00 CX-126-20 ........................................................ 1.39 CX-127 ..................................................................... 89 CX—135 — 20 ........................................................ 1.39 CX—135 — 36 ........................................................ 1.96 CX-120 ..................................................................... 89 CX-620 ..................................................................... 89 norton (Note: the next outriders reading at aliotta’s will be at 9:30 P.M. Tuesday, April 13th). Room 231, Norton Union 3:00 P.M. UB Bookstore Cheapest The open poetry reading at aliotta ’s on tuesday, march 30, is cancelled instead, outriders will present a festival ob third world’ poetry and song featuring new york poet felipe luciano, pedro pietri who recently won a cultural foundation fellowship our own man in puerto-rican studies' jose-angel figueroa plus a black folksinger from my (name to be announced). Perhaps most important, and most relevant to the work he intends to pursue while at the State University of New York, is his experience as Director of the African Affairs Secretariat, an office created by Dr. Nkrumah to implement his plans for the liberation of Africa and for the United Africa. In the later capacity Mr. Dei-Anang worked intimately with Dr. Nkrumah, met and worked with most if not all of the African Heads of State, and gained invaluable insight into the foreign policy problems of all of the new states on the continent. 10 A.M. - 5:00 P.M. - Union Social Hall Poetry Readings, Afro-American Dance Group, Lecture and Movie Lunch will be provided for the Young Adults 6:00 — 8:00 P.M. — Union Social Hall African & Afro-American Food 8:00 - 10:00 P.M. — Union Social Hall National Black Theater of New York City presents “The Ritual To Regain Our Strength And Reclaim Our Power” Not the least important among his qualifications as a distinguished visitor from Africa are his literary achievements. Mr. Dei-Anang has published several volumes of poetry and one work on the history of Ghana. He also has written several plays. Party will continue until 2:00 P.M. with band All Events Are Free Support Bell Unless Otherwise Specified Bob Bell Will Be Running For Vice President of IRC. Support Him With Your Vote! All Are Welcome All Power To The People Black Liberation Front �Ideology Of The BSU Part 1 There has been a lot of discussion among members of the Black Student Union as to precisely what is the ideology of our young organization. The leadership has said the ideology is Pan-Africanism, but has never defined Pan-Africanism and laid the necessary ideological foundation for concrete and positive action in that direction. We understand very clearly that there are prerequisites which have to be met in order for our struggle to proceed on the correct path to liberation for ourselves and other oppressed people. A firm ideological foundation provides us with power to stand firm against attacks from the oppressor, and puts us in a position to deal with ideological revisionists and dogmatists. It serves as our most important weapon in our struggle to eliminate the evils of liberalism and organizational hangups within our ranks, as well as the ranks of people. Our ideological foundation provides the masses with a guide to judge us as we move among them with implementation of our programs. When we say our ideology is Pan-Africanism, we mean that the ideology of B.S.U. is the understanding of the historical experiences of African people the world over and the wisdom gained by African people in their struggle against colonialism, racism, and imperialism, defined through the ideological framework of Pan-Africanism as defined by the B.S.U. Central Committee. However, we must place heavy emphasis on the last part of that definition, “as defined by the B.S.U. Central Committee.” The world of Pan-Africanism has become a large jungle of opinion in which conflicting interpretations from revisionism to dogmatism have been allowed to give off reactionary and blind philosophies, as revolutionism has been defined from the need of all African people to return to the motherland and liberate it, to the idea of setting up an independent African nation within the americas. Such an ideological inconsistency presents serious problems to a young organization, such as ours, in its attempts to move in our struggle for liberation and unification of Black people. When we say we are Pan-Africanists, we mean we understand the classical principles of Pan-Africanism and that we have adopted these principles to our own situation. Although we do not move with closed minds to new ideas and new information, we realize, to be free from ideological flunkeyism, we must use our own brains in solving problems of an ideological nature. We understand, very clearly, the revolutionary principle of self-reliance, and how we must relate to it if we are to survive. It must be us who lay the necessary ideological foundation that is intuned to an ever changing political situation. Ideology is a body of doctrine, myth, symbols, etc., of a social movement, institution, class, or large group. Such a body of doctrine, myth, etc., has reference to a political and cultural plan, with the necessary means for putting it into action. The correct ideology is an invincible weapon against the oppressor in our struggle for liberation. Pan-Africanist philosophers around the world have taught us the correct classical principles in our ideological struggle, but they have never truly dealt with the struggle of African people in the United States. Although their principles apply, it is our duty to carry these principles further by our political work among the masses. Only when we bridge the gap between theory and practice, do we see any type of an ideology formed. This bridge gives further meaning to our political definitions and to our political work. Historically, through our involvement, we have found that organizations cannot give us a political ideology. They can only give us an ideological framework in which to define our experiences, as we move about implementing programs and doing the necessary political work. The classical principles of Pan-Africanism constitute the ideological framework or the theory, and the experiences we gain by teaching these principles to the masses constitutes our ideology (the practice). We teach in various ways: community programs, lectures, newspapers, etc. When we take our ideological framework to the people, we bridge the gap between theory and practice. A political organization that does not bridge that gap becomes static and fails, whereas, those that do, continually succeed in their struggle for freedom and liberation. In order for our struggle to move in the direction we desire, we must clearly understand the classical principles of revolutionary Pan-Africanism. These principles are many and varied, but we shall deal with only those that apply to us and our particular situation: 1. We are African people — Just because we were ripped away from Africa does not change our origin. Does kidnapping a person change his identity? We came from Africa, so we are Africans! Our future is bounded up with Africa. England, France, the U.S. make divisions between us such as Negroes, Colored, African, etc. because it is to their advantage. But among Africans there must be no division. We are African — period. 2. We must be revolutionary internationalists — We understand that our struggle is part of the entire world struggle of African people. We say especially the struggle of African people because we are Pan-Africanists. We realize that we must first organize and unify all Africans because this is the most natural and efficient path to freedom. We are a nation. We can identify Africans physically, on the basis of color. We know that all Africans have been assaulted by the exploitation and racism put out by European and U.S. controllers. That is one common bond. It is in our interests to unite ourselves because we must eliminate the oppression put down by the present controllers. So, we must first organize ourselves. It would be unrealistic for black people to go out into Williamsville, Paris, France or Scotland to organize non-African people there. We must work with Africans in Buffalo, and the U.S., on the African continent, in the Carribean, South America, Europe, Australia and any other place where Africans are now living. This does not mean that we are against the struggle of other people for their own self-determination. We will work with and support all socialist movements that are working towards the independence of their people and ending exploitation. But our energy will be concentrated on organizing African people and strengthening our own nation. 3. Our fight must be against racism and capitalism — We do not agree that by destroying capitalism, you automatically destroy racism. Revolutionary socialist Cuba has taught us that. Cuba has been trying to rid itself of the situation where lighter skinned Cubans have been pressing for preferential treatment from the government so that they can control the Cuban society. The lessons gained from the movements of African people the world over have taught us we must fight against both capitalism and racism. Capitalism was not designed for the majority of people; it serves as a vehicle by which the rich get richer at the expense of the poor and colonized people of the world. Racism operates this exploitation on color lines. 4. Land is the basis of independence — We don’t mean that as soon as you get a deed to a piece of soil you become independent. To be independent, you must control the land. The schools in your neighborhood are part of the land; the stores are part; the houses, factories, power plants, are all part of the land. We must control these! Until we control these, we are only tenants on somebody else’s land. We understand that with this land, it is our duty to create a nation. We use the land to produce the things that are necessary for our survival and growth. A nation is a group of people who control a certain land, who have the same interests and background and are moving toward the same goals, using a unified, organized plan. The African nation is composed of black people who are working for all-African unity founded on the principles of socialism. It is our duty to apply these Pan-African principles and carry them to their furthest point — implementation. Another legacy left to us is to bring forth new revolutionary Pan-Africanist principles, derived from our constant participation. Let us always remember the words of Frantz Fanon: “It is a question of the Third World starting a new history of man, a history which will have regard to the sometimes prodigious theses which Europe has put forward, but which also does not forget Europe’s crimes, of which the most horrible was committed in the heart of man, and consisted of the pathological tearing apart of his functions and the crumbling away of his unity. And in framework of the collectivity, there were the differentiations, the stratification, and the blood-thirsty tensions fed by classes; and finally, on the immense scale of humanity, there were racial hatreds, slavery, exploitation, and above all the bloodless genocide which consisted in the setting aside of fifteen thousand millions of men. So, comrades, let us not pay tribute to Europe by creating states, institutions, and societies with their inspiration from her. Humanity is waiting for something from us other than such an imitation, which would be almost an obscene caricature. If we wish to live up to our people’s expectations we must seek the response elsewhere than in Europe.” Central Committee Raymond Curtis.......................................................Chairman Vacant ................................................................ Co-Chairman Gerald Luke....................................................... Co-Chairman Vacant ..................................................... Min. of Education Horace Flower................................. Min. of Campus Affairs JoAnn Cartledge...................... Min. of Community Affairs Linda Lambert........................ Min. of Community Affairs Rita Thompson ...................... Min. of High School Affairs Warren Hunter ..................................... Min. of Information Akmen Hassein................................. Min. of Cultural Affairs Dewayne Baker ........................... EPIS Student Association Tom Merriweather....................................... Min. of Finance � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Student Union collection Subject The topic of the resource Student newspapers and periodicals College students, Black Minority college students Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Description An account of the resource The Black Student Union (BSU) at UB was founded in 1967 and recognized by the Student Association in 1968. In 1969, it counted 1,000 members. Twelve periodical publications have been issued by the BSU and are the primary record of the activities and history of the organization. Most of the material was issued on newsprint, and the material is now extremely fragile as a result of heavy use. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-2015 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use for educational purposes only. Single copies (print, photocopy, download) are permitted for personal study, research and teaching. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-UA005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Unity: Phase One Newsletter Volume 1, Number 7, March 31, 1971 Description An account of the resource This is Volume 1, Number 7 of the newsletter "Unity: Phase One." It was published by the Black Student Union of the University at Buffalo. This issue was published on March 31, 1971 and is eight pages long. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Subject The topic of the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) -- Periodicals State University of New York at Buffalo African American college students College student newspapers and periodicals Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-03-31 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-10 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Periodicals Newsletters Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG9-5-00-4_1a_1_1_006 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Black Student Union (RG 9/5/00-4) LIB-UA005 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Language A language of the resource en-US Extent The size or duration of the resource. 30.48 x 44.45 cm Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. 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Black Student Union Newspapers https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/3a53d90fa0580b6584437b6f02f1ea25.pdf 6c35e200d0150c00baa35eb867b7fe54 PDF Text Text Black Student Union SUNYAB Unity: Phase One Volume 1, No. 4 December 18, 1970 U.S.-Euros Aid South Africa by Everett Stands When the businessman acquires a gun to increase his profits, his rivals must speak the same language in order to restore justice. This is the logic which the freedom fighters have adopted to communicate with the South African racist regime. Six years ago. during the heat of independence in colonial Africa, world opinion was convinced that economic sanctions would force white ruled South Africa to prepare for a more representative and democratic government. Time has proved this school of thought void. Apartheid (separate development policy) continues to flourish. The whiteman believes he has the fullest right to be in South Africa and must “be represented by white representatives only in his parliament" (quote from the South African Digest). Today, more and more white people are immigrating into South Africa to partake of the goods produced by the black man’s labour. Official statistics show that in 1968 there were 1,361 Dutch immigrants. In 1969, the number rose to 1500. This year, a higher figure is expected. The inflow is a response to the numerous job opportunities available for those who are white. The coloureds who livein the same country suffer from acute unemployment. The population ratio of South African whites to non-whites is 1:5. While this is the case, salary scales for Africans and coloureds are lower than those of equivalent white workers. Africans are restricted to reserves. The United Nations and other liberal thinkers seem to have given up the battle of restoring human justice and are now more engaged in finding new markets for their surging industrial products. Japan is waiting to deliver its automobiles to South Africa. France is reported to have renewed commercial interests after an absence of four years. Britain announced, a week ago. that she had officially renewed supplying arms to South Africa. Germany, Italy, Austria and U.S. are among the other trade partners. While these countries are concentrating on their share of bread in Africa, something which the African has been deprived of, it has become imperative that the African must pronounce his rightful claim to the continent. The exploiters are only interested in whether they make good profits or not. This explains the renewal of trade agreements with South Africa. The case of Britain and South Africa is an interesting phenomenon. In his address to the nation, the British Prime Minister, Mr. Heath, explained why he had resumed the sale of arms to South Africa’s minority government — he was concerned about British interests in the Indian Ocean, which he alleged were at stake. Russia was reffered to as a suspected enemy in the area. What an illusion! This is not the first time the so-called “communist threat” has been mentioned. According to the South African Whites, any measure which goes towards giving the power to the majority is a powerful threat and is punishable by law. In this light, Britain’s fear can only be perceived as dancing to the same tune as the South African white oppressors. The Western nations’ attempts to take control of the Indian Ocean is a new development in power politics that must be observed very closely. By controlling Eastern Africa’s waters, the western powers will have outbalanced the so-called communist bloc in contemporary power politics. This point is important since Africa is looked upon as a potential power threat in the world balance of forces. In this plot, South Africa’s white minority government is operating as the watchdog for the British and other interests. While these Big Brothers play around, the majority of Africans, who are cast aside because of their colour and cultural differences, continue to suffer. With the renewed trade and arms agreements I referred to, those liberals who believed in evolutionary democracy must awaken to the realities of the present: the profit-minded white man will not yield an inch of soil to the black man. The renewal of trade with South Africa must be understood as acceptance of South Africa’s apartheid policy. The consequences of this injustice are well known to the oppressors and other free - nations. Africa alone has more than one million black refugees, most of them of South African origin, all seeking to fulfill their human potential and fight to regain their full status at home. The South African white commercialist has acquired the gun. With this gun, as the British premier disclosed, he will attack his enemies. Since South Africa’s immediate enemies are the independent African states, such an alliance in arms is a direct intervention in African affairs. To return to an acceptable relationship, Britain should disappear from the Indian Ocean. These waters belong to the third world. The white exploiter has the gun. Nothing short of the threat of violence can rekindle the lustre in the soul of the dismayed black man. While such is the thinking on the Black continent, it will be in the best interests of mankind of those powers involved in South Africa to reconsider the gravity of the mounting crisis. Black Dance Workshop Movement The Black Dance Workshop came into existence two and a half years ago under the direction of Carole Welsh. The purpose of forming the Workshop was because of the university’s dance program’s inability to relate to the black students and their particulars in dance. The Black Dance Workshop foreswore all of the premises that usually accompanies a dance group such as previous dance experience, training in ballet, etc. The idea was to bring together everyday black movement and music, making it an expression of the times. The Black Dance Workshop hopes to start a school of movement in the community to begin to bring some sort of established culture in young black people’s lives. Also the Workshop is holding a black dance conference next semester in hopes of exposing the university and black community to black dance. The Workshop is doing a benefit performance at the Narcotics Rehabilitation Center in Medina, N.Y. later this month. The program is combined with poetry performed by Celes Tisdale who is an English professor at Buffalo State College. The concert is emphasizing four aspects of black life, the street, the church, the bluesand the revolution. The Black Dance Workshop is also trying to show through its movements the contradictions and confusions that are so inherent in our people today. Black Dance Workshop will dance Dec. 18, at 8:30 P.M. at the African Cultural Center Admission *1.00 �Revolutionary Action on Campus and Community "I am a political prisoner; in fact, I have been kidnapped and that's a crime committed against me." For Black students the significance of this lies in understanding the difference between a political prisoner and a criminal and to understand this difference is to understand an important aspect of the history of Black people in this country. Generally the political prisoner’s ideas relate to the need for freedom of the people at large and demand an end to their oppression and exploitation. A political prisoner’s ideas then challenge the very premises of the state itself; in this case, the function and purposes of capitalist America. The state — all its institutions and structures - is the instrument whereby the ruling class maintains its economic power, which is its power to oppress the people, all people — Blacks, Latinos, Orientals, poor Whites, Indians, what have you. A political prisoner challenges these foundations of the state itself. And that is why he is arrested. He is arrested because his ideas and actions challenge the state at its roots, challenge its power to repress, exploit and murder. If you look over the history of America you find its political prisoners have been arrested and persecuted because they have supported and led the people’s struggle — Nat Turner, Toussaint L’Ouverture (who liberated Haiti and rotted in a French prison), Indian chiefs who were locked up on reservations and brothers like Huey P. Newton, David Hilliard and Eldridge Cleaver. America is a capitalist country, which is to say it is built on the idea of a handful of individuals exploiting the people for profit owning the properties, the goods, the resources which belong to the people themselves and from whom they were stolen. To struggle against capitalist exploitation and its racism and class oppression is to be a re To be a revolutionary is to be an enemy of the state. To be arrested for this struggle is to be a political prisoner. A so-called “criminal” on the other hand is different from a political prisoner. A man becomes a so-called criminal because the state has not met his needs but oppressed, exploited and brutalized him from the very beginning: no jobs, no food, no clothing, no land, no housing, no freedom, no power to determine his own existence. The difference is that the criminal does not understand that his enemy is the state itself, despite his lurking revolutionary consciousness. Instead, he attacks individual people in the state, and too often they’re poor and oppressed people like himself. In other words, he attacks society, not the state. A capitalist is just a grand scale criminal, a super gangster who robs countries, peoples whole populations, instead of liquor stores. But because the capitalists in America own, control and regulate the laws and machineries of the state they can’t be brought to justice, even though they are the real criminals and their crimes against the people are enormous. Their thefts and murders running into the millions each year. So a political prisoner is a revolutionary who has been captured by the state because he challenges its crimes against his people — its wholesale robbery, rape, and murder and oppression of the people. Capitalist America is not responsible to the people. It is the enemy of the people. Its theory and practice are criminal, its theory and practice are lawless, because all it’s interested in is theft and oppression and that’s why the fascist rulers in this country do not obey the constitution or enforce it. Instead, they violate it. My being kidnapped and held a political prisoner is a violation of the people’s constitutional rights. It shows most significantly the open oppression that the people suffer. When the state and government move to a position of open kidnap and political arrest, then this action is no different from the fascist operations in Germany or South Africa and the semi-fascist operations of the Ku Klux Klan in lynching a man on a tree. This constitutional violation is really what is entailed by kidnapping, taking a prisoner illegally and against his will from one place to another, as I (was) and have been here. It was, in fact, actually illegal for the United States Federal Government to take me from California to the Chicago trial in order to railroad me. So I think the laws of this country and their history in relation to Black people must be understood by Black students. Black students must understand the Dred Scott Decision in 1857. one hundred and twelve years ago. They must know the reasons for Black people being railroaded in courts — the Scottsboro case and just numerous brothers, Huey P. Newton, myself. Black Panther Party members who are being railroaded in court nowadays. These so-called trials are nothing but a tantamount form of racism that has developed into an art of terror and murder and intimidation of downright fascism here in America. So, I think the significance of this, as it relates to Black students, is that Black students must understand the need to move out and be more a part of the community, to educate the masses of people of the need to end the fascist brutal war that has been going on against Black people for hundreds of years. Students must understand what fascism is and must educate our community to the fact that this is a fascist state and the fact that our community is significantly related to the world people’s struggle. Students must put these two facts together in the minds of the people so that they can move and rise like a mighty storm. Let’s get to a definition of fascism. Fascism occurs when the capitalist state is in deep economic, political and racial trouble. In economic terms, fascism is the conversion of the economy to a warfare state, developing an enormous military machine to keep capitalism from collapsing. This war machine keeps the White proletarian masses employed. And, its propaganda and practice keeps them agitated with racism. This constant racist agitation justifies the racist war machinery the fascist state uses abroad on non-white people and justifies the use of that same war machine for race wars on non-white people at home. Fascism is a racist, military machine that works both internally and abroad— at the same time. Fascism brutalizes the masses, castrates the so-called “liberal” middle class and crushes people of color. Its plan is to brutalize the White masses and replace whatever class consciousness and sense of class struggle they might have had with racism, race hatred and race war. Thus the White proletariat sees the people of color as its enemy and identifies, supports and honors the police, as they oppress Black people. The terrorized middle class of bourgeois liberal pretentions keeps its mouth shut and more shut. Because as we become more and more oppressed by the machinery of racist oppression, they become more and more intimidated by it. So the fascist state’s plan is to be at perpetual war — internally and around the world — to keep its capitalist economy going. To do that, it gets the White proletariat on its side with jobs provided by a racist war machine and makes the systematic elimination of non-White peoples an official policy of the state. To keep the masses and the petty bourgeoisie from developing revolutionary consciousness, fascism reduces the amount of education available — especially college education in order to increase its supply of exploited, racist workers. Having this large surplus of worker fascist capital moves to fascize the labor force. Since many workers are employed making war machinery for race wars, they arc easy prey to racist propaganda, and once persuaded that fascism is in their interests, they will support fascist capital. Once fascist capital has fascisized labor, the two move together for the systematic destruction of Blacks, Browns, Orientals, Jews, etc. Fascist capital and fascist labor form the upper and lower jaws of a racist dog. That is fascism and that is what’s happening here. The duty on the part of the Black student is to work to educate the masses, to be one-in-onc with the masses and not just to isolate themselves on the campuses. Students must understand that when people arc made political prisoners like Huey and myself and many others, that we have to move forward and not backwards; we have to move positively and not be intimidated by the fascist system, but to move forward and amass the people to smash it. What I have just finished saying is, in essence, the direction that Black Students' Unions and Black No Constitutional Convention? Knowing that the struggle for liberation in the U.S. is a hard and strenuous job that involves both mass discussion and strategy planning, the Black Panther party organized a constitutional convention. At this convention there would be large and in-depth plans debated by the people who attended. There would be no games or jiving around. For this would be a sincere effort at drawing up a rational constitution that would give Black people a true life in America. You might say Why do we need a constitution when the U.S. already has one? Because the present one don't serve us and it wasn’t written with the good of Black people in mind. I might also add that in this day of widespread uncertainty of our destiny, a formal master plan is way overdue. It is overdue because the majority of us are roaming around in America blindly. Having failed in the past, failing presently and if we aren't careful, about to fail in the future. So, on the weekend of November 27th — 29th. 1970, the Panthers set up their Constitutional Convention. At first they spoke of holding it in Philadelphia. However, that was quickly changed to Washington, D.C.; the significance of having the convention in Washington was for two very good reasons. One, Washington has a large Black population (90%). which in fact is a majority. Now this doesn’t mean that there would have to be a big Black turnout, but hopefully you would expect to have a substantial amount of interested and down brothers and sisters attend. The second significant fact is a revolutionary group was holding a policy-making conference in the Nation’s capital. But not just any Nation’s capital, but the capital of the richest, racist, and most exploitative country in the whole damn world. With all this in mind, who or what type of liberation prone or Black people would refuse such a meeting? We don’t know and probably neither do you, but it happened. On the day when the convention was to begin, there was no convention site. The details go like this. The Panthers were to pay a one thousand dollar down payment to Howard University and have a S6.000 balance to be paid later. However, the Panthers were supposed to have not met the deadline for the down payment and they were not allowed the usage of the Howard site. What we arc trying to understand is, why would such a flimsy excuse be given to the party to prohibit them their convention (or. should I say, the Black People their convention). Regardless of who was responsible for the denial of Howard to the Panthers, we feel it was the ultimate job of the Howard student body to see that this convention came to pass. (Even if they had to go as far as to have a rally the day the Panthers were refused). We think that the reason the students showed such wide disinterest in the convention was inexcusable. studies programs on college campuss throughout the country should take. David Hilliard. Black Panther Chief of Staff, puts it in a very correct form: “Black students, BSU’s and Black Studies programs must understand that the only way to get a clear understanding of what the ideology of the revolutionary movement is today is to understand the history of the Party, the history of the struggle, the movement." Black studies must be seen in this fashion, but not limited to non-participation and non-action. There has to be action, so that the philosophies and theories that are brought forth, the understanding of Continued on P.3 Col. 3 �Focus on Africa Malawi held its annual convention of the ruling Congress Party recently. One of the highlights of the assembly was the installation of President Banda, the outspoken Southern Africa Supporter, as life President of the country. Other activities dealt with the stream-lining of the party structure in order to strengthen and polarize favourable support of the Malawians. Malawi has been a centre of attention among the African countries ever since she attained her independence from Britain in 1964. What created and heightened curiosity over her was the line she chose to pursue in regards to the minority governments in Southern Africa at a time when other African countries were fuming with fury about what to do to liberate the whole continent. The independent African countries agreed that if pressure and economic isolation were exerted on Rhodesia. South Africa. Mozambique and Namibia, then the white minority governments would loosen their grip in the interests of the underprivileged majority blacks. Consequently, the African countries directed their bitter criticisms against the European. Western and other powers that continued to boost the economics of these minority states. Malawi was the only country which openly contradicted this movement of liberation of the oppressed Africans. This was reiterated at the Annual Congress Party meeting when President Banda said to the assembly that he had “no intention of changing his attitude towards South Africa. Rhodesia or Portugal . . ." regardless of what the other African countries felt. President Banda, who has diplomatic relations with South Africa, has frequently exchanged visits with the country’s white rulers. The peak of the relationship was exhibited when he signed an agreement with South Africa to the effect that the South African government would finance the building of Malawi’s new capital city at Lilongwe. The independent African countries see this shift of the capital as a plot by the South African government to secure a suitable military base from which any attack from free Africa can be combated. According to President Banda, this new capital is just one of those development projects which the country needs. When he was interviewed at Nairobia’s Ebrabakasi airport early this year, President Banda, while on his way to Britain, declared that he was not interested in what the other African countries said about Southern Africa, and further warned that South Africa was militarily superior to the other African countries. According to a leading Malawi newspaper, The Malawi News, several cases of violence have been reported. In schools and other institutions, frustrations have led to student unrest. Indeed, the Party’s annual convention noted this mounting disorder. With the new stipulation that all appointments to national and regional party offices shall be made with the personal approval of President Banda, one is left with no hope of possible constitutional change, since Dr. Banda would not stoop to appoint a person who opposes his policies. Death penalties have been recommended for violence and armed robbery. Students who riot face detention sentences. What is happening in Malawi is an example of the different ways in which the oppressor continues to operate even after the black leader has been given political power. NATO - Portugal Invades Guinea On Sunday. November 22. 1970. hostile Portuguese led forces, armed with NATO weapons, attacked the Republic of Guinea. The capital city. Conakry, was shelled from off shore by ten warships and smaller craft brought ashore invading troops. A second attack was launched in the area around the city of Boke. closer to the border of so-called Portuguese Guinea (African freedom fighters now control about two-thirds of this territory. So. this territory should actually be called Guinea-Bissau, the name Africans have chosen for it). The mercenaries — paid white professional soldier/killers — hoped to capture the Defense Ministry of the Republic of Guinea. There were only some 50 Guineans among the initial invasion party of 400 who were to act as guides. They also planned to attack the airport at Conakry. But due to the readiness and efforts of the people of Guinea, the invaders were temporarily repelled. The Portuguese government is being used by the rest of the NATO powers (U.S., Britain. West Germany, France) to do their dirty work in Africa. Portuguese troops have been fighting African people not only in Guinea-Bissau, but in Angola (Central Africa) and Mozambique (Southern East Africa). The Portuguese have said that the people of Guinea arc lying about the invasion of their land. It was reported in the Courier Express that the Portuguese government said: “The imagination of the people of the Republic of Guinea has no limits. In Portuguese Guinea we have our army and native troops but no mercenaries. It is impossible that any such invasion could have come from Portuguese Guinea as is alleged." If warships of some country stood off in the Hudson river and bombed Harlem and the rest of New York City, of course the people who did the invading are going to deny that they had anything to do with it. In fact, they will say things like “the whole thing was imagined by the Blacks in Harlem.’ And this is the kind of maneuver that the Portuguese made. African presidents don’t lie about invasions. And once we understand the strategic importance of a place like Guinea, we can see not only why western powers, under the “safe” cloak of Portugal, would attack that nation, but also those same nations would attempt quite consciously to deny the magnitude of such an invasion. Since Sekou Toure has been at the head of the Guinean people, their country has stood strong against white imperialism and black neo-colonialism. In May 9, 1961, Guinea took a lead among African states by kicking out the U.S. Peace Corps who had been there spying on and hustling the people Arrows show where Africans are fighting Portugese The big lesson this situation teaches is that political independence is meaningless without immediate economic freedom whereby the majority of the Africans who have suffered under colonial hostility for years will be able to grow to their full capabilities as people, and not as slaves of foreign powers. The leader who spearheaded the path to independence played his part. The new leader the revolution asks for now should be primarily concerned with the social and economic positions of the masses — as opposed to the privileged few. When Banda officially announced his acceptance of the presidency for life, he was quoted as saying he had considered going to the United States where he had many friends, or returning to his farm where he was making more money. Never did he mention having the interests of his people at heart. For the Black revolutionary, there is one common problem: that is, liberating ourselves from the economic grip of the exploiter, developing to our full potential, and watching out for neo-colonialism that would manifest itself through selfish stooges. of Guinea. And as CIA plots wiped out the revolutionary regimes of Kwame Nkrumah, in Ghana, Ben Bella in Algeria, Patrice Lumumba in the Congo, Modiba Keita in Mali and replaced Nnamdi Azikiwe’s work in Nigeria with civil war, Guinea became a lone outpost in west and central Africa for the forces of Pan-African unity and liberation of the African continent. Stokely Carmicheal, former chairman of SNCC and Kwame Nkrumah, the exiled president of Ghana who has been staying in Conakry since he was tricked out of power by the CIA and neo-colonialists in 1966, are both threatened by this invasion. Continued from p.2 them and their ideas, are implemented. BSU’s and Black Studies programs on college campuses should understand that when we place revolutionary political programs in the community on a “for real” level, when there’s breakfast for children, free clothing programs, free health clinic programs, community control of police — which is very primary that when we place these programs in the community, that they are real programs, and these types of programs change the community, identify the historical experience of Black people. What you have to do is not let any fear overcome you nor any intimidation of the pig power structure. Many of you students have demonstrated on campuses. But you must relate to the community more. The campus is not separable from the community. BSU’s and Black studies programs have to function both from an ideological level and from a very practical, practicing level. You are in the community and part and parcel of the community and never separate yourself from the community. Power To The People! Bobby Seale Chairman. Black Panther Party �Another Day Another Panther how to apply for Food Stamps: A Panther is arrested, a fact that is becoming commonplace these days. Not so uncommon is the measures taken to arrest a member of the Black Panther Party. On November 13, 1970, two people were in the N.C.C.F. (National Committee to Combat Fascism) office located at 299 East Ferry St. One member of N.C.C.F. was in a back room. Cherry Brown, a member of the Baltimore Black Panther Party, was sitting at a desk in the front room. Unknown to them was the fact that the Buffalo police department and the F.B.I. were busily surrounding the vicinity of the building. Police cars sealed off the streets at Jefferson and Dupont. Others stationed themselves around the front and back of the building. As Cherry sat unknowingly at his desk, men walked into the front door (the doors are always open to the public) with riot guns saying “Don’t move. F.B.I.” Others came through the back door. Cherry Brown was under arrest for Food Stamp Program — can help you save $$ a month on food. If eligible, you are given a card every month or half a month, which allows you to buy food stamps worth more money than you paid for them (for instance, you might pay $10 for $20 worth of stamps). Most grocers and markets accept them. To apply, go to room 455 Ellicott Square Building (UAW strikers, Rm. 923). Be sure to bring with you (1) proof of family composition (birth certificates and marriage license); (2) verification of address (current gas and light bills, rent receipts). If you are a homeowner, bring mortgage payment book, tax receipts and water bills (3) Verification of income for last four weeks for all members of the family (not roomers or boarders). This can be pay stub, check stub, unemployment book, etc.; (4) verification of liquid assets: bank accounts, savings bonds, etc. For income and asset allowances, see chart: Number in Household 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Monthly Net Income $185 245 305 370 420 485 540 590 660 705 assault and attempted murder of John Cox, an under cover agent who had “infiltrated the ranks of the Black Panther Party.” Brown had been in Buffalo, according to the N.C.C.F. office, since September 1970. A warrant had been out for him since October 9, 1970. Guns and other munitions were confiscated from the office. It is not known how long the office had been under surveillance. The final blow against the N.C.C.F. came Tuesday, December 1, when Buffalo city marshals and other police evicted the members of NCCF from their office on Ferry. The city marshals and the owner of the building claim that the N.C.C.F. had not paid their rent. They didn’t say for what month. They said the Committee was being evicted for non- payment of rent and proceeded to throw the desks, papers, and other materials onto the sidewalk in front of the office. Maximum Liquid Resources Holiday Contributions $1000 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 Remember: The state always figures a month as 4-1/3 weeks. Author of Blyden [illegible] Lynch/one time faculty mem/ber spoke at U.B. on Revolt/lu-shun in Trinidad where five were killed and fifty were arrested now ain’t that jive including twenty-seven Arm\ mutineers who decided to explode that myth of fun-loving, easy going, calypso heard and rum runneth over image, decided to disagree po (as in police) litely and dis (as in discrimination) avow fervently all notions of [il egible] political stability that you all might have in mind, since where did you get all that political stability crap from anyway but from the media which you supposed to know is paid aredistorting the truth and Hollis Lynch went on to say [il egible] a person/able kind of a way that the oppressed revolutionary Trinidadians were mostly Indians and Afrika/ians and other peoples so mixed you can’t tell who from what — now don’t that sound familiar! The ones who are the most frustrated by that capitalistic society are the un-em-ploy-ed. But they had a People’s Party, a people’s nationalistic movement (as in bowel) sounded right now headed by a Dr. Eric Williams (never did find out if he was one of those white supreme Trinidadians or brown in between yellow) who wrote a couple of books and had been in The Office of Minority Student Affairs is soliciting donations of toys, food and contributions to be distributed to disadvantaged students with families over the holidays. Your cooperation would be greatly appreciated. Please contact the Office of Minority Student Affairs, 243 Hayes Hall, 831-4643. (Only canned foods and sealed cartons will be acceptable) Returns power some fourteen years seeing he was the first Prime minister, he felt that he had a lot of groundwork to lay Fourteen years in a long time to wait for someone to lay some groundwork if that groundwork is supposed to realize some of your dreams and some of your basic-ic needs. Holis Lynch the West Indian allah Great Britain and Canada stresses dates and numbers instead of probing why Why the Re/volt? /blacks want jobs/blacks want Jobs obliterate this subtle color discrimination that is only subtle to outsiders and onlookers Soooooo the movement snowballed and catapulted when seven Trinidadian students were A/rrcsted in Montreal for protesting and when the Indians and blacks looked like they wanted to merge////a state of emergency was slapped on the people and a curfew was in/stalled/ But there is an election la la la next year and you know our mothers and fathers always did put some kind of hope in e/lections but only it ain’t our mamas and papas who are b-e-a-t-i-n-g the drums now. So-o-o the revolt is being appeased by new rhetoric and old rhetoric and so Hollis Lynch with no answers and a minimum of questions concluded by saying he could not predict the future but I can dig that because we can’t predict the next revolt now can we All Power to the People � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Student Union collection Subject The topic of the resource Student newspapers and periodicals College students, Black Minority college students Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Description An account of the resource The Black Student Union (BSU) at UB was founded in 1967 and recognized by the Student Association in 1968. In 1969, it counted 1,000 members. Twelve periodical publications have been issued by the BSU and are the primary record of the activities and history of the organization. Most of the material was issued on newsprint, and the material is now extremely fragile as a result of heavy use. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-2015 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use for educational purposes only. Single copies (print, photocopy, download) are permitted for personal study, research and teaching. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-UA005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Unity: Phase One Newsletter Volume 1, Number 4, December 18, 1970 Description An account of the resource This is Volume 1, Number 4 of the newsletter "Unity: Phase One." It was published by the Black Student Union of the University at Buffalo. This issue was published on December 18, 1970 and is four pages long. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Subject The topic of the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) -- Periodicals State University of New York at Buffalo African American college students College student newspapers and periodicals Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-12-18 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-10 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Periodicals Newsletters Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG9-5-00-4_1a_1_1_005 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Black Student Union (RG 9/5/00-4) LIB-UA005 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Language A language of the resource en-US Extent The size or duration of the resource. 30.48 x 44.45 cm Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. 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Black Student Union Newspapers https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/eca75d486224a7ded16b6facd9c29e01.pdf d4d704839ca83e86681c1c63ed96055f PDF Text Text Black Student Union SUNYAB Unity: Phase One Vol.1,No.6/ SUNYAB /March 12,1971 Black Students Defend Church Liberation News Service Wilmington, N.C. (LNS) - “What happened here was close to an insurrection as anything I’ve ever seen,” said one black observer. “About 1300 high school students became involved one way or another.” For three days in early February, armed black students defended Wilmington’s Gregory Church which serves as a black community center, from attacks by marauding Klansman and police. One black student and one Klansman died in the attacks. After four black public school students were suspended for alleged participation in racial disturbances, students got together and demanded black studies programs, greater black control over decision making, and a holiday in honor of Martin Luther King from three Wilmington high schools. A boycott of classes was called when the city school administrators refused to negotiate the demands with the students. On February 4, the second day of picketing, 2000 students and supporters marched on city hall once again to present their demands, and found the offices padlocked. When the marchers regrouped at Gregory Church, they found that bomb threats had preceded them to the church. Since Wilmington has long been a stronghold of Klan activity, the people in the church began to build barricades and arm themselves, fearing an armed attack. That night, bands of prowling Klansmen converged on the church in cars and pick-up trucks loaded with weapons. They drove straight through police lines set up a few blocks from the church. Some of the men jumped out of their trucks and began to shoot. The blacks inside returned shots, and fatally wounded one of the Klansman. Police claim that the dead man Harvey Cumber was just coming from the grocery and was not part of the Klan offensive. But people in the church saw him hop out of his truck and point his gun at them. “I guess he figured he could just walk into the area and start shooting. Maybe he could have twenty-five years ago” said one of blacks who witnessed the incident. The next day, when a fire believed to be set by arsonists broke out a block from the church, firemen at first refused to enter the area. They finally showed up one hour later. Some unarmed blacks from the church had come earlier to fight the fire. Police who showed up with the firemen, began shooting at the people near the fire. The police repeatedly shot Stephen Mitchell, a member of the student steering committee, dragged him 50 feet to one of their squad cars, Wilmington , N.C.: National Guardsmen crouch behind a wall as they cover for Guardsmen entering the front of the Gregory Congregational Church. The measure came as a result of reports that armed Blacks were inside. Only a caretaker and a woman were inside. Wilmington has been the scene of racial trouble. and beat him to death. The police claim they shot Mitchell returned to their homes in the community. Eugene in self-defense. Templeton, the white minister of Gregory Church, was Six hundred National Guardsmen came in on fired for supporting the students. The next night, a February 7 and Wilmington quieted down. Church detachment of 50 National Guardsmen and local police trustees, who were under tremendous pressure from the charged the church with rifles and machine guns mounted city government, asked the students to leave. The students on tanks. But only the janitor was there to meet them. Free Angela Davis On Saturday, January 23, more than 150 people gathered in Lafayette Square to demonstrate solidarity with Angela Davis and to demand that she be set free. Angela has recently been extradited from NYC (where she was held without bail for over two months in the Woman’s House of Detention) to San Rafael, California, to stand trial on charges of murder, kidnapping and conspiracy. The charges stem from last August when Jonathan Jackson entered a courtroom in San Rafael,passed out gins to three prisoners on trial there and took the judge, DA, and several jurors as hostages which he planned to exchange for the Soledad Brothers (three black men accused of killing a prison guard in Soledad Prison. One of them George Jackson was Jonathan’s brother). During the escape policemen fired at the group even though they had been ordered not to and the judge, Jackson, and two of the three prisoners were killed. It is alleged (but by no means proven !) that Angela Davis bought the guns which Jackson used. Jonathan’s brother, George Jackson, is a good example of the police repression experienced by black people. He was convicted at the age of 18 of stealing $70 from a gas station, and even though someone else later confessed to the crime George was given an indeterminate sentence - - anywhere from one year to life!! He has already served il years for his “crime” - but had he been a white middle - class teenager the judge would probably have sent him home to his parents with a warning or, at the worst, put him on probation for six months. Similarly, Ruchell McGee (the only one of the three prisoners to survive the escape attempt last August and who is now standing trial with Angela) has been in prison for the last five years on a $10 pot bust. About two weeks ago he filed an affidavit in court swearing that two San Rafael judges and the public defender had conspired to bribe him: they offered him probation if he would lie and say that Angela Davis gave Jackson the guns, but if he refused to lie they promised him the gas chamber. Angela is getting set-up not so much because the guns used in the escape attempt might have been registered in her name, but rather because she is a young, black, revolutionary woman and a member of the Communist Party. Angela is a professor at the University of California in Los Angeles, and for over two years Governor Reagan and the other richbusinessmen on the Board of Regents of the University have been harassing her because she openly proclaims her belief in socialism- - freedom, equality, and dignity for all people. They could not succeed in having her fired from the faculty of UCLA because of overwhelming support she received there from the other faculty members and from the students. But although Reagan and his cronies failed once, it looks like though they have now come up with another pretext for cutting short her career, and perhaps even the life of this revolutionary sister. At the rally in Lafayette Square, Mrs. Mildred Prim of the Welfare Rights Organization said - - “I know that if they take Angela this morning they’ll be coming for us tonight.” Or, as Angela says in the following interview, None of us can be free until we are all The following is a short excerpt from an interview with Angela while she was being held in NYC. ** Why are you a Communist? Before anything else I am a Black Woman. I dedicated my life to the struggle for the liberation of Black People, my enslaved, imprisoned people. I am a communist because I am convinced that the reason we have been forcefully compelled to seek out existence at the very lowest level of American Society has to do with the nature of capitalism. If we are going to rise out of out oppression, our poverty, if we are going to cease being the. targets of racist policemen, we will have to (continued on page 2) �Angela Davis Must Be Set Free destroy the American capitalist system. We will have to obliterate a system in which a few wealthy capitalists are guaranteed the privilege of becoming richer and richer, whereas the people who are forced to work for the rich, and especially Black People, never take any significant step forward. I am a communist because I believe that Black People, with whose labor and blood this country was built, have a right to a great deal of wealth that has been hoarded in the hands of the Hughes, the Rockefellers, the Kennedys. the DuPonts. all the super-powerful white capitalists of America. **Most Of The Papers Have Said You Fled California Because You Were Guilty, Can You Clear This Up For Us? those questioned felt that I was correct in going into hiding, for to turn myself in would have been tantamount to delivering myself into the hands of my self-appointed executioners - the self-appointed executioners of Black people in general. Let me ask this question. When a salve, who managed to escape from the whips and whelts of the white slave master, fled to another state, was this evidence of his guilt? After Ronald Reagan and his fascist cohorts launched the campaign to fire me from my job at UCLA - **If You Must Stand Trial In California, Do You Think You Can Get A Fair Trial? The American judical system is bankrupt. In so far as Black people are concerned, it has proven itself to be one more arm of a system carrying out the systematic oppression of our people. We are the victims, not the recipients of justice. We must reject the right of the courts to further oppress us. The only way we can get justice is demand it and to create a mass movement which will give notice to our enemy that we will use all means at our disposal to secure justice for our people. This is the only way we can expect to free all our brothers and sisters held captive in America’s dungeons. This is the only way we can expect to ultimately gain total liberation. **Can You Describe How You Are Being Treated In The Women’s House Of Detention(New York City ) This is a prison and the atrocious conditions that characterize virtually every American prison are present in this place. Rather than start with the specific treatment I have been receiving, I would like to delineate the circumstances under which all of us are compelled to exist. First of all. the prison is filthy. It is infested with roaches and mice. Often we discover roaches cooked into our food. Not too long ago a sister found a mousetail in her soup. A few days ago I was drinking a cup of coffee and I was forced to spit out a roach. The medical conditions here are abominable. The doctors are racists and entirely insensitive to the needs of the women here. One sister who is housed in my corridor complained to the doctor not too long ago that she had terrible pains in her chest. After which the doctor suggested to her that she get a job without once examining her. It was later discovered that the sister had tumors in her breast and needed immediate hospital attention. This is indicative of the way we are treated here. We spend most of our time in either 5x9 cells with filth and concrete floors or outside on the bare corridors. We are not even allowed to place blankets on the floor where we must sit to protect ourselves from the filth and cold. I could continue to enumerate a hundred little things that have been done in the hope of breaking me but I continue to give notice to them that there is absolutely nothing they can do to break my determination to keep struggling. **Your Supporters Have Called You A “Political Prisoner" Many Are Confused About The Meaning Of This Can You Explain What It Means? Angela Davis Further I am a communist because I believe Black Men should not be forced into fighting a racist, imperialist was in Southeast Asia, where the U.S. government is violently denying a non-white people the right to control their own lives, just as they violently suppressed us for hundreds of years. My Decision to join the Che-Lumumba Club, a militant all-black collective of the Communist Party, flowed directly from my belief that the only path of liberation for Black People is the one which leads towards the complete and total overthrow of the capitalist class. We realize that in order to accomplish this latter goal we must work in harmony with the progressive forces of white america who have seen the nature of the beast. More and more Black people are being incarcerated not because they committed a crime but because of their political beliefs and the activities they undertake to bring people together to struggle for freedom. Counterfeit charges are invented, out-right frame-ups are increasing. I Am A Political Prisoner. The government intends to silence me, to prohibit me from further organizing my people, to prohibit me from exposing this corrupt, degenerate system by convicting me on the basis of a crime I had nothing to do with. Political Prisoners are set up as examples to the rest of the people. The government intends to terrorize our people by railroading us into the electric chair, gas chamber and long term prison terms. There is only one way political prisoners can be liberated: millions of people must serve notice to the government that they intend to use every weapon at their disposal to secure the freedom of their captive warriors, and eventually to secure the total liberation of Black people. not because there were any defects in my qualifications but simply because I was Black, a Communist and devoted to the struggle for freedom of my people how could I fail to realize that they were now determined to murder me? After all they had already unleashed a tremendous reactionary sentiment against me. simply around the question of my job. Hardly a day passed last year when I didn’t receive a death threat in some form or another. As a result of Reagan’s actions, I was constantly harrassed by pigs **How Can Ordinary People Help You In Your Fight? patroling our community. I Fled Because I was convinced that there was There are a whole host of activities in which people little likelihood that I would get justice in California. I can involve themselves. I would suggest that those people might add that the LA Times conducted a survey in the who are interested should contact the Buffalo Black community in Los Angeles and found that 80% of Committee To Free Angela Davis �Voz Del Barrio New York (LNS) - The Young Lords Party recently announced plans for mass demonstrations and the opening of a chapter in Puerto Rico on March 21. This communique originally appeared in the February 20, 1971 issue of Palante, the Party’s paper. The Young Lords Party is calling for national demonstrations in Ponce, P.R., New York, Philadelphia, and Bridgeport for March 21. That will be the day when we reunite one third of the Puerto Rican people in the U.S.A. with two thirds on the island. That day the Young Lords Party will officially begin organizing in Ponce. We will not stop until Puerto Rico is free from Amerikkkan control and our people in the U.S. can determine their own destiny. We call those goals National Liberation and Self-determination. A few weeks ago, after we began planning the opening of the Ponce branch, we learned that Lindsay’s government, working with Washington and Puerto Rico’s Governor Ferre, was planning to arrest leadership of the YLP. They have decided that the Young Lords Party must something called conspiracy. A conspiracy is when a group of people (at least three) meet to plan to break a law. For example, if you get together with two friends and you call a plan to smoke on a bus, you are committing conspiracy to smoke. For smoking you get a $25.00 fine. For conspiracy to smoke you could get years in jail. Of course it’s bullshit, but it’s the law of Amerikkka. So Amerikka has always used it against revolutionaries. Don Pedro was arrested for conspiring to over-throw the government. “Conspiracies” are never proven, but good revolutionaries spend years and years in jail waiting to win their cases, which is just what the government wants. “Conspiracy” cases tie an organization up in court with lawyers, money, bail funds, legal defense, etc. The work in the colony slows down and the people become confused because their leaders are not there with them. That will not happen to the Young Lords Party. Ferre and Nixon want to make Puerto Rico a state in 1974. They want the Young Lords Party out of the way. Funeral Procession for Julio Roldan be stopped. They have seen how we are growing with the support of our people. They have seen how Puerto Ricans are not taking oppression quietly anymore. How Puerto Ricans are besides Black people in the communities, schools, factories, hospitals, jails and the welfare centers. They have seen how Puerto Ricans have united against the Navy in Culebra. And they are afraid. The Young Lords Party is waking up too many people, too many housewives who used to sit home quietly, too many dope fiends who are going off stuff, too many students sick and tired of school, too many workers sick and tired of slaving for nothing. And now, the Young Lords Party is moving to Puerto Rico. A year ago to be an “Independista” or “Nacionalista” was to be crazy. Now you go to a dance and the bands are saying “Viva Puerto Rico Libre!” On October 30, 1970, 10,000 people shouted “Viva Puerto Rico Libre!” at the United Nations. So the Young Lords Party must be stopped. In 1936, and again in 1950, when the Nationalist Party of Pedro Albizu Campos was doing the same thing, waking up the people, the U.S. decided to destroy it. To stop political movements, they used But, we won’t get out of the way, Luis and Richard. You can jail the leaders, but others will take our place. And for every Young Lord you jail on phony charges, the more Puerto Ricans will see that you are the enemy and the Young Lords are right. Puerto Rico will not be your private cement block, Ferre. We are exposing you. Ferre is rich, Nixon is rich, Conboy, the N.Y. district attorney who would like to indict us for conspiracy, is rich. The Young Lords are poor, as poor as our people. We don’t own Cadillacs and silk suits. We just want our island free and a just, socialist society. The people know who are their friends and who are their enemies. Pueblo Puertorriqueno, if the fools Ferre, Nixon, and Conboy try to arrest us, stand by us, come out to demonstrations, give money in support, fight wherever you are to defend your own, to defend your Party and your Nation. Tell your neighbors, your friends, your families — they are framing the Young Lords, tell them about the “abuso” against the servants of the people. Do not believe any “conspiracy” lies. We are guilty of only one thing — fighting for freedom, fighting to kick the yanqui out of Puerto Rico, fighting for food, clothing, shelter, and a decent life. When the Young Lords Party began in July of 1969, we were the New York State chapter of the Young Lords Organization (YLO). The YLO had its National Headquarters in Chicago, which was the place where the Rainbow Coalition was formed. The Rainbow Coalition was the coming-together of the Lords, Panthers, and the Young Patriots Organization, a poor white progressive group. The main purpose of the Coalition was to show our people how racism keeps us divided, and how we have to work together to defeat the U.S. enemy. From the beginning we were tight with the Black Panther Party, sponsoring rallies and free clothing drives together, coming to each other’s aid in times of stress, and informing our communities of the work the other Party was doing. This spirit of revolutionary solidarity continued to strengthen even after we split from Chicago in May, 1970, to form the Young Lords Party. Today, we are joined even closer with our sisters and brothers in the Black Panther Party. The Young Lords Party recognizes that Black people have been and are the most oppressed group of people in america. As such, Black people will lead the revolution in the U.S., and the Black Panther Party is at the head of the Black people’s struggle. Today, all of the yanqui’s forces are being directed at crushing the People’s Freedom Movements around the world and in their own country. To withstand this enemy, to defeat this enemy, we must stand more closely united than at any other time. Puerto Ricans must realize that our fight of the Laotians, of the Guineans, of the Native Americans (Indians), and of Black people living in the u.s. The best way we can succeed in keeping our peoples united is by having steady, correct criticism and self-criticism with each other. When we see our brothers or sisters messing up, we must pull them aside and talk about it. This is criticism, and it must be done at once, on the spot, and all the time. When we mess up, we must criticize ourselves to our sisters and brothers, and correct our mistakes, at once. This is the best way to keep differences of opinion (contradictions) among our people at a friendly level (non-antagonistic). Many people confuse differences of opinion among our people with differences of opinion between our people and the enemy. With the enemy, differences of opinion are not friendly, but aggressive (antagonistic). The Young Lords Party is saying this at this time because many people are trying to guess what is happening inside the Black Panther Party. That is none of out, business. That is the business of the news media that is the tool of the american government, which is trying to divide the revolutionary forces. “Are the Panthers doing this?” “Are the Panthers doing that?” Later for all that, now is the time to stand by the Black Panther Party and its leadership: Minister of Defense Huey P. Newton; Chairman Bobby Seale; Minister of Information Eldridge Cleaver; Chief of Staff David Hilliard; Field Marshall Don Cox; Minister of Education Raymond “Masai” Hewitt, Communications Secretary Kathleen Cleaver; and Minister of Culture Emory Douglas. We want our people to know that in the white radical movement there are many people who never criticized the Panthers, but shut up out of their own guilt and racism. We want our people to know that now these white radicals are talking about the Black Panther Party as though it were some kind of “experiment” And now the “experiment” has failed. When you criticize, it’s done because you want to unite the forces; after the criticism, we come out united again. This is “unity, criticism, unity.” But these people have been quiet for over four and a half years, and now they are talking. Now they are predicting doom for the Panthers, instead of supporting them. Some even are saying that a Black Revolutionary Party has been proven to be a wrong idea, that having Black people in the leadership of the american revolution was a wrong idea, and now they are saying we must form parties that include whites in the leadership. These are the same people who said nothing when Fred Hampton was murdered, and did nothing in the face of more Panther repression. This can only be said by opportunists and .racists. We condemn such talk, because these people did nothing to deserve the right to speak. Black people will lead Amerikkka; whites must prove themselves. Revolutionary parties will always be going through changes. When the Young Lords Party goes through changes, we don’t want people talking about us as if we’re dead, we want our people to see us through those changes. All Power to the Black Panther Party. All Power To The People! Central Committee Young Lords Party �Family Homeless Louisville. Ky. (LNS) - A black family's three-day emergency stay at the Holiday Inn in downtown Louisville, recently ended when the police, called by the motel manager, arrested members of the family and their supporters. Imogene and Alfred McDonald and their six children, ranging from 8 years to 14 months, were moved from their apartment to the motel by their neighbors. A neighborhood committee is demanding that the Metropolitan Social Services Department (MSSD) pay the S93.82 motel bill and other immediate debts of the family. The McDonald's situation came to the attention of other neighbors when one woman. Lillian Parks, saw one of the McDonald's sons picking through garbage cans for food. Mrs. Parks asked the young boy to introduce her to his parents. He took her to a tiny flat with crumbling walls and rotting floors - - one of the McDonald children has already fallen through the floor. The electrical wiring is all exposed: a small gas heater, which is usually broken, is the only heat in the apartment. The six children all sleep in one room with a leaky ceiling over their heads. The McDonald's told Mrs. Parks that they had run out of food stamps, but the welfare department, instead of renewing the stamps, had decided that the McDonalds needed to be taught “good housekeeping." They sent over one of their college-educated housekeepers to teach the family budgeting to replace the stamps. The family continued to approach other social agencies but were repeatedly told that there was nothing wrong with the apartment just the housekeeping. When the family got to the Holiday Inn., friends took the children to the Louisville Children's Hospital. The 14 month old baby had a bad cold, high fever, swollen feet and a large sore on his leg which wouldn't heal. At first, the doctor on duty refused to treat the children, but when he finally did, his tests showed that most of them had lead poisoning. The 15 people who were arrested at the motel were charged with defrauding the innkeeper, false registration, and disorderly conduct. One man was charged with assaulting an officer after he was pushed to the iceand beaten by three cops. Another was charged with carrying a concealed weapon — his motorcycle chain belt — which was in constant view. One cop slammed a car door on one of the arrested women's legs. The medicine that she was Butcher In Louisville given in the hospital emergency room was confiscated at the police station. The MSSD had not yet found the McDonalds a new home, and are refusing to pay the motel bill. The Metropolitan Housing Authority, which is directly responsible for placing families in new apartments, has stated that they won't even process the McDonald's application for new housing unless the family pays the motel bill. Guinea -Bissau Guinea—Bissau:a tiny enclave on the coast of West Africa. Population — about 800,000. Government — that depends. Your atlas may indicate that Guinea-Bissau is a Portuguese colony, but in fact over two-thirds of the territory and one half of the population are administered by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and the Cape Verde Islands (PAIGC). For more than seven years PAIGC has been leading the people of Guinea-Bissau in a war against Portuguese colonial domination. We think it’s important for people in the United States to begin to learn about places like Guinea. Not only does this offer a rare chance to see a guerrilla war from the “other side,” but it happens that this is a war in which the U.S. is deeply, if indirectly, involved. Almost all of the arms that Portugal use against the people of Guinea-Bissau are supplied to Portugal through NATO. Soledad Soledad Prison, Cal. (LNS) -After spending a half a year in isolation, four of the Soledad 7 (black men Abortions New York(LNS) - There are only four safe abortion methods: I) D. and C. (dilation and curettage), the gentle scraping of the uterine lining, is used in aborting women who are less than three months pregnant. 2) Vacuum aspiration, also used in early pregnancies, involves the insertion of a vacuum tube into the cervix and the withdrawal of fetal and placental tissue by suctioning. 3) Hysterotomy is a miniature caesarean section the fetus is removed from the uterus by incision. The woman is anesthetized during the operation and is usually hospitalized for a week. 4) Salting out is the newest method and is most often used in aborting women between 14 and 22 weeks pregnant. Saline solution is injected into the uterus, replacing the amniotic fluid which protects the fetus. The displacement of the amniotic fluid induces labor and a woman will usually miscarry within 25 hours. Never Use The Following Methods. They Are Extremely Painful And Can Lead To Permanent Disability, Infection Or Death. News accused of killing a prison guard) are back with their fellow prisoners to serve out their indeterminate original sentences. The charges against Walter Watson, Alfred Dunn. Jimmy Hanes and O.C. Allen were suddenly and unexpectedly dropped. The remaining three - Jesse Phillips. James Wagner and Roosevelt Williams - still face mandatory death penalties if they are convicted of killing a guard last july. The conspiracy charges were dropped against the remaining three, but the murder rap still stands. Said Patrick Hallinan, lawyer for the 7, after hearing that the D.A. had dismissed the charges on 4 of the 7: “I think the D.A. was withdrawing to a smaller perimeter because his ramparts were falling into the moat. This case stunk six weeks ago and it stunk last week . . .What happened is that someone in the D.A.’s office cleared their nose and smelled it and they had to do something about it.” After the original indictments were announced, the correction authority hung up signs offering early parole to men who agreed to be witnesses against the 7. Soledad prisoners are afraid of retaliations from the guards and the adult authority if they testify for the defense in any part of the case. The site of the trial has been set at San Francisco, rather that San Diego, a more right-wing city. This means that their trial in the California Supreme Court will be set soon. Inside Soledad prison over the past few months, five guards have been stabbed. “There’s open warfare now,” said a source close to the prison. All of the attacks took place in the infamous O-Wing adjustment center - an isolation center for men whom the guards and administrators have picked out as troublemakers. Men in the O-Wing are locked in their cells 23.5 hours a day. So far there have been 4 indictments out of the 5 attacks. Help Needed The Breakfast Program is in need of your help in the mornings down at the Westminister House, 421 Monroe Street. Students who live on campus are picked up at 7 A.M. from campus and returned in time for their classes. Those in the community are picked up via car pools and are also brought back to campus in time for their classes. People are greatly needed for Monday, Wednesday and Friday. If you can come down, please contact JoAnn Cartledge or Linda Lambert at the BSU 831-5346,7, or come to the office Rm. 335 Norton and fill out a schedule sheet. Are Killers burst your womb and bladder or cause infection or Other Means hemorrhaging that might kill you. Vacuum cleaner which is connected to uterus — not Knitting needles to be confused with vacuum aspiration — is fatal almost Coat hangers immediately. It will extract the uterus from the pelvic Slippery Elm Bark cavity. Chopsticks Physical exertion such as lifting heavy objects, Ballpoint pen running, etc., is useless. Catheter tubes Falling down stairs severely injures the mother, and Gauze (packing) rarely brings about an abortion. Artists paintbrushes Curtain rods Telephone wire Fluids Inserted Into Uterus If You Have Used On Yourself Or Have Allowed To Be Used, Any Of The Above Methods Of Abortion, Please Go To A Doctor Or Hospital Immediately. Do not put the following fluids into your uterus. They can severely burn uterine tissues, cause hemorrhaging, shock or death. Soap suds Potassium Permanganate Lysol Unity: Phase One Alcohol Oral Means Lye Volume 1 Number 6 March 12, 1971 Pine Oil *Ergot compounds. Overdoses can cause fatal kidney Editor-In-Chief................................................... T.H. Thomas damage. Managing Editor........................................ Fred L.R. Nichens *Quinine Sulphate. It can cause deformities in fetus Air Pumped Into Uterus Business Editor............................................................. Vacant or death to mother. Copy .................................................................. Carole Welsh The uterus will collapse from the air bubbles created *Estrogen is useless. Asst. Copy........................................................... Gail Wells in the blood stream. Death comes suddenly and violently. *Castor oil is useless. Campus .........................................................................Vacant Nothing that is swallowed can cause abortion Promotion ............................................................ King Lenoir without also causing death or severe disability to the Circulation .................................................................... Vacant mother. Injections Into Uterine Wall Research.........................................................................Vacant Black Community ...........................................William Peters Solids Inserted Into Uterus Ergot and Pitocin are poisons. Any injection is fatal. Health .............................................................. William Peters Consumer Education ........................ Vacant Sodium Pentothal any overdose is fatal. Do not put these solids into your uterus. They may �Cure Needed For Fatal Disease There has been a gross public failure to recognize the importance of combating sickle cell anemia, even though its incidence is higher than and its effects as least as grave as many other disorders, according to an article and editorial in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Sickle cell anemia is an incurable and hereditary disease of hemoglobin, the blood protein, and it occurs almost exclusively in Blacks. “Health professionals have generally failed to recognize sickle cell anemia as a major community health concern, and, consequently, the public has been poorly informed,” Dr. Robert B. Scott, a hemotologist at the Medical College of the Virginia Commonwealth University’s Health Sciences Center, wrote in the article that was released yesterday. Cells Change Shape Sickle cell anemia results in an abnormality in the formation of hemoglobin that causes red blood cells deprived of oxygen to change from their normal round shape into the crescent or sickle shapes that clog blood vessels, causing strokes. The disease evolved from a gene mutation in Blacks centuries ago, when malaria was prevalent in Africa. The mutation enabled the African people to develop some -immunity to malaria. The disease occurs in about one of every 500 Black births. Approximately 10 per cent of the Negro population are carriers; that is, they have one gene for sickle cell anemia. The average life span of a person who has the disease is about 20 years. Low Priority “In 1967, there were an estimated 1,155 new cases of the disease, 1,206 of cystic fibrosis, 813 of muscular dystrophy and 350 of phenylketonuria (PKU),” Dr. Scott said. “Yet, volunteer organizations raised S1.9-million for cystic fibrosis, S7.9-million for muscular dystrophy, but less than $100,000 for sickle cell anemia.” Dr. Scott noted that the disease had a low priority in research grants awarded by the National Institutes of Health. A chart that accompanied the article showed that, in 1968, 92 grants were awarded for leukemia research, 66 for muscular dystrophy, 65 for cystic fibrosis, 41 for PKU Let The Buyer 1—First the consumer should avoid “unclaimed” or “repossess ed” merchandise unless you know the dealer because you probably will be shown pieces that are damaged, seconds, or mis-matched — then switched to something more expensive. 2—Beware of “puzzle contest”. Simple solutions are often lures to get you to sell magazines, cosmetics or other foods — or your prize may be a ‘come’ to get you to buy an overpriced item. 3— forget the “Freezer Food Plan” that promises — a free freezer wholesale food, or to pay for itself out of savings. The chances are you’ll be dissatisfied with the 9—There’s no easy way to earn money at home. Most schemes require you to buy something in order to earn. You find later there is no Market for what you produce, or your efforts are “not up to standards.” 10—You risk your life or your money on quick cures. If you are worried about your health—see your doctor. Don’t take chances on quack medicines or mail-order cures. 5—Be wary of “private Party sales”— Such ads are often run by “residence dealers.” They operate “stuffed 11—Watch out for high interest rates. Compare the Flats” selling furs, jewelry and furniture. Prices are actually high and goods often misrepresented. The quality cash price and the total cost when all interest and finance charges are included. Know the true annual interest rate. of such items are not always the best. 6—Resist tempting deals for your car. The saleman’s 12—Read andUnderstand everything before you boss may deny a offer after you are hooked. The price of a sign. If you have a question concerning contracts and other used car is often inflated so that the dealer can appear to legal documents, see a lawyer. give a “real good deal” on your car. There are many more ways a consumer can be taken 7—Watch out for final big payment financing. It’s by fraudulent schemes. If you think you have been taken called “balloonnote” financing—small monthly by such practices—complain to: payments—then a final, unexpected, big payment. In other words, you pay small monthly payments for a long period —Your Better Business Bureau of time, time enough to pay off the cost of a certain item —Your Legal Aid Service and then you are forced to pay an unexpected higher —State and Federal Consumer Protection Offices payment. —Your lawyer —Or, within the Black Community, the consumer 8 —Suspect those offers for “free inspections—Furnaces, chimneys, roofs, trees—are all can receive assistance from the Neighborhood House on subject to gyp free inspection deals that cost you money, Orange St. The Black Association for Law Students of America is connected with this house. better to do business with a reputable local dealer. No Lady Justice is supposedly blind — you’re innocent, until proven guilty”, we know how this can sometimes be a farce; but she also sometimes means something else, she’s sometimes blind to “injustice.” Many brothers and sisters are acquainted with getting busted on a “hum-bug,” don’t let that happen. This article is but-one of many to give you information on your rights and how to use them. These articles won’t make you a lawyer, but hopefully we can keep Brothers and Sisters out of jail that should not be there. The main things to remember when approached by any policemen is to be cool, calm and collective. Many He thinks the problem can be solved in part by public awareness of the disease through voluntary mass screening, he said in a telephone interview yesterday. Unlike many other hereditary diseases, sickle cell anemia can be detected by a simple test. This is done by adding an oxygen-reducing chemical to a drop of blood and studying it through a microscope. A more specific test, electrothoresis, is then used to determine if only a few of the cells are affected or if they all do, which would indicate that a person has the disease. In this way, a young couple would know beforehand the possibility of their children having sickle cell anemia. Beware As was stated in the second edition of Unity: Phase food and be stuck with freezer payments that are double One the purpose of the consumer education article is to what they should be. The food and meats you receive will provide consumers with information and counsel on probably be low grade and fatty or rotten. consumer goods and services, to give information on all 4—Watch out for selling out sales carefully — Some matters relating to the expenditure of the family income, stores have fake “selling out” sales just to get you into the and to initiate and to cooperate with individual and group store. The bargains they offer aren’t really what they efforts seeking to create and maintain decent living pretend to be. standards for Black people. We hope to also give information that will protect the consumer against fraudulent business practices. A number of steps can be taken to avoid being “gypped” by fraudulent schemes and disreputable businessmen. A consumer must learn how to spot deceitful selling practices because once you sign a contract or make a purchase, you may never get off the hook. and 22 for sickle cell research. Blacks who have begun fund-raising and educational efforts to combat the disease attribute the disparity between efforts to curb sickle cell anemia and those of other diseases that predominantly affect whites to racism. But Dr. Scott says the problem is more complex than that. One problem, he said, is that there is no national organization devoted to combating the disease. Although many local organizations are attempting to curb sickle cell anemia, Dr. Scott says a coordinated effort is essential. Bust Tips bothers and sisters who are detained by the police, are in and what he looks like. Also, remember what he says and the right, but lose their cool and antagonize the police and what you say. The same goes for any other people who are are soon in the wrong. there. Don’t run if you are approached by the police, If another brother or sister is being arrested, don’t whether you’re in the right or wrong, don’t give him any interfere, it wouldn’t do any good for you to get arrested excuse to “apprehend” you. too! Maintain yourself, you can help the effort better out of jail, than in. Stay calm, don’t lose your temper and get angry, because you could anger him. again don’t give him any This article is sponsored by the Community Law excuse to “antagonize” you in the “line of duty.” Office, located at the Westminister Community House. For If you are being detained find out why. Try to further legal inquiries, contact The Westminister remember the badge number of the policemen, if possible, Community House or Bernard Pryor - 831-5346(7) �Resists Arrest - Gets Jail Term St. Petersburg, Fla. (LNS)-Albert Courtney, 18-year-old black activist with the Junta of Militant Organizations (JOMO), has been found guilty and sentenced to one year in the County Jail on the charge of “Resisting arrest without violence.” Little Al was arrested on February 6, 1970 at a shopping center in St. Petersburg. He was in the area at the invitation of the shopping center management. Earlier in the day JOMO had successfully completed a picket boycott of the shopping center. After JOMO had left the area, about 300 black high school and junior high school students came on the scene to join the picket lines. The police pulled back---into attack formation. Then, without any provocation, the police began attacking the Black students. During Courtney’s trial, his lawyer called for the disqualification of the all-white jury on the grounds that they were not a jury of Courtney’s peers. Judge Tyson denied the motion for disqualification. The charge against Courtney had been originally “resisting arrest with violence” — a felony charge which carries a sentence of up to five years on a chain gang. But someone can’t resist arrest unless they’re arrested first, so charges of “verbal abuse to an officer” and “disorderly While JOMO was talking to the management, the conduct” were added. police began chasing individual students throughout the The testimony of the three policemen that testified parking area. The police promised to pull back and allow was contradictory. Two claimed that they couldn’t have JOMO to get the students out without any violence. beaten A1-- they didn’t even have their billy clubs. The Trial other one said not only did they have their clubs but also riot sticks. During the trial it became clear that they couldn’t possibly press “resisting arrest with violence” charges since the evidence was so obviously proving that Little Al had been beaten by the cops. The National Committee to Free Al Courtney needs defense funds and requests that people write to Al Courtney, Cell 4SE, Pinelas County Jail, Clearwater, Florida 33516. Letters should also be sent to Florida Governor Reuben Askew, State Capitol, Tallahassee, Florida, protesting the illegal kidnapping of Albert Courtney. All checks should be made out to: Al Courtney Defense Fund, PO Box 12792, St. Petersburg, Fla. 33733. For further information call the Institute of Black Unity (813)896-2036. Speakers are also available. Moved From The People Memphis, Tenn. (LNS) -Because of growing community support for 15 jailed members of the Memphis National Committee to Combat Fascism (NCCF) the organizing arm of the Black Panther Party, Judge Joe Evans made the unprecedented move of granting a “charge of venue” in their trial. “Change of venue” means a change in the place of the trial. Lawyers traditionally make a motion for change of venue on the grounds that the first site of the trial would be prejudicial in the case. Then, in case of conviction, the usual denial of change of venue in misdemeanor cases can be brought up to appeal the Memories Women conviction. 14 of the 15 are charged with a misdemeanor--“conspiracy” under an 1858 law-for moving twelve poor black families into colored served here authority in early January. (the 15th was charged with assault and his case was separated.) Their lawyers never expected that the change of would really be granted, even though they had made the motion themselves-as a matter of course.Now the City of Memphis will have to bear thousands of extra dollars in increased court costs and transportation to the new site of the trial. Veteran court - watchers here say that they have heard of change of venue being granted in a misdemeanor case; they are sure that Judge Evans was afraid of the NCCF’s popular backing. On the day the case came before Evans’ court, a hundred people filled the halls outside the courtroom and demanded entrance. They were stopped by police, and empty seats inside went unfilled. Bail was set at $3,000 each for the fourteen and a few of them are out on bail now. But the remainder are still in jail, waiting for the trial to take place somewhere outside of Memphis. Only Other Black Could Understand Before a woman becomes grown if she’s black and poor she learns that the world is cold ready to rape you of everything if a black girl child wants to ever become free she has to really struggle like we did thru shouts of hatred and screams of amerikan misunderstanding prison can make you look back on a lifetime of bitterness... handed-down clothes cold winter nights for whites only colored served here, memories only other black women could understand trying to be what aint/of trying to see whats not of trying to rid ourselves of what never was of men crying of children dying memories that harsh and cruel of alley ways where people live of ‘people’ who not only attack with weapons but with words (which you cannot combat) -if you’re black and poor and female like my mama like me and my sisters. -Ericka huggins Niantic Prison/LNS �Steal And Survive Or Starve In Amerika, there is a national food stamp program that unfortunately is controlled by the states. Many states, for racist reasons, do not want to make it too available, or even to publicize the fact that it exists. It is a much better deal than the food program connected with welfare because you can use the stamps to buy any kind of food. The only items excluded are tobacco products and alcoholic beverages. In general, you can qualify if you earn less than $165 per month; the less you earn, the more stamps you can receive. There is minimal hassle involved once you get by the first hurdle. Show up at your local food stamp office, which can be found by calling the Welfare Department in your city. Make an appointment to see a representative for your area. They will tell you to bring all sorts of receipts , but the only thing you need is a few rent stubs for the most recent months. If the receipts are for a high rent, tell them you rent a room from a group of people but eat separately. They really only want to prove that you have cooking facilities. Once you get stamps, you can pick them up regularly. Some states even mail them to your pad. You can get up to a hundred dollars worth of free purchases a month per person in the most liberal states. Large amounts of highly nutritional food can be gotten for as little as three cents per meal from a non-profit organization called Multi-Purpose Food for Millions Foundation, Inc. Their address is 1800 Olympic Ave., Santa Monica, Cal. Write and they will send you details. Talking about food in Amerika means talking about supermarkets-- mammoth, neon-lighted streets of food packaged to hoodwink the consumer. The fact that so much stealing goes on and the supermarkets still bring in huge profits shows exactly how much overcharging has occurred in the first place. Never go shopping in the supermarket without a briefcase or a large handbag. It’s best to work shoplifting in the supermarket with a partner who can act as look-out. Work out a prearranged set of signals with your partner. In the produce department, there are bags for fruit and vegetables. Slip a few steaks or some lambchops into the bottom of a large brown bag and pile some potatoes on top. Have the little man in the white coat weigh the bag, staple it and mark the price. With a black crayon, you can also mark your own prices. You can walk into a supermarket, get a few items from the shelves, and walk around eating food in the aisles. Pick up some cherries and eat them. Have a spoon in your pocket and open some yogurt. Open a pickle or olive jar. Get some sliced meat or cheese from the delicatessen counter and eat it up, making sure to ditch the wrapper. The cart full of items, used as a decoy, can just be left in an aisle before you leave the store. Case the joint before pulling a big rip-off. Know the least crowded hours, learn the best aisles to be busy in, and check out the store’s security system. Once you get into shoplifting in supermarkets, you’ll really dig it. You’ll be surprised to learn that the food tastes better. Large chain stores like Safeway throw away day-old vegetables and the outer leaves of lettuce, celery and the like. This stuff is usually found in crates outside the back of the building. Tell them you’re working with animals at the college labs, or that you raise guinea pigs. They might even get into saving them for you, but if they don’t, just show up before the garbage is collected (generally early in the morning), and they’ll let you cart away what you want. Dented cans and dented fruit can often be gotten free, or certainly at a reduced rate. They are still as good as the undamaged. Large cities all have a wholesale fruit and vegetable area where the workers will often give you loads of free food just for the asking. Get a good story together. Get some church stationery and type a letter “To Whom it may concern” introducing yourself, or better still, wear some clerical garb. Orchards also make good pickings just after the harvest has been completed. Factories often will give you a case or two of free merchandise for a “charitable” reason. Make some calls around town and then go pick up the stuff at the end of the week. A great idea is to get a good list of a few hundred large corporations around the country by looking up their addresses at the library. Poor’s Register of Companies. Directors and Executives has the most complete list. Send them all letters complaining about how the last box of cereal was only half full, or how you found a dead fly in the can of peaches. They often will send you an ample supply of items just to keep you from complaining to your friends, or worse, taking them to court. Often you can get stuff sent to you by just telling them how good their product is compared to the trash you see nowadays. You know the type of letter. “Rice Krispies have had a fantastic effect on my sexual prowess,” or “Your frozen asparagus has given a whole new meaning to my life.” In general, though, the nasties get the best results. Slaughterhouses usually have meat that they will give have a buffet with hors d’oeuvres served free as a come-on away. They are anxious to give to church children’s to drink more booze. Take a half-empty glass from a table programs and things like that. In most states, there is a law and use it as a prop to ward off the anxious waitress. Walk that if the slab of meat touches the ground, they have to around sampling the free food until you’ve had enough. throw it away. Drop around meat houses late in the day Often there are five or six such bars in close proximity, so and trip a few trucks. moving around can produce a delightful “street smorgasbord.” Dinner usually begins at 5:00 PM. Fishermen always have hundreds of pounds of fish If you are really hungry, you can go into a that have to be thrown out. You can have as much as you self-service cafeteria and finish the meal of someone who can cart away, generally just for the asking. Boats come in left a lot on the plate. Self-service restaurants are usually late in the afternoon and they’ll give you some of the good places to cop things like mustard, ketchup, salt, catch, or you can go to the markets early in the morning sugar, toilet paper, silverware and cups for home use. Bring when the fishing is best. an empty book bag and load up after you’ve cased the These methods of getting food in large quantities can joint. Finishing leftovers can be worked in even the only be appreciated by those who have tried them. You fanciest restaurants. When you are seated at a place where will be totally baffled by the unbelievable quantities of the dishes still remain, chow down real quick. Then after food that will be laid on you, and by the ease of the waitress hands you the menu, say you have to meet panhandling. someone outside first, and leave. Investing in a freezer will allow you to make bi-weekly or even monthly trips to the wholesale markets, There are still some places where you can get all you and you’ll get the freshest foods, to boot. Nothing can can eat for a fixed price. The best of these places are in Las beat getting it wholesale for free. Or is it free for Vegas. Sew a plastic bag onto your tee-shirt or belt and wholesale? In any event, “Bon appetit.” wear a loosefitting jacket or coat to cover any noticeable Forming a food cooperative is one of the best ways bulge. Fried chicken is the best and the easiest to pocket. to promote solidarity and get every kind of food you need In fancy sit-down restaurants, you can order a large to survive real cheap. It also provides a ready-made bridge meal and halfway through the main course, take a little for developing alliances with blacks, Puerto Ricans, dead cockroach or a piece of glass out of your pocket and chicanos and other groups fighting our common oppressor place it deftly on the plate. Jump up astonished and on a community level. summon the head waiter. “Never have I been so insulted. I Call a meeting of about 20 communes, collectives or could have been poisoned,” you scream, slapping down the community organizations. Set up the ground rules. There napkin. You can refuse to pay, and leave, or let the waiter should be a hard core of real good hustlers that serve as the talk you into having a brand new meal on the house for shopping or hunting party, and another group of people this terrible inconvenience. who have their heads together enough to keep records and In restaurants where you pay at the door just before run the central distribution center. Two or three in each leaving, there are a number of free-loading tricks that can group should do it. They get their food free for the effort. be utilized. After you’ve eaten a full meal and gotten the Another method is to rotate the activity among all check, go into the restroom. When you come out go to the members of the conspiracy. The method you choose counter or another section of the restaurant and order depends upon your politics and whether you favor a coffee and pie. Now you have two bills. Simply pay the division of labor or using the food conspiracy as a training cheaper one when you leave the place. This can be worked for collective living. Probably a blend of the two is best, with a friend in the following way. Sit next to each other at the counter. He should order a big meal and you a cup but you’ll have to hassle that out for yourself. Then next thing to agree upon is how the operation of coffee. Pretend you don’t know each other. When he and all the shit you get will be paid for. This depends on a leaves, he takes your check and leaves the one for the large number of variables, so we’ll map out one scheme and you meal on the counter. After he has paid the cashier and left, can modify it to suit your particular situation. Each you pick up the large check, and then go into the member of every commune should be assessed a fee for astonishment routine, complaining that somebody took joining. You want to get together about $2000, so with the wrong check. You end up only paying for the coffee. 200 members this is ten bucks apiece. After the joining Later, meet your partner and reverse the roles in another fee, each person or group has to pay only for the place. low-budget food ordered, but some loot is needed to get In all these methods, you should try to leave a good things rolling. tip for the waiter or waitress, especially with the The money goes to getting a store-front or garage, a roach-in-the-plate gambit. You should try to avoid getting beat-up truck, some scales, freezers, bags, shelving, the employees in trouble or screwing them out of a tip. chopping blocks, slicer and whatever else you need. You One fantastic method of not only getting free food can get great deals by looking in the classified ads of the but getting the best available is the following technique local underground newspaper and checking for restaurants that can be used in large metropolitan areas. Look in a or markets going out of business. Remember — the idea of large magazine shop for gourmet digests and tourist a conspiracy is to get tons of stuff at real low prices or free manuals. Swipe one or two and copy down a good name into a store-front, and then break it down into smaller from the masthead inside the cover. Making up a name can units for each group and eventually each member. The also work. Next, invest $5.00 to print business cards with freezers allow you to store perishables for a longer time. the name of the magazine ana the new "associate editor.” The hunting party should be well acquainted with Call or simply drop into a fancy restaurant, show a copy of how to rip off shit totally free and where the best deals are the magazine and present the manager with your card. to be found. They should know what food is seasonal and They will insist that the meal be on the house. about nutritional diets. There is alot to learn, such as Great places to get fantastic meals are weddings, bar where to get raw grains in 100-pound lots and how to cut mitzvahs, testimonials, and the like. The newspaper society up a side of beef. A good idea is to get a diet freak to give sections have lists of weddings and their locations. If your weekly talks in the store-front. Cooking lessons can also be city has a large Jewish population, subscribe to the given. newspaper that services the Jewish community. There are Organizing a community around a basic issue of extensive lists in these papers of family occasions where survival such as food makes a lot of nitty-gritty sense. lots of good food is served. Show up at the back of the After your conspiracy gets off the ground and looks synagogue a few hours after the affair has begun with a permanent, you should seek to expand it to include more story of how you’d like to bring some left-overs of “good members, and an emergency food fund should be set up in Jewish food” back to your fraternity or sorority. If you want to get the food served to you out front, case something happens in the community. There should also be a fund whereby the conspiracy can sponsor free you naturally have to disguise yourself to look straight. community dinners tied into celebrations. Get it together Remarks such as “I’m Marvin’s cousin,” or learning the and join the fight for a worldwide food conspiracy. Seize bride’s name, (“Gee, Dorothy looks marvelous”) are the time! Steak! great . . .A man and a woman team can work this freeload In a country such as Amerika, there is bound to be a much better than a single person, as they can chatter back hell of a lot of food lying around just waiting to be ripped and forth while stuffing themselves. off. If you want to live high off the hog without having to If you’re really into a classy free meal, and you are do the dishes, restaurants are easy pickings. In general in a city with a large harbor, check out the passenger ship many of these targets are easier marks if you are wearing section in the back pages of the newspaper. There you find the correct uniform. You should always have one suit or the schedule of departures for ocean cruises. Most trips fashionable dress outfit hanging in the closet for the begin with a fantastic bon voyage party on board ship. Just proper heists. Specialized uniforms, such as nun and priest walk on a few hours before departure time and start garb, can be most helpful. Check out your local uniform swinging. Champagne, caviar, lobster, shrimp, and more store for a wide range of clothes that will get you into- and all as free as the open seas. If you really get bombed and miss getting off, you can also wiggle a ride across the especially out of- all kinds of doors. In every major city there are usually bars that cater ocean. You get sent back as soon as you hit the other side, to the Now Generation-type riff-raff trying to hustle their but it’s a free ocean cruise. You should have a pretty good way up the escalator of Big Business. Many of these bars story ready to go, or you might do the trip in the brig. �Ideology Of The BSU There has been a lot of discussion among members of the Black Student Union as to precisely what is the ideology of our young organization. The leadership has said the ideology is Pan-Africanism, but has never defined Pan-Africanism and laid the necessary ideological foundation for concrete and positive action in that direction. We understand very clearly that there are prerequisites which have to be met in order for our struggle to proceed on the correct path to liberation for ourselves and other oppressed people. A firm ideological foundation provides us with power to stand firm against attacks from the oppressor, and puts us in a position to deal with ideological revisionists and dogmatists. It serves as our most important weapon in our struggle to eliminate the evils of liberalism and organizational hangups within our ranks, as well as the ranks of people. Our ideological foundation provides the masses with a guide to judge us as we move among them with implementation of our programs. When we say our ideology is Pan-Africanism, we mean that the ideology of B.S.U. is the understanding of the historical experiences of African people the world over and the wisdom gained by African people in their struggle against colonialism, racism, and imperialism, defined through the ideological framework of Pan-Africanism as defined by the B.S.U. Central Committee. However, we must place heavy emphasis on the last part of that definition, “as defined by the B.S.U. Central Committee.” The world of Pan-Africanism has become a large jungle of opinion in which conflicting interpretations from revisonism to dogmatism have been allowed to give off reactionary and blind philosophies, as revolutionism has been defined from the need of all African people to return to the motherland and liberate it, to the idea of setting up an independent African nation within the americas. Such an ideological inconsistency presents serious problems to a young organization, such as ours, in its attempts to move in our struggle for liberation and unification of Black people. When we say we are Pan-Africanists, we mean we understand the classical principles of Pan-Africanism and that we have adopted these principles to our own situation. Although we do not move with closed minds to new ideas and new information, we realize, to be free from ideological flunkeyism, we must use our own brains in solving problems of an ideological nature. We understand, very clearly, the revolutionary principle of self-reliance, and how we must relate to it if we are to survive. It must be us who lay the necessary ideological foundation that is intuned to an ever changing political situation. Ideology is a body of doctrine, myth, symbols, etc., of a social movement, institution, class, or large group. Such a body of doctrine, myth, etc., has reference to a political and cultural, plan, with the necessary means for putting it into action. The correct ideology is an invincible weapon against the oppressor in our struggle for liberation. Pan-Africanist philosophers around the world have taught us the correct classical principles in our ideological struggle, but they have never truly dealt with the struggle of African people in the United States. Although their principles apply, it is our duty to carry these principles further by our political work among the masses. Only when we bridge the gap between theory and practice, do we see any type of an ideology formed. This bridge gives further meaning to our political definitions and to our political work. 3. Our fight must be against racism and capitalism - We do not agree that by destroying capitalism, you automatically destroy racism. Revolutionary socialist Cuba has taught us that. Cuba has been trying to rid itself of the situation where lighter skinned Cubans have been pressing for preferential treatment from the government so that they can control the Cuban society. The lessons gained from the movements of African people the world over have taught us we must fight against both capitalism and racism. Capitalism was not designed for the majority of people; it serves as a vehicle by which the rich get richer at the expense of the poor and colonized Historically, through our involvement, we people of the world. Racism operates this have found that organizations cannot give us a exploitation on color lines. political ideology. They can only give us an ideological framework in which to define our experiences, as we move about implementing 4. Land is the basis of independence programs and doing the necessary political work. We don’t mean that as soon as you get a deed to a The classical principles of Pan-Africanism piece of soil you become independent. To be constitute the ideological framework or the independent, you must control the land. The theory, and the experiences we gain by teaching schools in your neighborhood are part of the land: these principles to the masses constitutes our the stores are part; the houses, factories, power ideology (the practice). We teach in various ways: plants, are all part of the land. We must control these! Until we control these, we are only tenants community programs, lectures, newspapers, etc. on somebody else’s land. We understand that with When we take our ideological framework to the this land, it is our duty to create a nation. We use people, we bridge the gap between theory and the land to produce the things that are necessary practice. A political organization that does not for our survival and growth. A nation is a group of bridge that gap becomes static and fails, whereas, people who control a certain land, who have the those that do, continually succeed in their same interests and background and are moving struggle for freedom and liberation. toward the same goals, using a unified, organized In order for our struggle to move in the plan. The African nation is composed of black direction we desire, we must clearly understand people who are working for all-African unity the classical principles of revolutionary founded on the principles of socialism. It is our duty to apply these Pan-African Pan-Africanism. These principles are many and principles and carry them to their furthest point varied, but we shall deal with only those that implementation. Another legacy left to us is to apply to us and our particular situation: bring forth new revolutionary Pan-Africanist principles, derived from our constant participation. Let us always remember the words 1. We are African people Just because we of Frantz Fanon: “It is a question of the Third World starting were ripped away from Africa does not change a new history of man. a history which will have our origin. Does kidnapping a person change his regard to the sometimes prodigious theses which identity? We came from Africa, so we are Europe has put forward, but which also does not Africans! Our future is bounded up with Africa. England, France, the U.S. make divisions between forget Europe’s crimes, of which the most us such as Negroes. Colored, African, etc. because horrible was committed in the heart of man. and it is to their advantage. But among Africans there consisted of the pathological tearing apart of his functions and the crumbling away of his unity. must be no division. We are African - period. 2. We must be revolutionary internationalists And in framework of the collectivity, there were - We understand that our struggle is part of the the differentiations, the stratification, and the entire world struggle of African people. We say blood-thirsty tensions fed by classes; and finally, especially the struggle of African people because on the immense scale of humanity, there were we are Pan-Africanists. We realize that we must racial hatreds, slavery, exploitation, and above all first organize and unify all Africans because this is the bloodless genocide which consisted in the the most natural and efficient path to freedom. setting aside of fifteen thousand millions of men. We are a nation. We can identify Africans So, comrades, let us not pay tribute to Europe by physically, on the basis of color. We know that all creating states, institutions, and societies with Africans have been assaulted by the exploitation their inspiration from her. Humanity is waiting and racism put out by European and U.S. for something from us other than such an controllers. That is one common bond. It is in our imitation, which would be almost an obscene interests to unite ourselves because we must caricature. If we wish to live up to our people’s eliminate the oppression put down by the present expectations we must seek the response elsewhere controllers. So, we must first organize ourselves. than in Europe.” It would be unrealistic for black people to go out into Williamsville, Paris, France or Scotland to organize non-African people there. We must work with Africans in Buffalo, and the U.S., on the African continent, in the Carribean, South America, Europe, Australia and any other place where Africans are now living. This does not mean that we are against the struggle of other people for their own self-determination. We will work with and support all socialist movements that are working towards the independence of their people and ending exploitation. But our energy will be concentrated on organizing African people and strengthening our own nation. Central Committee Raymond Curtis.......................................................Chairman Vacant ................................................................ Co-Chairman Gerald Luke....................................................... Co-Chairman Percy Lambert ........................................ Min. of Education Horace Flower................................. Min. of Campus Affairs JoAnn Cartledge........................ Min. of Community Affairs Linda Lambert.......................... Min. of Community Affairs Rita Thompson ........................Min. of High School Affairs Warren Hunter ......................................Min. of Information Akmen Hassein................................. Min. of Cultural Affairs Dewayne Baker ........................... EPIS Student Association Tom Merriweather........................................ Min. of Finance � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Student Union collection Subject The topic of the resource Student newspapers and periodicals College students, Black Minority college students Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Description An account of the resource The Black Student Union (BSU) at UB was founded in 1967 and recognized by the Student Association in 1968. In 1969, it counted 1,000 members. Twelve periodical publications have been issued by the BSU and are the primary record of the activities and history of the organization. Most of the material was issued on newsprint, and the material is now extremely fragile as a result of heavy use. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-2015 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use for educational purposes only. Single copies (print, photocopy, download) are permitted for personal study, research and teaching. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-UA005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Unity: Phase One Newsletter Volume 1, Number 6, March 12, 1971 Description An account of the resource This is Volume 1, Number 6 of the newsletter "Unity: Phase One." It was published by the Black Student Union of the University at Buffalo. This issue was published on March 12, 1971 and is eight pages long. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Subject The topic of the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) -- Periodicals State University of New York at Buffalo African American college students College student newspapers and periodicals Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-03-12 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-10 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Periodicals Newsletters Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG9-5-00-4_1a_1_1_004 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Black Student Union (RG 9/5/00-4) LIB-UA005 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Language A language of the resource en-US Extent The size or duration of the resource. 30.48 x 44.45 cm Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. 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Black Student Union Newspapers https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/5e9eb58a08fdabf6f0da592601c36a73.pdf 779d9caafbf314fe71b0790eed4a0115 PDF Text Text Unity: Phase One Black Student Union SUNYAB ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Vol. 1, #8 What Is ACoperativ What Is A Cooperative? A cooperative is a collection of people who get together and make things together, or buy things together, or arrange things together, without seeking any individual profit. All the energy of a cooperative is spent to give better quality products, and better services at cheaper prices. The cooperative does not seek to make profit! So, all the costs that are added in to make profit in a regular retail store or agency, are not passed on to the cooperative members. For example, if ten pounds of steak costs $14.00 at wholesale price, then sold at A & P or the local butcher for $18.00, you the customer have paid $4.00 above the cost of the meat, for, the profits that the retailer (Loblaws or local butcher) makes. You don’t get $4.00 extra meat when you drop down your $18.00 dollars! You don’t get one ounce more meat! The meat weighed 10 pounds at the wholesaler and it still weighs 10 pounds at the retailer (A & P, Fuzaks); So, the amount of meat you get never changes; only the price of the meat changes, from one point to another. You don’t get any more meat; you just pay more for it. Most people say the $4.00 extra pays for the service the retailer performs (he gets the meat from the wholesaler, and cuts it up and keeps it in his refrigerator ready for sale). The question to ask: has the retailer done services that are equivalent to the amount of price difference? (has he done $4.00 worth of service?). Now, if he ain’t done $4.00 worth of service, then he is overcharging you. Most people say this is cool because “the man has got to make profit.” So, even though this man did $1.00 worth of services, you say it’s cool for him to charge you three more dollars so he can make a profit. The members of Ujima Cooperative believe it’s Not cool to pay for something that you aren’t getting the benefit of, whether the excuse be “it went for profits or. you can’t escape the system.” The profit system ain’t putting No more food in your stomach. In fact, the profit system puts less food in your stomach, fewer clothes on your back, fewer shoes on your feet, fewer rooms and facilities in your house, because somebody is draining away a percentage of what you pay, and puts it in his pocket and calls it profit. Suppose there is a supermarket on one corner, and a wholesale store 5 blocks away from it. Everyday you go into the supermarket and pay $.59 for a dozen of eggs. When you, and everybody in your neighborhood have bought up all the eggs at $.59 a dozen, the supermarket owner drives his truck down to the wholesale store and buys 100 dozen of eggs at $.29 a dozen, then brings them back to his supermarket so you can pay $.59 a dozen. The second question to ask is: Can we get around paying through the nose? Can we do the work ourselves? The Ujima cooperative, operates on the principle of self reliance (self-help). Before we let somebody charge each of us, individually, $.59 for eggs, we will put our $.29 together, go down to the wholesaler ourselves and bring back the eggs we need. So, a cooperative is an efficient way of getting what you need, at the lowest possible cost, by using the collective labor and money of the members of that cooperative. The central committee of the Black Student Union (WANANCHI) has set up the Ujima cooperative management unit. This management unit is organizing meat and food CO/OPs, clothes cleaning CO/OP, shoe repair CO/OP and a medical-dental services CO/OP. Being a member of Ujima, entitles you to participate in each of the five service categories. Black Student Union - Concepts of Ujima Ujima-Swahili word meaning the cooperative effort by small and large groups of individuals. It’s the understanding of BSU, that the economic machinery of the United States and the economic mentality behind it, laughs at individual black capitalism, and jokes about how they got generations of black people to swallow such a big economic sugarpill. BSU is convinced that the most sensible, efficient way to increase the material well-being of the majority of black people is through cooperative organization. Black people have to buy cooperatively, organize services cooperatively, and distribute goods proportionately according to the principles of cooperative organization. Ujima, the central managing agent for all phases of cooperative organization, aims at delivering the best quality and adequate quantity of Needed goods and services to each member of the cooperative at decreasing or stabilized minimum cost. Ujima is the umbrella for all the various cooperative units. The units operate specific ventures, for example, a meat cooperative, a clothing cooperative, or a home and medical services cooperative. Ujima coordinates these separate units and is responsible for the maintenance of these units. How Ujima CO/OP Works: A co/operative that exists within a capitalist society is able to cut cost on all goods because it cuts out one of the profit makers, the middle man (retailer). Instead of having to buy your food from a retail grocer, supermarket or street vendor who charges a greater price than what he paid for goods, in order to (cover the cost of) his own labor and get a little stash for himself (profit). A co/operative does all the work that the middle man would normally do — bring the food from the distributor wholesaler, and make it available to customers (put it in his store). To College Students Of Color: We know you must be the busiest man/woman in the whole universe. We know you worry about a lot of things, somdimos. And we also know you don’t worry about nutin’ until your Sti-Pend is threatened. All stipends are going to be cut for special programs beginning June 1971. The federal and state gov’t have cut down on the cash they were “giving” to “Black Programs.” So, educational financing will be a whole lot harder then it ever was before. So, if you ain’t had no money yesterday, you sure won’t have none tomorrow. And if you thought you had a little money this term you can bet that you’ll get less this coming year. �Pan-Africanism Van Ridgeway Pan Africanism, as most of our readers Whens, wheres, and hows, should not be and people dealing directly or indirectly with confused with this particular revolutionary the BSU and Liberation struggles know, is the action and those of others. Mr. James pointed basic ideological platform, not only for our out that all the major revolutions thruout growing BSU, but also for struggles of recorded history have been internalized Liberation throughout the world. The birth of within a particular racial group. The French, Pan Africanism cannot be pinned down, as English, and Russian revolutions were almost easily, as history tends to do with exact dates, totally -fought within an ethnic group for times and people involved. Pan Africanism various reasons. They were dealing primarily more or less, “evolved” or “blossomed” from with their own internal problems, power a continual struggle for self-determination, conflicts, and- workers revolts, whereas it and justice or by more conventional means, seems the Pan African revolt has not reached “Getting The Man Off Our Backs,” that level yet. It appears to be at the level in basically political terms of Unity — where allies should be chosen for trade Brotherhood and an end to capitalist without exploitation, for cultural exchange exploitation by imperialist overlords. It’s and military mobilization and definitely for a basic philosophies for growth politically, pattern of dealing with people, where all economically and educationally are people are treated justly and fairly under the togetherness and brotherhood. To be more form of government instituted. explicit it is a Socialistic Movement. The actual “revolt” in Pan African When the distinguished Mr. C.L.R. James, ideology deals with the overthrow of a who is a renowned organizer and major dictorial government, which merely exploits contributor to ideological platform for the the people and are racist on nature. Pan African movement, made an appearance It was stated earlier, that whens, wheres, before the Black Student Union on November and hows, should not be confused with other 10, he stated many examples of the successes revolutions. It was meant merely as an and strivings of the “movement.” Tanzania ideological basis. was definitely stated by him as one of the “One learns by one’s mistakes”. To be successful African nations along these lines. more specific, the quote should be extended This example definitely shows that unity will to, “One learns by others mistakes.” This end oppression, that through unified efforts means that as a growing organization we must only, will complete independence be be forever meaningful of our growing pains displaced to the people. and mistakes and also mindful of the mistakes made by others in their struggles for freedom. The Republic of Zambia, under Dr. Kaunda for example, is following this trend Our ideology would therefore stand up to towards freedom. But the interesting question criticism both within and without of ourselves, to the extent that we can always is, when will all the nations of Africa, or all walk tall and be proud of what we do with no the African peoples of the world, for that guilt, insecurity, or doubt. matter, unite collectively. Not only in brotherhood, but on knowledge, resources and force to overthrow oppression and Power To The People exploitation, to Create a nation, united for their united benefit? For their own Power To Tanzania And All African Nations self-determination? President Nyerere succeeded in not only mobilizing the people economically, but also politically. The Arusha Declaration of 1964 declared that they were a Socialist state which guaranteed all the people adequate good, clothing, shelter, medical care, and other neccessities of living. The also minimized competition between interest groups; owners and workers, rippers and rippes, the oppressor and the oppressed. Resources were owned and controlled by the state or the people. The Asusha Resolution states: Part Five: Arusha Resolution Therefore the National Executive Committee, meeting in the Community Centre at Arusha from 26.1.67 to 29.1.67 resolves: A. The Leadership 1. Every TANU and Government leader must be either a peasant or a worker and should in no way be associated with the practices of Capitalism or Feudalism. 2. No TANU or Government leader should hold shares in any company. 3. No TANU or Government leader should hold directorship on any privately-owned enterprise. 4. No TANU or Government leader should receive two or more salaries. 5. No TANU or Government leader should own houses which he rents to others. This particular resolution far exceeds any document as far as giving control and leadership to the people. In its’ essence, it excludes 90% of those who govern and administer in countries, developed or underdeveloped, thruout the world. It however, and with special citations to Dr. Ryerere, is more radical and has such extensive revolutionary departures from the establisheed educational order than the doctrines of Plato-Aristotle, Rousseau or Karl Marx. It in particular reconstructs the very system of education in order to fit the children and youth in secondary education. It’s perspectives will have a far reaching effect on the entire world. �The Black Caucus The Black Caucus - Where We Came From And How We Communicated Some of us were from New York, San Francisco, Wisconsin, and New Orleans to name a few. All together we were 42 out of 405 North Americans and Puerto Ricans in the Venceremos Brigade. We all had our own individual ideas as to what we thought we’d find and what we’d do in Cuba when we got there. The second day on board ship, we gathered for our first meeting as a Black caucus to discuss what we expected in Cuba, what our individual and organizational backgrounds were, and how best we could pool our knowledge and abilities to further teach ourselves and aid the Cubans we came into contact with. One of the decisions we came to was that, instead of behaving as though we were on a pleasure cruise, we could help the Cubans on board in what they did. Though our hosts excepted no voluntary help from the North Americans, they were pleased that we would offer our services to them in their labors, except in cases where someone could possibly be hurt. We found that by voluntarily helping out, the work necessary to be done was completed faster, friendships were developed on a more equal, and more relaxed basis, than if we had just sat back and allowed the Cubans to do all the work themselves. Even while we worked side-by-side with Cubans of all shades and colors, we retained our distain for the whites who came for apparently the same reasons we did. The Blacks and others of the Third World (particularly the Native Americans, Puerto Ricans from the mainland and the Chicanos from mainly the Southwestern United States) all but totally divorced themselves from the American Whites for racial and moral reasons in the beginning; but as time went by, the reasons were more political as well. The political reasons of the white Americans, to us seemed almost non-existant in comparison to those found in the various sections of the Third World. Of the whites, those who had a knowledge of Spanish pronounced it as though they had just stepped out of the high school classroom despite the fact that those who had command of the language were in college at the time of departure. Since when is the ability to regurgitate a few words of a language, a political license, allowing one to go to another country as a tourist? Many of the Third World (Blacks in particular) people didn’t speak the language and had a much higher political sense than did the whites. A little more than 5% of the whites were homosexuals; is this a political reason? Obviously not. The only “plank” a homosexual would have to stand on is an objection to segregation; the other reasons are biological and moral, depending upon the individual. We of the Black Caucus were more like a family, taking any problem one of us may have had, and taking it in open discussion with the entire Caucus to find the reasons why something happened, what could be done about it, and how a similar situation could be avoided in the future. It was never a surprise to find out that the meetings were held, for the most part, because of friction between brothers and sisters in the Black Caucus, and mainly those Americans- of European descent. Infrequently, disagreements went beyond the usual vocal scrimmages, and developed into rumbles between Blacks and whites. Our Cuban hosts could not understand the Third World’s resentment toward the whites, until it was fully explained to them that for one thing, practically all the whites were rebelling against their parents, whom they felt brought, them up the wrong way. The whites also carried with them the burden of their forebearers, a guilt complex they will always carry with them because they either have known for quite a while, or had more resently found out that some or all of their ancestors had either held slaves, or felt that Blacks were just a little lower than horses on the animal scale. (I’d kiss my horse today because he didn’t throw me). The only thing that wench is good for is the suckling of my children), or that because they had pale skin, they were trusted more, and therefore more capable workers who were hired over more able Blacks. Many whites felt guilty because they were born into families that were anywhere from upper-middle-class to wealthy, and “attempted” to rebell, knowing full well that their families would support them financially while they were away, and welcome them back home with open arms whenever they chose to return. In the Third World, we realized that the whites were suffering from an over-abundance of money, for a great many of them paid the full price of $200.00 dollars for members of the Third World to make the trip to Cuba. Before many of the whites told us of their problems with too much money, we somehow knew already and openly scoffed at them for being born rich, but in the seclusion of our caucus we felt that if these people were so happy in their guilt, we should play on that guilt if it would help us get what we wanted. Toward the end of our stay in Cuba, we were openly more tolerant of the whites, but they knew we held as much, and in most cases, more dislike for them than at the beginning. This was because we knew more about them after having to live with them for six weeks in a dormitory atmosphere, and could only avoid them if we took care and planned to do so in advance. To those of us who found even the physical nearness of the whites an open invitation to trouble, there was an immediate move to separate ourselves from them so that there would be as little static as possible while traveling throughout the countryside, and setting up sleeping quarters for the night. When we traveled, those who couldn’t tolerate whites sat where the greatest concentration of Third World People were. When we were assigned sleeping quarters, the whites found themselves in an isolated section of the dorm, or tent, with those who were most tolerant of the whiter shades of pale being nearest them. �Free Expression's For Donald Dinnis, For the “ebony princess,” ear pleasing phonetically, Nina Simone, “wontdoitagin” “To Be Free” to be free Nina I suppose there would be no limits easy to move about no worries, just cares examining yourself whom you really care no competition or challenge and create a sport, share doing the things that carries your boundaries never wondering about where one is to everybody else but worrying about ones self really loving you & yours & yours loving you then we would have to questions & problems solving themselves our actions being our selfs but free? how would I know Nina i’m a Nigger myself. you have had way too long a time drawing this illusion she can keep her remedy, contemplating, until tomorrow is much too long bring it to a conclusion Now! I am tired keep your promises they have proven only to be rhetoric the ultimate elimination, and than its revolution thats the only solution Now! (Plantation rule is a slave caught escaping four times is sent to death) Jake the slave: gotta get away, run slave! flee to freedom and gain your ground. Master Eric: . .. and I shall lash your black meat, warning you of death your fourth time around. Jake the slave: yea suh, wontdoitagin massuh. Jake the slave: gonna run, run my ass off this time, gotta git klen away. Master Eric: that last whipping wasn’t good boy, you’re near death so you better stay. Jake the slave: yea suh, wontdoitagin massuh. Jake the slave: what i’m doin’ is right, just ain’t lucky, O Jake gonna’ follow his fust mind. Master Eric: nigger you’re fleet-footed and got some rabit in you, well nigger this is your last time. Jake the slave: yea suh, wontdoitagin massuh. For Charles Freeman, “Liberated/Liberate it” Jake the slave: these here fields killin’ me, gonna’ die soon anyway, just have to slip away. Master Eric: that black sonofabitch is gone and got away, he just refuses to hear what I had to say. Jake the slave: yesiree, fuck you massuh, wondoitagin. —Cinque don’t want to be liberated, sure don’t Niggers don’t want to be liberated unless they can make a white man’s salary Niggers don’t want to be liberated unless they can do it in style Niggers don’t want to be liberated unless they can drive eldorados to the ammo dumps Niggers don’t want to be liberated unless they can be the leader Niggers don’t want to be liberated unless they can buck dance doing it Niggers don’t want to be liberated unless they can pimp the revolution Niggers don’t want to be liberated unless they got some dope when it comes to Nigger’s liberation sometimes i think Niggers ain’t got no hope Niggers don’t want to be liberated OYea then Nigger take it liberated/liberate it/liberated Photos by Bob Fields �Oye - Que Pasa? May 23, 1969 1 A.M. Hey — What’s Happening? You say You’re ready! But you know damn well You’ve been saying that quite steady Take up your shit and go to hell If you say you’re ready Okay, you say you’re down But, you’re acting like a mother fucking clown Hey! Your face, you’re using a different makeup What do you mean by saying That tomorrow you’ll use the cooker trick Instead of the nail file act? Who the fuck told you; That you could change acts? Can’t you see what I’m saying are cold facts? You’re getting to be a mother fucking circus. But one that is running out of acts Next performance: Closed — lack of audience Nobody watching you any more. Hey brother, how you and that white lady? Cut her loose brother Or we’ll see your neck on a noose Brothers and sisters that lady is shady! If you say that she’s just as good to you as she is for you How the fuck you gonna win In the shapes you’ll have to be in Hey baby, think of all the changes And hopefully you’ll see new arrangements For you and I are but each other’s reflections. Say brother, you know how easy it is. To look through clean glass But if you can’t see that the glass is dirty .. . You better not stir that sugar with that tablespoon Hey Sister — What’s happening? What’s that you said, Niggers ain’t shit? Now what you talking about? Pot calling kettle black! Sisters, what’s happening? Too busy getting an education There are other ways to rid your tensions Like think Start your minds to walking But make sure you know where you’re going Cause you could walk until you fall off the edge! I guess you say that’s okay Where there’s a will there’s a way! Understanding of your role to the brother Is your specific function! Say brother — what’s happening? What’s that you said? Nothing to it, but to do it And there’s nothing like it but some more Yeah bro- after all the honey does taste good to the bee Our minds must start to relate To other things before its too late It’s time to accept the responsibility Which has been bestowed upon us Cause you and I both know That there are many minds to feed And not enough food for thought Its time we start hunting for food Hey, let’s look for some pussies Cause I hear they like to do a lot of fucking .. . Oye - Que Pasa? Nada! For Leon Phipps and Herman “Scrooge” Lazarrous, “Unwinding the Not I don’t save for the rainy day & what not I love today tomorrow i may not wishing for what should be, I do not worry about things that are not excepting whats thrust forward I try not forgetting my history I can not bear any more unnecessary pain, I shall not cease to live & thats not to mention I will die to live why not? by Alfredo Jaime Crossman-Chavez (Abdul Aleem Masalamah Chavez) Prosperity Through A Cooperative Life Julis Nyerere President United Republic of Tanzania �Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia by Robert Powell There has been many informative articles out about Sickle Cell Anemia. The problem arises from the fact that very few Black people want to listen, or pay attention to it. This disease seemingly attacks it Black victims, filling their lives with endless pain, sickness and death. The disease has been described as a Black Genocide, which is the best description for it, because in 61 years, no cure has been found. There are two aspects of the disease and they are the trait and Sickle Cell Anemia itself. The trait is the capability to pass the anemia on down to your children. The anemia is the sickness itself. At least one of every twelve Black persons have the trait or the sickle cell gene. If both parents carry the gene trait, one of four of their children will inherit the disease. Out of these people their average lifespan is only twenty-two (22) years. It should be well understood that if you keep ignoring the disease, one of your own Black children will die. The following is not a diagnosis of the disease, but some of the things that occur in people with S.C.A. It’s said that people affected with it adapt and cope with it. The main reason is that they are not aware that they don’t have arthritis or rheumatism, but a deadly killer that’s going to shorten their lives. Some of the people may show weakness more readily than the so-called normal person. At this point, the disease has become more of an extremist. When one goes to the doctor complaining of aching joints and pains, he doesn’t realize that he might have Sickle Cell Anemia. The most interesting points are said to be located in the heart. The signs that really should be brought out though are the physical ones. Such that tenderness from pressure on the joints. The palms of the hands and muscle membranes happen to be a green and yellow color. A victim suffering from S.C.A. shows lower skull. He or she will seem to be much younger than the age they might state. The stomach will be a shield for an enlarged liver and spleen. Even though S.C.A. isn’t sex linked, it is found to be more common in Black females than in the male. As stated earlier, as of yet, a cure for the disease hasn’t been found, but treatments have been discovered. The most effective is the Uria treatment. This has to be taken internally, and results in abnormal cells returning to normal after four hours. This treatment has to be taken four times daily, and the taste is so displeasing that it has to be mixed with some type of liquid before being consumed. The people who research this disease are Black hematologists who work with no Federal or private funds. In figures taking over 900 cases of M.D. found, over 1,155 cases of S.C.A. for M.D., $7.9 million was raised M.P. found, over 1,155 cases ofS.C.A. for M.P., $7.9 million was raised and only $100,000 for S.C.A., which is less than enough to even begin research. If funds were submitted for research in this Black killer maybe after half a century, someone could come up with some cure. Racist white America refuses to help destroy a disease which for centuries has destroyed Black people. The only way we’re going to get rid of this is for us to initiate programs and help combat this disease ourselves. A health revolution is demanded to end this sickness. Help Destroy One Of The Attempts To Commit Black Genocide Welfare - Thanks For Nothin’ Welfare — Thanks for Nothin’, is the thank you note that welfare recipients are giving to America, and its rightfully so, cause what they’ve received from the welfare system has been virtually nothin’. This message comes from the 13 million Americans who have to depend on the welfare system in order to just stay alive. They have to depend on a system that’s jury rigged and double red taped. Yes, Welfare keeps them alive, but the psychic tool that it extracts from not only the recipients, but from those who administer it, and on those who pay for it, is incomprehensible. From coast to coast, bitterness and hostilities are mounting nearly as fast as the welfare rolls themselves. As for the future, things look just as bad or even worse. Todays’ welfare dilemma is the product of more then three decades of haphazard social management by short-sighted people. The lure of wartime jobs drew the black and white peasantry to the big cities, where they set up house, took root and multiplied as fast as the sophisticated economy lost its use for them. When this happened most turned to welfare with the hope of getting help until they could get themselves another job. But the rapidly moving, sophicticated rich man’s economy made it difficult for some to get jobs, because they either lacked the training and skill, or there weren’t any companies offering training for these new jobs. Nor, were there any farsighted people in Washington with enough sense to even propose to the government that they start training centers, or pressure the companies to start training to fill these new jobs, and now its too late. The current budget for welfare is estimated at $ 15 billion, half which is paid by the government. The other half is paid by the states - with help, in some cases, from city halls and county administrations. The welfare load is claimed to be driving many of these governments down into bankruptcy. The current economic mix only intensifies the crisis. The recession is now driving more and more clients onto welfare, while inflation magnifies the costs to government and thus diminishes the value of aid to the recipient. Life at the bottom is a ceaseless and humiliating ordeal for those who have settled there. In New York, it means racing neighborhood theives to the mailbox twice a month, for the envelope that contains the welfare check. In many cities it means endless trips to the welfare office to establish basic claims. Welfare diets are substandard and the results are inescapable, especially to school children. One welfare mother put it this way on the effect of the welfare diet on school-children; “The kids go to school most of the time with nothing at all.” “Now when he does that he’s gonna nod. He’s gonna be nodding all the time. And the teacher can call him from 9 until doomsday and his mind ain’t gonna catch on.” It seems that as of yet, the knowledge of the great suffering of welfare recipients hasn’t caught on to the lawmakers in Washington. They sit there arguing, trying to further the interests of their party instead of furthering the vested interest of the people. For example; When Nixon’s reform plan was voted down in the Finance Committee, the administration privately charged that the Democrates had more selfish reasons — that they would not give the GOP credit for the long needed reform. This just shows to what extent the politicians care about the suffering people. Instead, they argue over what party should propose and implement a welfare reform. The people have to tell the politicians that its time to get out of this petty bickering, and that solidarity must be established, so that welfare recipients no longer need to suffer. As long as the welfare recipients suffer so will the nation. Rage, hysteria, and tears are all staples of the U.S. welfare system. No nation can match America’s record of global foreign “Aid”, but for 13 million Americans, charity does not always begin at home. �Things Comin' Down Now that we have succeeded in freeing Bobby Seale and Erika Huggins, we must not sit back and rest. For already David Hilliard, .Chief of Staff of the BPP, is in jail serving 4 to 20 years for assaulting an officer. These charges, stemming from the incident resulting in the murder of Lil’ Bobby Hutton, were originally dropped but were re-instituted as a means of railroading David Hilliard off the street and into prison. Martin Sostre has been granted a hearing that could reverse his conviction for the sale of narcotics. This hearing has been granted on the grounds that Arto Williams, the main witness against Sostre, admits lying about the alleged sale of narcotics. Although this may reverse the conviction on the narcotics charges, it will probably do nothing on the joint conviction of assaulting an officer; BPP Minister of Defense, Huey P. Newton, is again on trial for the death of John Frey, an Oakland policeman, who was killed supposedly by Huey, but evidence proves otherwise (read the book Free Huey, for further information). George Sams and Kimbo, two former Panthers who made a deal for lesser charges, were sentenced to life. All other people tried have either been freed or given lesser sentences. This shows that you can’t trust the power structure. On hearing the verdict, Sams thanked the court for its hospitality. Muhammed Ali’s draft conviction has been reversed. The supreme court ruled that he should have been granted Conscientious Objector (CO) status for his religious beliefs. This ruling should apply for all our Muslim brothers. BSU is sponsoring a book drive to redistribute books in Sept. Bring all books to BSU, 335 Norton, or call 831-5346, for pick-up dates. Remember!!!!! When we call for the Freedom of all political prisoners, we don’t mean the famous one’s like Bobby, Huey, or Angela but all Black men and women held in local, state, and federal prisons. Francisco Pabon, director of Puerto Rican Studies, is being “considered” for the post of Vice President of Academic Affairs. It’s more like Brother Pabon is being overlooked rather than considered because the University Administration already has it’s mind made up on Bernard R. Gelbaum, dean of the school of Physical Sciences, at Irvine, California. If you have any information of interest to Black People in general bring it to the BSU, 335 Norton, or call 831-5346. Life Yes...Pills No! Tennessee legislators are plan ning to check the “population ex plosion” by sterilizing welfare mothers. This proposed law will force wo men with one or more “illegiti mate” children to submit to steri lization or lose all welfare bene fits. In some cases, the state will take these children away from their parents and place them in foster homes. On March 15, two hundred welfare mothers most of them Black, tes tified against House Bill No. 20 at a public hearing before the state’s Welfare Committee in Nashville. Many women felt that this law was only for poor women and didn’t pertain to middle-class women at all. Bills like Bill No. 20 have been in the law books for 65 years. They have been used to kill us all off, slowly but surely! The peak of sterilization was reached in the late 1930’s when 25,000 o perations were recorded. Has involuntary sterialization de clined? No! In 1968, private re cords prove that 1/2 of 400 steri lizations nationally were perform ed in North Carolina! But still another survey shows that in 15 years involuntary sterilization le gislation had been enacted in Ca lifas, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia. In 1964, Mississippi tried to pass a law saying that having a second or subsequent “illegitimate” child is a felony. The recommended pe nalty was 1 to 3 years in the state penitentiary for first convic tion, and 3 to 4 years for later convictions. Because of national pressure the sterilization section of the bill was dropped, but the law does exist today. It is still a felony to have an illegitimate child. As for contraceptives, the first PILL, Enovid was said to be safe for contraceptive use in 1960 on the “extensive tests” in Puerto Rico. G. D. Seade who controls 40% of the PILL market didn’t even make a routine check on 3 Puerto Rican sisters who died of blood clots. Also, in San Anto nio, eleven babies were born to Chicana women who were given “dummy” pills at a birth control research center where they went to get contraceptives. These sis ters too, were used as “guinea Tennessee legislature will vote on House Bill No. 20 in the early fall. The welfare mothers hope to defeat this Bill. The Young Lords Organization supp orts you and your fight against this selective genocide on the part of the “ruling class”. Continue The Struggle! All Power To The People! Consumer Education It is obvious that there is a definite need for consumer education in the Black Community. For this reason, this article is designed to help make black people aware of how to shop and make intelligent purchases. We must realize how vital this consumer education is in order to survive in this period of inflation. We must also keep in mind that food companies are run by the white power structure and they realize that at least 70 per cent of the people shop on the spur of the moment. Purchasing should be done more carefully to avoid being “gypped.” Many supermarkets and restaurants prey on people who shop with no regard. They (the supermarkets and restaurants) buy food wholesale from food companies and sell it for unreasonable prices. We must be aware of stores like this. When shopping, one should always analyze the price of the article and its quality as well as its weight. The first rule of purchasing should be to plan a budget to suit your family’s needs and a shopping list to purchase only articles that are absolutely necessary. Try to avoid buying “foodless” foods that will only raise your food bill. A wise shopper makes sure that prices are suitable to the item being purchased. Make good use of bargains, but don’t let the word “bargain” influence you to buy something that is not really needed. The condition of a product is also very important. Some stores sell items such as milk, bread, and other products that have spoiled after a certain period of time. If you notice on the top closure of a carton of milk, there are digits that specify the month, day, and year the item was placed in the store. For this reason a service guide was printed up explaining the code number found on these products. You should ask an employee of a supermarket for such a guide to become more aware of how the code system works. This can help you avoid being “gypped,” and if you ever feel that you are a victim of a “gypp,” you should complain to: - your Better Business Bureau - your Legal Aid Society - your O E O Legal Service Agency - your State and Federal Consumer Protection Offices - your Lawyer At least one of these agencies will be glad to investigate your complaint and take action if needed. Grover Cleveland Truce Grover Cleveland Truce Last week, black, Puerto Rican, and white gang leaders declared a truce at Grover Cleveland High School. It had been the scene of many racial rivalries that broke into violence. The gang leaders met with concerned community delegates most of the day before announcing the truce. The truce was credited to the youths themselves. David Humphrey, president of the Fantastic Souls, and Sam Gonzales, president of Sigma Phi, shook hands after the announcement. Just a few days before, Niagara District Councilman Carl A. Perla Jr. demanded that Superintendent Joseph Manch and Police Commissioner Frank Felicetta order a search for weapons at Grover Cleveland High School. The councilman wanted officials to search students and their lockers for weapons or close the school. Police commissioner Felicetta said he was opposed to such a search. Feuding began when racial tension exploded at a west side carnival. A fight erupted between members of the Fantastic Souls and Sigma Phi. The Monday following, black and white gangs confronted each other outside of school but were dispersed by police. There were several beatings linked to the disturbances at Grover Cleveland. Representatives of BUILD and the Puerto Rican community conferred with gang leaders, some from outside the school, and urged them to resolve their differences. The gangs resolved to try to keep their disputes outside the school. Carolyn Lee Grover Cleveland Truce �Ideology O f The BSU Part I There has been a lot of discussion among members of the Black Student Union as to precisely what is the ideology of our young organization. The leadership has said the ideology is Pan-Africanism, but has never defined Pan-Africanism and laid the necessary ideological foundation for concrete and positive action in that direction. We understand very clearly that there are prerequisites which have to be met in order for our struggle to proceed on the correct path to liberation for ourselves and other oppressed people. A firm ideological foundation provides us with power to stand firm against attacks from the oppressor, and puts us in a position to deal with ideological revisionists and dogmatists. It serves as our most important weapon in our struggle to eliminate the evils of liberalism and organizational hangups within our ranks, as well as the ranks of people. Our ideological foundation provides the masses with a guide to judge us as we move among them with implementation of our programs. When we say our ideology is Pan-Africanism, we mean that the ideology of B.S.U. is the understanding of the historical experiences of African people the world over and the wisdom gained by African people in their struggle against colonialism, racism, and imperialism, defined through the ideological framework of Pan-Africanism as defined by the B.S.U. Central Committee. However, we must place heavy emphasis on the last part of that definition, “as defined by the B.S.U. Central Committee.’’ The world of Pan-Africanism has become a large jungle of opinion in which conflicting interpretations from revisonism to dogmatism have been allowed to give off reactionary and blind philosophies, as revolutionism has been defined from the need of all African people to return to the motherland and liberate it, to the idea of setting up an independent African nation within the americas. Such an ideological inconsistency presents serious problems to a young organization, such as ours, in its attempts to move in our struggle for liberation and unification of Black people. When we say we are Pan-Africanists, we mean we understand the classical principles of Pan-Africanism and that we have adopted these principles to our own situation. Although we do not move with closed minds to new ideas and new information, we realize, to be free from ideological flunkeyism, we must use our own brains in solving problems of an ideological nature. We understand, very clearly, the revolutionary principle of self-reliance, and how we must relate to it if we are to survive. It must be us who lay the necessary ideological foundation that is intuned to an ever changing political situation. Ideology is a body of doctrine, myth, symbols, etc., of a social movement, institution, class, or large group. Such a body of doctrine, myth, etc., has reference to a political and cultural plan, with the necessary means for putting it into action. The correct ideology is an invincible weapon against the oppressor in our struggle for liberation. Pan-Africanist philosophers around the world have taught us the correct classical principles in our ideological struggle, but they have never truly dealt with the struggle of African people in the United States. Although their principles apply, it is our duty to carry these principles further by our political work among the masses. Only when we bridge the gap between theory and practice, do we see any type of an ideology formed. This bridge gives further meaning to our political definitions and to our political work. Historically, through our involvement, we have found that organizations cannot give us a political ideology. They can only give us an ideological framework in which to define our experiences, as we move about implementing programs and doing the necessary political work. The classical principles of Pan-Africanism constitute the ideological framework or the theory, and the experiences we gain by teaching these principles to the masses constitutes our ideology (the practice). We teach in various ways: community programs, lectures, newspapers, etc. When we take our ideological framework to the people, we bridge the gap between theory and practice. A political organization that does not bridge that gap becomes static and fails, whereas, those that do, continually succeed in their struggle for freedom and liberation. In order for our struggle to move in the direction we desire, we must clearly understand the classical principles of revolutionary Pan-Africanism. These principles are many and varied, but we shall deal with only those that apply to us and our particular situation: 1. We are African people — Just because we were ripped away from Africa does not change our origin. Does kidnapping a person change his identity? We came from Africa, so we are Africans! Our future is bounded up with Africa. England, France, the U.S. make divisions between us such as Negroes, Colored, African, etc. because it is to their advantage. But among Africans there must be no division. We are African - period. 2. We must be revolutionary internationalists — We understand that our struggle is part of the entire world struggle of African people. We say especially the struggle of African people because we are Pan-Africanists. We realize that we must first organize and unify all Africans because this is the most natural and efficient path to freedom. We are a nation. We can identify Africans physically, on the basis of color. We know that all Africans have been assaulted by the exploitation and racism put out by European and U.S. controllers. That is one common bond. It is in our interests to unite ourselves because we must eliminate the oppression put down by the present controllers. So, we must first organize ourselves. It would be unrealistic for black people to go out into Williamsville, Paris, France or Scotland to organize non-African people there. We must work with Africans in Buffalo, and the U.S., on the African continent, in the Carribean, South America, Europe, Australia and any other place where Africans are now living. This does not mean that we are against the struggle of other people for their own self-determination. We will work with and support all socialist movements that are working towards the independence of their people and ending exploitation. But our energy will be concentrated on organizing African people and strengthening our own nation. 3. Our fight must be against racism and capitalism — We do not agree that by destroying capitalism, you automatically destroy racism. Revolutionary socialist Cuba has taught us that. Cuba has been trying to rid itself of the situation where lighter skinned Cubans have been pressing for preferential treatment from the government so that they can control the Cuban society. The lessons gained from the movements of African people the world over have taught us we must fight against both capitalism and racism. Capitalism was not designed for the majority of people; it serves as a vehicle by which the rich ger richer at the expense of the poor and colonized people of the world. Racism operates this exploitation on color lines. 4.Land is the basis of independence We don’t mean that as soon as you get a deed to a piece of soil you become independent. To be independent, you must control the land. The schools in your neighborhood are part of the land; the stores are part; the houses, factories, power plants, are all part of the land. We must control these! Until we control these, we are only tenants on somebody else’s land. We understand that with this land, it is our duty to create a nation. We use the land to produce the things that are necessary for our survival and growth. A nation is a group of people who control a certain land, who have the same interests and background and are moving toward the same goals, using a unified, organized plan. The African nation is composed of black people who are working for all-African unity founded on the principles of socialism. It is our duty to apply these Pan-African principles and carry them to their furthest point — implementation. Another legacy left to us is to bring forth new revolutionary Pan-Africanist principles, derived from our constant participation. Let us always remember the words of Frantz Fanon: “It is a question of the Third World starting a new history of man, a history which will have regard to the sometimes prodigious theses which Europe has put forward, but which also does not forget Europe’s crimes, of which the most horrible was committed in the heart of man, and consisted of the pathological tearing apart of his functions and the crumbling away of his unity. And in framework of the collectivity, there were the differentiations, the stratification, and the blood-thirsty tensions fed by classes; and finally, on the immense scale of humanity, there were racial hatreds, slavery, exploitation, and above all the bloodless genocide which consisted in the setting aside of fifteen thousand millions of men. So, comrades, let us not pay tribute to Europe by creating states, institutions, and societies with their inspiration from her. Humanity is waiting for something from us other than such an imitation, which would be almost an obscene caricature. If we wish to live up to our people’s expectations we must seek the response elsewhere than in Europe.” Central Committee Raymond Curtis...................................................... Chairman Vacant ................................................................ Co-Chairman Gerald Luke....................................................... Co-Chairman Vacant..................................................... Min. of Education Horace Flower................................. Min. of Campus Affairs JoAnn Cartledge........................ Min. of Community Affairs Linda Lambert.......................... Min. of Community Affairs Rita Thompson ....................... Min. of High School Affairs Warren Hunter ......................................Min. of Information Akmen Hassein.................................Min. of Cultural Affairs Dewayne Baker ........................... EPIS Student Association Tom Merriweather ....................................... Min. of Finance � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Student Union collection Subject The topic of the resource Student newspapers and periodicals College students, Black Minority college students Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Description An account of the resource The Black Student Union (BSU) at UB was founded in 1967 and recognized by the Student Association in 1968. In 1969, it counted 1,000 members. Twelve periodical publications have been issued by the BSU and are the primary record of the activities and history of the organization. Most of the material was issued on newsprint, and the material is now extremely fragile as a result of heavy use. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-2015 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use for educational purposes only. Single copies (print, photocopy, download) are permitted for personal study, research and teaching. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-UA005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Unity: Phase One Newsletter Volume 1, Number 9, undated Description An account of the resource This is Volume 1, Number 9 of the newsletter "Unity: Phase One." It was published by the Black Student Union of the University at Buffalo. This issue is undated and is eight pages long. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Subject The topic of the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) -- Periodicals State University of New York at Buffalo African American college students College student newspapers and periodicals Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource undated Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-10 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Periodicals Newsletters Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG9-5-00-4_1a_1_1_003 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Black Student Union (RG 9/5/00-4) LIB-UA005 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Language A language of the resource en-US Extent The size or duration of the resource. 30.48 x 44.45 cm Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Black Student Union Newspapers https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/c1649c4445db67bea467395713ff2bd9.pdf 2ca0b506ae420e34f8b49060c7518df8 PDF Text Text Black Student Union SUNYAB Unity: Phase One Vol. 1, No. 3/SUNYAB/December 9, Enter C.LR. James 1970 �Political Education C.L.R.James Ideological Struggle Mr. C.L.R. James, a major energy-ideology contributor to the Pan-African movement over the last 35 years, was invited to U.B. by the Black Studies Department. On Tuesday, Nov. 10, hespoke to the people. Listen to his words: In any new and developing organization we are bound to find many types of contradictions. These contradictions come in many forms, old versus the new, leadership versus the people, people versus the leadership. In order for these contradictions not to become antagonistic and destroy our developing organization, we must constantly be involved in ideological struggle to resolve these contradictions. We must be for ideological struggle if we are to preserve unity and develop a strong cohesion that will take us to final victory. Ideological struggle must be one of the points that distinguish us from reactionary and counter-revolutionary organizations. One way to insure that this constant ideological struggle exist, is the continual practice of organizational and self-criticism. Organizational and self-criticism provides us with a base to oppose subjectivism, sectarianism and allows us to move correctly in our struggle for liberation. We must always have in mind the maxim “learn from past mistakes to avoid future ones.” To apply this maxim to its greatest advantage, we must never slacken in our ideological struggle manifested in organizational and self criticism. The mistakes of the past must be exposed without sparing anyone’s feelings; it is necessary to analyze and criticize what was bad in the past with a positive attitude so that work in the future will be done more carefully and done better. This is what is meant by “learn from past mistakes to avoid future ones.” Our aim in exposing errors and criticizing shortcomings, is like that of a doctor curing a sickness, it is solely to save the patient and not to doctor him to death. So long as a person who has made mistakes does not hide his sickness for fear of treatment or persist in his mistakes until he is beyond cure, so long as he honestly and sincerely wishes to be cured and to mend his ways, we should welcome him and cure his and our sickness so we all can become good comrades. If we are to be true servants of the people, we must realize that we have shortcomings and must never be afraid to have them pointed out. Only through this ideological struggle manifested in organizational and self-criticisms can we correct our shortcomings. This will allow us to be more effective fighters in our struggle for complete liberation. We must also always remember this method is only good, when criticisms are political rather than personal. Only when we understand the correct method of struggle, can we honestly consider ourselves revolutionaries. . . . they ask me in Africa, “What about a new Pan-African movement?” What happened was, the Pan-African movement began with the idea of winning political independence. And when those leaders of the Pan-African movement won the political independence, they forgot Pan-Africanism. Each began to concentrate on his little state; to hold it for himself, and to put the opposition in jail. But after ten to fifteen years, it is clear that these African states are going nowhere. So a lot of people in Africa, students and workers who I’ve spoken to in both East and West Africa, and people in the United States are beginning to say, “What we need is a new Pan-African movement.” I tell them, there is one! But, whereas the first Pan-African movement aimed at the political independence of Africa, this Pan-African movement must aim at the economic independence, because the European imperialist financial powers still dominate over African neo-colonialist states. So the new Pan-African movement has to aim at the breaking of that. Comment Unity Phase One: Most African “territories” by 1961 had kicked out the European colonial governors, armies, administrators and other people responsible for politically controlling Africa. Whenever colonialist administrators and armies either peacefully withdraw or are physically kicked out by violent military action (Algeria), political independence begins. The people on the African continent were able to gain independence because the freedom fighters in each “territory” supported and worked with the freedom fighters in other “territories.” Together, they were working towards a unified, independent Africa (one part of Pan-Africanism). A lot of people thought that once the Europeans were driven out, all the African states would implement Pan-Africanism — unite in trade, cultural exchange, military cooperation, voluntary political unions between states, and finally, a United States of Africa. But, as C.L.R. James shows, the physical removal of Europeans did not guarantee that Africa would unite. Africans could not unite because European-United States financial groups controlled the economies of most African states. How can you unite if you don’t control your own economy? For instance, if Euro-U.S. control the cocoa market and Ghanans are substantially dependent on cocoa sales to other African Nations and to the world. Suppose Euro-U.S. say “we are going to build beach hotels, football stadiums, movies, bars, office buildings, and start drilling for diamonds in certain regions of Ghana.” And the “independent” African gov’t says, “our people don’t need hotels, etc.; we need skills, processing plants, factories, farming equipment.” Euro-U.S. controllers say, “if you don’t let us develop your country the way we see fit, we won’t buy your cocoa or sell it on the world market. We’ll go to another African state and buy their cocoa. ” If the other African state accepts the Euro-U.S. offer because it feels it can individually benefit from the offer, this acceptance will destroy cooperation between Percy L. Lambert Minister of Education the two African states. Each state, as Mr. James said, will begin to compete against Other African states for Euro-U.S. financial-economic support. So, instead of these states moving toward All-African Unity, they move toward political antagonism, economic isolation and competition (the antithesis of Pan-Africanism ). Mr. C.L.R. James continues: . . . (in the first Pan-African movement) we were able to break the political domination by mobilizing the population, and you will break the economic domination by mobilizing the population. If the leaders of African states make the people actual energetic participants in the development of the state, which Nyerere (president of Tanzania) has done, there will be no problem to form a Pan-African movement. In Africa today, in my opinion, there is one state that has declared a policy which is in every way a policy to be admired, observed, and when criticized, criticized always with a sense of the perspective that it opens out — that is Tanzania. I am glad to say that Dr. Kaunda (president, Republic of Zambia) is following him (Nyerere) also. Comment Unity Phase One: The Peoples Union of Tanzania was declared a Socialist state by the Arusha Declaration of 1964. The people of Tanzania have moved to control their own economy. They have insured all of its people will have adequate food, clothing, shelter, medical care, and other necessities for living. Through Socialism, they have minimized competition between one interest group (owners) and other interest groups (workers). In Tanzania, the machinery for producing goods and extracting wealth (food and minerals) from the land are owned by the people (state). They market their own products, in most instances, so they are not dependent on Europeans or anybody else to sell their goods for them. So, Tanzania, and also Zambia, according to brother James, are in a position to choose their allies and direct their trade, cultural exchange and military moves. Comment Unity Phase One: A student asked Mr. James, “Do you think it ever possible that white people and non-white people can actually live in peace together?” C.L.R. answered: It’s not a question of whether white people and colored people can live together. I don’t see it that way. The question is whether white people and white people can live together in peace. Because the most savage battles that we know, the most vicious antagonisms have taken place between white people and white. The problems of antagonisms between sections of the populations of a country and of the world have not been dominated by race. There have been antagonisms of property, of social status, of domination, etc. And if white people at any time arrive at living in peace with other white people, I think there is no problem with the relation of black people. You study the French revolution, English revolution, Russian revolution, Chinese revolution, they didn’t have any colored people to deal with, they were dealing with themselves. The problem is a worldwide problem. It is a problem of relations of different sections of the population to one another. And if that problem is solved, there will be no serious problem in regard to colored people. *You can pick up a copy of the Arusha Declaration in the B.S.U. office. �I said doctor doctor doctor tell me what's wrong with me doctor doctor doctor tell me what's wrong with me he said before I can help you, you gotta pay my Fee well i wanted to beg him, drop down in that hall yes i wanted to beg him, drop down in the hall but my arthritis was soooo painful i couldn’t bend at all!!! — sung in Chicago 1931 Blues songs in the thirties Blue songs people needed medicine and therapy Laborers Blues songs in twenties and thirties calling out U.S. government for health care. Socialized medicine. Laborers in factories plants, on farms, in the homes of middletoupper class capitalists. They worked and produced the goods and services that capitalists (businessmen) made Profits from. Working people began to press the government for medical care. They had been working and dying slaving and dying and the businessmen didn’t give a damn about workers health as long as they were on the assembly line and at those machines every morning. Workers showed their anger in No Medicine for Blues People Chicago they broke out all the windows from the first to the fifth floors of one of Chicago’s largest hospitals and they would have broken out the other three floors if they could of thrown those rocks that high. So the F.D. Roosevelt government threw together a thing called Social Insurance and ran a couple of experimental health programs for show. These programs never covered the majority of laborers in the U.S. So these Blues people were stuck in the same trick. 1970 19Seven-tea the same medic-shit still goes on. Not enough is being done to prevent diseases and accidents; and even after a person gets sick or injured, he is not guaranteed to get the treatment he Needs to get well. A doctor said in the Buffalo Evening News Nov. 9, 1970: “Another patient has a mass in her left breast. Medically, this is urgent enough to warrant surgery within two or three days. She has been waiting for two weeks already and the earliest opening on the reservation schedule is two weeks from now.” This woman has to wait 2 months until a bed is available in one of the wards (where working class people are put). There are several beds available in the “private” section of the hospital but these beds are reserved for people who can pay over $60 a day. In the U.S., most of Africa, South America, Carribean, S. Vietnam, Australia, Europe and any place where the economy is controlled by capitalists, the majority of people don’t get the health care they Need. In capitalist countries where health care is a Business: if you aint got money you cant afford to be healthy Hospitals are businesses. Businesses set up to put money in the pockets of the people on the board of trustees, hospital administrators, some doctors and nurses. The board of trustees control most hospitals. The board sets policy, O.K.’s or rejects programs that are proposed to the hospital. The people on these boards are usually wealthy businessmen (capitalists) who exploit the working people. The Medical Scene The Student Black Health Association is a group of brothers and sisters who have come together to find ways to deliver better health services to the Black community in Buffalo. These students are in medicine, pharmacology, nursing, physical therapy and other health related fields. The BMSA has been working with BUILD, and the Student Health Organization in researching what has been going on inside the hospitals in Buffalo. Here is a list of some of the things they found out about Buffalo General Hospital. These same conditions generally apply for all hospitals in Buffalo. 1. The Board of Trustees is a closed group of wealthy businessmen who represent only their own corporate self-interests rather than the health needs of the consumer. 2. The community immediately surrounding the Buffalo General Hospital of approximately 70,000 Black people has a death rate almost double that of the nation and of Erie County. 3. Most Black and poor patients are assigned to wards which are unfit for human habitation. 4. The ward is a dingy, overcrowded, noisy room housing 30 patients, with only a curtain providing minimal privacy. There is one bathroom for all 30 patients. 5. These wards are 100 years old and have been condemned. 6. The hospital recently opened a new wing for its private patients. The new wing has wall-to-wall carpeting; each semi-private room contains a personal bathroom and shower, a picture window and two telephones. Ward patients are deprived of these facilities. 7. The Buffalo General Hospital has consciously repressed union organization and kept the wages of most hospital workers at poverty levels. 8. Only 2 Black nurses have been graduated from the Buffalo General Hospital School of Nursing in the last 100 years. 9. Of the 400 physicians who can admit patients, only 3 are Black. 10. Many doctors at the Buffalo General Hospital receive Medicare and Medicaid payments for supposedly taking care of patients that in reality they have never seen. A recent sample of hospital records by Medicare showed that only 30% of the claims filed were acceptable for payment. 1. Many patients, mostly poor and Black, are deprived of their human and legal rights by being used as “teaching material" without their honestly elicited consent. Letter to the Editor Rigor Is Something You Have If You Don’t Want A Nigger To Get Your Job! It is my aim to deal with the above statement, the context in which it was used, the individual to whom it is attributed and, also, to see what suggestions, generalizations, and other critical reflections can be derived from the statement. This “simple” statement is undoubtedly uttered thousands of times every day by whites in reference to blacks and blatantly reveals the pathological life style which whites have adopted towards blacks, i.e., the belief by whites and their subsequent paranoid fear that “black” is the spectre endangering their white life style. Subsequently, the very term (black) has become anathema to whites. Our concern, sisters and brothers, pertains to the fact that the institutionalized simplicity contained in the opening statement is attributable to and the contribution of a Ph.D. teaching in the Political Science Department. Said faculty member made this statement to two graduate students who were taking their written comprehensive finals. The statement was precipitated when the two candidates approached the faculty member and asked him what the word “rigor” meant in the context of one of their questions. It is not our immediate concern, brothers and sisters, what the reaction of these two Ph.D. candidates was as a result of the faculty member’s remark. Rather, our concern should be analogized to a black man (we will call him Charles Gray) who may have just walked past the door at this time and, upon hearing this humiliating banality uttered, rushed in and commenced to deal the faculty member some rather severe blows about the head and shoulders. Result: Black man convicted of assault charges for failing to rationalize away for the “umpteenth” time why he is expected to acquiesce to this castrating and dehumanizing process. The source and authenticity of the incident pertaining to said faculty member and the two graduate students was revealed at a graduate student meeting held on Friday, November 13, 1970. Pertinent questions: Does the statement of said faculty member and the concomitant pathology contained therein reflect the opinions and behavioral make-up of the Political Science department, and to what extent is such a position generalizeable to the University faculty and administration in toto? Though one may not be able to empirically answer this question conclusively, it should not prevent the graduate students and faculty members in Political Science from taking decisive public action regarding the incident. Suggestions: (1) As I have stated no names with regard to the incident cited, I expect the graduate students and/or faculty in the Political Science Department to publish in one week’s time either confirmation or denial of the incident as I have presented it (2) If confirmed, remedial action should be taken and made known to the University populace. (3) If not confirmed, it will then be incumbent upon me to get for publication the names of the graduate students attending the meeting on Friday, November 13, 1970. The point of my doing this is not to establish the veracity of the incident but rather to verify the fact that the two graduate students referred to earlier did make such an allegation attributable to said faculty member. (4) The recruitment of black graduate students continues to move at a snail’s pace. In my department there are sixty (60) graduate students of which one (1) is a black American, a. Mention of this statistical fact is done with the hope that other black graduate students will find out similar information from their respective departments and then release this information to B.S.U. for publication. Such information will give B.S.U. a knowledgeable base for arriving at concrete objectives relating to future policy-making decisions. B.Failure on the part of any department to release these figures is tantamount to the negation of their omnipresent proclamations of sincerity as issued in the past. In closing, let us reflect again upon what said faculty member intimates is at stake. For whites, the holding of a job, and for blacks, getting the white man’s (teaching) job appears to be at stake. Such an intimation is not wholly accurate. For our emphasis is not on the getting per se as much as it is on the changing and, thus, eradication of traditional modes of teaching that are indicative of said faculty member’s pathological statement. Seize the time — the time is now, Robert Victor Watson Second-Year graduate student who, as of this publication, is in good academic standing in the Political Science Department at SUNYAB Copies to: Graduate students and faculty in Political Science Dept. *Behavioral make-up may be reflected in the more subtle forms, such as an instructor’s (or professor’s) presentation, the subject matter he chooses to present, etc. �Puerto Rican Studies at the State University of New York at Buffalo is now recruiting undergraduates and graduate students. Financial aid is available in the form of full scholarships for entering freshmen through the Experimental Program in Independent Study and a limited number of teaching assistantships for graduate students. In addition to local funding we are particularly interested in generating financial assistance from outside the University. By providing you with a definite program of study we can help you get financial aid from private and public organizations. Puerto Rican veterans, for instance, should remember that the G.I. Bill entitles them to $1,575.00 per academic year and that payments increase with dependents. Graduate students can enroll in a Master’s degree program in Latin American Studies, pursue graduate studies towards a PhD in any department of the University and at the same time teach or do research in the Puerto Rican Studies and Research Center. For further information write to Dr. Francisco Pabon, Associate Director, Latin American Studies, 204 Winspear Ave., Buffalo, New York, 14214. Puerto Rican Studies At Buffalo The purpose of the program is to develop Puerto Rican consciousness. Who is the Puerto Rican? Where does he come from? Where is he going? What is his role in American Society? To discover who you are and where you are at: that is what college is mostly about. But in today’s technological society knowing who you are is simply not enough. The system demands that you have a trade, or a special skill: the kind of technological know-how that cannot be replaced by a machine, at least not yet. A college degree today is not worth much more than a high school diploma. Puerto Rican students at the University have no more guarantees of “making it” in society than the Puerto Rican immigrant who came here and is still looking for the American Dream. Puerto Rican Studies, therefore, has this objective: to provide you with an interdisciplinary program of study which will support and enrich a major in the social sciences, natural sciences, or the humanities. Your usefulness after college will depend Community Law Office The program is being implemented by the Black American Law Student Association (BALSA) and it will be operated out of the Westminister Community House, which is located at 421 Monroe Street, Buffalo, New York; the phone number there is 852-5065. The purpose is to provide legal counseling, assistance and referrals to the members of the community who are usually unable to secure these services. Also, it is to make members of the community more aware of their legal rights and remedies, so that they will be able to utilize the legal system to their benefit rather than continual oppression. Literature will be available at the office concerning legal rights. The office will refer clients as the situation warrants. Clients will be referred to Legal Aide, Public Defenders, Erie County Bar Referral Program, Assigned Counsel System, ACLU and Erie County Bar Association Prisoners Release Program. The Community Law Office is in the process of securing funds for a Bail program which will be accessible to members of the community at any hour. Implementation of this part of the program is dependent on the raising of the necessary funds. The office will be open on Monday and Wednesday evenings from 5-7 P.M. However, we can b reached at other times by calling: Charles Davis 892-7025 Emily Freeman 884-6325 Bernard Pryor 855-0446 Mike Syphay 882-7101 on your ability to improve the quality of life of the Puerto Rican. Consciousness and know-how must be combined so that you can help bring about the social and cultural change necessary to improve the quality of life here and in Puerto Rico. In order to achieve its objectives the program will investigate the Puerto Rican experience in the world from multiple perspectives (historical, sociological, political, psychological, linguistic, etc.) and in terms of its basic context: the island, the mainland and Latin America. Course Offering Fall 1970: 219 XXth Century Puerto Rican Literature — Pedro Juan Soto 419 Creative Writing Workshop — Pedro Juan Soto 319 The Black Presence in Latin American Culture — Abdias do Nascimento. 343 Black Theatre in Latin America — Abdias do Nascimento 441 Seminar in Puerto Rican Studies — Jaime L. Rodriguez 221 Young Puerto Rican Poets — Jaime L. Rodriguez 320 Alienation and the Youth Culture in Latin America — Francisco Pabon. 211 Conceptual Systems — Staff Section A Commonwealth Status of Puerto Rico Section B Neo Colonialism and the Puerto Rican Experience Section C Hip Language of the Puerto Rican Section D Latin Soul Music Section E Puerto Rican Drama Workshop Courses in independent study and directed reading are also available. Courses will be given in Spanish or English depending on the language proficiency of the students. Puerto Rican Studies In Puerto Rico Aware of the nature of the Puerto Rican experience in the world especially the crisis of identity resulting from the fragmentation of that experience, Puerto Rican studies at the State University of New York at Buffalo has developed a Program of Environmental Studies in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Students spend the spring semester in Puerto Rico and engage in a program of study which offers them the opportunity to get into the mainstream of cultural and social life on the island. The Program includes courses, workshops, and field trips designed to bring students into direct contact with people, as well as the leading artists, writers and political figures in Puerto Rico. Tentative Course offerings for Spring 1971: Drama Workshop — Rene Marques Folk Expression of Puerto Rico — Ricardo Alegria Current Political Problems of Puerto Rico — Roberto Gandara Contemporary Puerto Rican Literature — Jose Ramon de la Torre. Ecology and Media Analysis — Luis A. Rosario Quiles For Complete Information And A Brochure Of The Program, Write To: Francisco Pabon, Director. Bust Tips When one attends a University and to a greater extent, when one lives in any of the Black colonies in the United States there is always a chance of getting arrested. Many times a lot of the hassels a person goes through can be avoided or limited if he only knew a few things about the law. What people fail to realize is that they have certain rights whether they are caught in the middle of an illegal act or not. A. First of all you have the right to remain silent, you can answer some questions and not others, but it is better that you don’t answer any at all. The choice is yours. B. If the police start questioning you they must first inform you of your rights. Anything you say may be held against you in court. C. Wherever you are being held, you have the right to speak to an attorney or have him present during questioning. D. If a cop suggests you make a confession and in return he’ll help you out in court, pay him no mind. For the only one who can grant you this agreement is the District Attorney. E. You also have the right to phone your attorney or your family (or friend) to notify them of your arrest. It is best to call your family and they will notify your lawyer. F. If you don’t have a lawyer, a lawyer is to be assigned to you without cost. When a person is arrested a permanent record is made of the arrest and when I say permanent I mean permanent. Because even if you are acquitted the record is still kept. Sometimes fingerprints and a picture are taken. If such is the case and you are acquitted you Can Demand Them Back. Consumer Education The purposes of the consumer education addition to Unity: Phase One are to provide consumers in the Black Community with information and counsel on consumer goods and services. It is our hope to give information on all matters relating to the expenditure of the family income and to initiate and to incorporate individual as well as group efforts who seek to create and maintain decent living standards in the Black Community. As the Black Community becomes aware of the dangers of paying too much for poor merchandise, exhorbitant interest rates and the ever constant danger of fraudulent schemes, there will come a need for the community to know the kinds of merchandise to be bought and also the businessmen and storekeepers who can be trusted. In future issues of Unity: Phase One, the consumer education articles will deal with: 1. Comparison of store prices as compared to the quality of the merchandise and the locale of the store (i.e., the ghetto and the suburbs). A. Gaskin’s Market (Black) B. B-Kwik C. Loblaws D. Super-Duper As opposed to E. A & P F. Tops G. Two Guys H. Twin Fair I. Park Edge J. I.D.S. 2. Quality of meats delivered to ghetto as opposed to quality of meats delivered to Williamsville. (eg. Merkel may deliver to black area whereas a better company may deliver to white neighborhoods. Merkel Co. was indicted on dealing in horsemeat.) 3. Caution when buying products having DDT (tomatoes, apples); rice and flour (bleached); canned fruits, drinks, foods — spaghetti, beans, vegetables with artificial flavorings, coloring and sugar (cyclamates, monosodium glutomate, soduim benzoate), preservatives. 4. Recommendations of doctors, dentists, eye doctors, etc. that are good but cheap. 5. How to get food stamps. How to get medicaid. How to get blue shield, insurance . . . 6. Where drugs, gasoline, beers and sodas are cheaper. 7. The furniture racket and credit (major exploiter of black people). 8. Pills and cigarettes. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Student Union collection Subject The topic of the resource Student newspapers and periodicals College students, Black Minority college students Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Description An account of the resource The Black Student Union (BSU) at UB was founded in 1967 and recognized by the Student Association in 1968. In 1969, it counted 1,000 members. Twelve periodical publications have been issued by the BSU and are the primary record of the activities and history of the organization. Most of the material was issued on newsprint, and the material is now extremely fragile as a result of heavy use. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-2015 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use for educational purposes only. Single copies (print, photocopy, download) are permitted for personal study, research and teaching. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-UA005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Unity: Phase One Newsletter Volume 1, Number 3, December 9, 1970 Description An account of the resource This is Volume 1, Number 3 of the newsletter "Unity: Phase One." It was published by the Black Student Union of the University at Buffalo. This issue was published on December 9, 1970 and is four pages long. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Subject The topic of the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) -- Periodicals State University of New York at Buffalo African American college students College student newspapers and periodicals Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-12-09 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-10 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Periodicals Newsletters Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG9-5-00-4_1a_1_1_002 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Black Student Union (RG 9/5/00-4) LIB-UA005 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Language A language of the resource en-US Extent The size or duration of the resource. 30.48 x 44.45 cm Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Black Student Union Newspapers https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/b2653e63cfd82135fa4a4b6a7c9c65cf.pdf ffb716a064cb4240392cb4ed2fc0a3eb PDF Text Text Black Student Union SUNYAB Unity: Phase One Volume 1, No. 2 /SUNYAB / November 16,1970 Is this the Destiny of our Black Communities ? It can be if we let things drift when they do not effect one personally — to say as little as possible while knowing perfectly well what’s wrong. �“Get Yourself Together” Editorial We Must Purge Liberalism from Our Ranks For any type of revolutionary movement to succeed, we must have a strong political organization. This organization must have concrete organizational principles. These principles allow the organization to survive under the hardest of conditions: they also give us functional guidelines in our relationship to the masses. Only through a strong political organization does revolutionary thought and action come about. We must never minimize the importance of a strong organization based on strong organizational principles. Our own existence at this University, in terms of organizing, has proven to us very clearly, that there is no substitute for a strong organization. Our record has been one of constant failure, as we have failed to lay the necessary ground work for direct revolutionary action. The ranks of our organization has been filled by people who have refused to relate to the principles of revolutionary organizing, and our record in the struggle reflects it. The rhetoric we preached has not been reflected in our social practice. We exist in that state because we have never truly had an organization base — a base would enable us to turn rhetoric into positive action. One of the main reasons we have not been able to forge a strong organization is because of the widespread liberalism in our ranks. Liberalism manifests itself in various ways. To let things slide for the sake of peace and friendship when a person has clearly gone wrong, and refrain from principled argument because he is an old acquaintance, a fellow townsman, a schoolmate, a close friend, a loved one, and old colleague or old subordinate. Or to touch on the matter lightly instead of going into it thoroughly so as to keep on good terms. The result is that both the organization and the individual are harmed. This is one type of liberalism. To indulge in irresponsible criticism in private instead of actively putting forward one’s suggestions to the organization — to say nothing to people to their faces but to gossip behind their backs, or to say nothing at a meeting but gossip afterwards — to show no regard at all for the principles of collective life but to follow one’s own inclination, this is a second type. To let things drift if they do not affect one personally — to say as little as possible while knowing perfectly well what is wrong — to be worldly wise and play safe and seek only to avoid blame, this is a third type. Not to obey orders but to give pride of place to one’s own opinion — to demand special consideration from the organization but to reject its discipline, this is a fourth type. To indulge in personal attacks, provoke quarrels, vent personal spite or seek revenge instead of entering into an argument and struggling against incorrect views for the sake of unity or progress or getting the work done properly, this is a fifth type. To hear incorrect views without rebuking them and even to hear counter-revolutionary remarks without reporting them, but instead to take them calmly as if nothing had happened, this is a sixth type. To be among the masses and fail to conduct propaganda and agitation or to speak at meetings or conduct investigations and inquiries among them, but to be indifferent to them and show no concern for their well being, this is a seventh type. To see someone harming the interest of the masses and yet not feel indignant, or dissuade or stop him or reason with him, but to allow him to continue, this is an eighth type. To work half-heartedly without a definite plan or direction — to work perfunctorily and muddle along, this is a ninth type. To regard oneself as having rendered great service to the revolution — to pride oneself on being a veteran — to distain “minor” assignments while being quite unequal to “major” tasks — to be slipshod in work and slack in study, this is a tenth type. To be aware of one’s own mistakes and yet make no attempt to correct them, taking a liberal attitude towards oneself, this is an eleventh type. We must understand very clearly liberalism is extremely harmful in a revolutionary struggle. It is a corrosive which eats away unity, undermines cohesion, causes apathy, and creates dissension. It robs us of compact organizations and strict discipline. It stops us from carrying out our programs and alienates us from the masses. We must continually strive to purge liberalism from our ranks, so we can create a strong revolutionary organization committed to the liberation of our people. Sieze The Land Percy L. Lambert Minister of Education In recent years a phrase that has been kicked around repeatedly has been “Get Yourself Together” - and most people have gone about it in various ways. Some have stopped eating pork, some have stopped talking about each other like a dog and others have stopped shooting and back stabbing their own brother. I think it is time we seriously defined the role that we as people are going to take. The time has come that people should stop being Niggers and start being men and women. For too long we have been play revolution, don’t you think? I mean to stop quoting Marx, Lenin, Malcolm X and other bad people and begin to be for real. Like last year the hip thing to do was to throw a rock or something and then go home and watch the eleven o’clock news to see if you were in the supporting cast. This shit and other shit like it must stop — and funny as it sounds a lot of it has! But do you know why? I do, the reason why the shit stopped was because the man said he’d kill you without hesitation if you didn’t. The saying goes, no matter what color you are in the street, you’re still a Nigger (and you are subject to the treatment blacks have received for centuries in the U.S.). Of all the things that went down, one thing that should have gotten across to all the people is a large number of young people are discontent with the policies of this government. That “Dummy” in the White House continues to call The Black Liberation Fighters and Young White Radicals a minority and seems not worried about them. What he does is to try to activate the so-called silent majority. But who is he trying to fool? Anyone with a basic knowledge of politics realizes that the politician plays on a certain segment of the voting population to remain silent. For if the political stratum was joined by the people who make up the apolitical strata he wouldn’t have a job in the “Mouse House” now. Getting back to the issue at hand, we got to stop talking all types of ideologies while sitting down on our asses and start doing something constructive. Last year the talking over of ideologies with your buddies was the first step for getting the mind together, the rioting on campus built up a level of awareness to those who were mis or uninformed but this year and years to follow must be dealt with wisely and carefully. Unity: Phase One Vol. 1, No. 2 / SUNYAB / Nov. 12,1970 Editor In Chief ....................... T. H. Thomas Managing Editor ........ Fred L. R. Nickens Business Editor................... Mose Rayford Copy............................................ Carole Welsh Asst. Copy.................................... Gail Wells Campus............................... Charles Simmons Promotion............................... King Lenoir Circulation ........................... Frank Miller Research ............................................... Vacant Black Community............. Health................................... William Peters Consumer Education ............. Linda Tate �Unity: Phase One Needs: Cotton Comes to Harlem A lot of people thought it was a very funny movie, but it turned out to be a very destructive one instead. “Cotton Comes To Harlem" is a good example of the psychological warfare being waged against the minds of Black people by Hollywood through the mass media. It’s destructive effect overshadows the humor by far. The characters, circumstances and scenes in the film showed some of the daily occurrences that take place in the ghetto, such as the Hustling preacher the head-whipping Black cops, but these characters, along with many of the situations that were laughed so hard at in the movie, are a function of a unique kind of life style that is and has been present in our communities, and baby the shit ain’t funny. What has happened is that our personalities, good or bad, have been taken to Hollywood and exploited, to the extent that white america thinks ghetto life is funny. Now, there may be some things in our ghettos that may be funny, but when a movie is made that glamorizes and glorifies these things so that they become destructive to the minds of our people, one has to ask, what will whitey do next to amuse himself? It seems tragic that one can find so hilarious the kinds of things that Slavery makes fellow Slaves resort to, but then again, shit like this goes on every day with some of our so-called Elected Officials and Infiltrators, and from this film and films like it, Hollywood has made a bundle, from the demands for greater Black participation in films. As long as comedies can be made about the plight of our ghettos and go unchecked, the mass media will keep and even increase the amount of Psychological programming to make Black and other non-whites, and even some poor whites, hilariously happy with the ghetto. Although “Cotton” was filmed on location, it was taken to extremes, so that these laughing fools didn’t see their sisters’ babies being bitten by rats, one junkie killing another for a fix, or one fifteen year old nodding and another dead from an overdose. I wonder if people would have laughed so hard had some of the few everyday incidents of the hard, nasty realities of the ghetto’s present existence been presented on the screen. Of course, one could argue that the movie was an escape, and it was made for enjoyment, and not for political purpose, but then that’s what the first dealers of dope said to our addicted brothers and sisters. As a source of enjoyment, Blacks have been enjoying too long. The time has come for the people to demand that Hollywood start making realistic movies, cause what we need is an indoctrination that will better the lot of the people. The media is one of the major moulders of the minds of the people, and as long as Black people relate to it, on the basis of the pleasure principle. Black minds will stay in Hollywood laughing. 1. 2. 3. 4. Typists Photographs Reporters Research Workers Contact Tony Thomas In BSU 831-5346 Tower 831-3568 Please Leave Name And Phone Number Community Law Office Do You Need Legal Assistance?? Come To: Things to Come Community Law Office at Westminister Community House (Adams Street Building — 2nd floor) 424 Adams Street Local Is EPIS going to be phased out? If so are all special programs going to be dropped? What is the story on the Co-operative College of Buffalo? The Learning Center Free breakfast and lunch for children High schools in Buffalo Politics in the community Gangs in the community Office Open Evenings Monday and Wednesday 5:00 to 7:00 P.M. A Community Law Office operated by the Black American Law Student Association (BALSA) of the State University of New York at Buffalo Law School, is now located at Westminister Community House, 421 Monroe Street. The purpose of the office is two-fold; first, to provide in-take counseling, assistance and referrals to Community residents unable to otherwise secure these services; and to assist residents be aware of their legal rights so that they might pursue legal remedies in order that the legal system serve them. National Gangs in other parts of the country Politics in other Black colonies in America International Pan africanism and the struggle of Black liberation Liberation struggles in other countries In addition to personal advice, a variety of literature is available. In Emergency situations, the following persons are available for assistance at the designated numbers: Charles Davis Emily Freeman Bernard Ryon Mike Syphax 892-7025 884-6325 885-0446 882-7101 Papers distributed in the Community — For Additional Information: Inquire at Westminister Community House. 421 Monroe Street; call 852-5065 or 852-5066. Panther Headquarters BUILD Headquarters Bob's Barber Shop Around the Clock Mart Wings & Things Challenge Newspaper NCCF Bibb's Food Market 486 Riley Street �Project Research Questionnaire for the Purpose of Black Studies Course Construction For all intents and purposes, this questionnaire will serve as a general consensus of Black views on Black Studies. In this survey I will ask students what they anticipated to gain from Black Studies courses and what they actually gained. Also, I will seek to find out what methods their instructors used outside of the normal realm of education that were effective; and what, if any suggestions they might have that would stimulate a more unique and relevant education. Dig! This will be no attempt to keep a record of names of students answering this questionnaire. So, your honesty will be greatly appreciated by our committee. Sex Male______ Female______ What year are you in at U.B.? ___ What is your Major Field? _________________ Are you considering being a Black Studies Major? ________ Do you see a need for Black Studies? Yes______ No______ Have you taken a Black Studies Course? Yes_______ No______ Questions Did you get the Course of your choice? Yes______ No______ Did you honestly go into this class with the intention of learning? Yes______ No______ Did your instructor run his class in the normal depressive fashion which is common place in "Amen Schools?" Yes___ Did the instructor merely lecture? No _ Yes________ No ______ Did you expect to get an Automatic “A" from the instructor because you were black? Yes____ Do you approve of a White instructing a Black Studies Course? No______ Yes______ In your opinion, was the instructor relating to the class? Yes______ No______ No______ Do you approve of non-American Blacks teaching Black Studies? Was there enough discussion? Yes Were the topics relevant? Yes______ No_______ Yes______ No______ No______ Should there be a ghetto economics class? Yes______ No ______ Do you feel that you, the student, should have a voice in the formulation of Course content? Yes______ No______ Do you feel that the Black Studies Staff is qualified? Yes______ In your Course was there any type of field work required? Yes______ Do you feel that in order for a Black Studies instructor to be qualified No______ Did you miss many classes? Yes______ No______ For purposes of learning, do you feel 3 hour classes are justified? Yes______ No______ he must have a degree? No______ Since you are Black, should you have a smaller Course load in Black Studies courses? No______ Yes______ Yes_______ No______ Written Answers Should "Whites" be allowed in Black Studies classes? What did you gain from your Black Studies Course or Courses? Can you think of anything positive that can add to Black Learning at U.B.? Can you think of any courses that should be added to the Black Studies Course selection? What is the most valid asset to Black Studies teaching? Brothers and Sisters, if you are majoring in Black Studies or have taken at least one course in Black Studies, please answer this questionnaire, clip it out and return it to the Black Studies office — 211 Townsend Hall. Don’t mail this Form. Bring it to Townsend 211, personally. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Black Student Union collection Subject The topic of the resource Student newspapers and periodicals College students, Black Minority college students Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Description An account of the resource The Black Student Union (BSU) at UB was founded in 1967 and recognized by the Student Association in 1968. In 1969, it counted 1,000 members. Twelve periodical publications have been issued by the BSU and are the primary record of the activities and history of the organization. Most of the material was issued on newsprint, and the material is now extremely fragile as a result of heavy use. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-2015 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Use for educational purposes only. Single copies (print, photocopy, download) are permitted for personal study, research and teaching. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-UA005 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Unity: Phase One Newsletter Volume 1, Number 2, November 16, 1970 Description An account of the resource This is Volume 1, Number 2 of the newsletter "Unity: Phase One." It was published by the Black Student Union of the University at Buffalo. This issue was published on November 16, 1970 and is four pages long. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Subject The topic of the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) -- Periodicals State University of New York at Buffalo African American college students College student newspapers and periodicals Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Black Student Union (State University of New York at Buffalo) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-11-16 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-10 Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Periodicals Newsletters Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG9-5-00-4_1a_1_1_001 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Black Student Union (RG 9/5/00-4) LIB-UA005 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Language A language of the resource en-US Extent The size or duration of the resource. 30.48 x 44.45 cm Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Black Student Union Newspapers https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/72cf56607795e69d63347142af64fece.tif 6cc31b3751c365105ae76ae9e539fd52 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A group portrait of a nine-member rifle team with three individuals kneeling in front holding rifles and six standing in the back row. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/d698bd41c0ad68520c54fe8250669acd.jpg 6cc31b3751c365105ae76ae9e539fd52 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Rifle team, 1963-1964 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-24 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1964R_0005 UBS_1964R_0005.tif Subject The topic of the resource Shooting State University of New York at Buffalo--Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Nine individuals pose for a group portrait where three in the front row kneel while holding rifles and six stand in the back row. Five of the standing individuals wear light-colored jackets with shoulder padding, while the person on the far right wears a military uniform. A caption below the group lists the names and titles of those present and those missing. The group is positioned in front of wooden bleachers. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1964 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Rifle team Shooting Shooting 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/59ad20aaca02dc8a62ec0794879217b4.tif 6ff23d226aa93c9603e14d69c2bafdf8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A group of eleven people arranged in two rows pose in front of vertically pleated curtains. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/9ae8c84e876c20593a8421313f87b14c.jpg 6ff23d226aa93c9603e14d69c2bafdf8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Rifle team, 1962-1963 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-24 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1963R_0287 UBS_1963R_0287.tif Subject The topic of the resource Shooting State University of New York at Buffalo--Sports Description An account of the resource Pictured are (left to right): First row: J. Maul; J. Peragallo; G. Styek; J. Bacon; J. Scherer; Second row: Major Stewart; D. Paterson; E. Haug; T. Lang; D. Schleifer; L. Clark Eleven people are arranged in two rows against a background of pleated curtains. The front row consists of five seated individuals, while the back row consists of six standing individuals. Most individuals wear light-colored jackets with padded shoulders, though one person wears a dark blazer and another wears a military-style uniform. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1963 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Rifle team Shooting Shooting 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/22aa1736f1bf5bf5f70f385d011fea5a.tif 68989d6cc1893a59ea3148ea06aeccaa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A black and white group portrait of ten people in two rows, with four individuals in the front row holding rifles. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/7c617e06227b39b339258241664a1ee4.jpg 68989d6cc1893a59ea3148ea06aeccaa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Rifle team, 1961-1962 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-24 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1962R_0180 UBS_1962R_0180.tif Subject The topic of the resource Shooting University of Buffalo--Sports State University of New York at Buffalo--Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Ten people are arranged in two rows in an indoor setting with vertical wooden beams. The front row features five individuals, four of whom are kneeling and holding rifles, while the five people in the back row are standing. A printed caption at the bottom lists the names of the individuals by row. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1962 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Rifle team Shooting Shooting 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/d8ea9c36ebb791a00e6891c039be7096.tif 8dc3d62f7ed47db07f3a2f005d405bdc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Eight individuals are positioned in two rows, with six people holding rifles and most wearing military uniforms. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/8ab0db72c1f1c26d7621bd23cb20aff4.jpg 8dc3d62f7ed47db07f3a2f005d405bdc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Rifle team, 1960-1961 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-24 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1961R_0054 UBS_1961R_0054.tif Subject The topic of the resource Shooting University of Buffalo--Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Eight individuals are positioned in two rows against a wall with three framed pictures. Five people stand in the back row and three kneel in the front, with six individuals holding rifles. Most wear military-style uniforms, while others wear a white shirt or a suit. A caption below the group identifies names for Row I and Row II. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1961 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Rifle team Shooting Shooting 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/188439fa2f5fc86153a30e41ac8446a1.tif 8f065a03bd86e059c9a00deef3fced29 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A group of ten people pose in two rows, with the front row kneeling and holding rifles. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/ac2e15c1f7f875cc3a488219f0d32e83.jpg 8f065a03bd86e059c9a00deef3fced29 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Rifle team, 1959-1960 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-24 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1961R_0054 UBS_1961R_0054.tif Subject The topic of the resource Shooting University of Buffalo--Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Ten individuals are posed in two rows indoors in front of a fireplace. The front row consists of three people kneeling and holding rifles, while the back row has seven people standing in military and civilian dress. Printed text above the group lists names and roles for each person shown. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1960 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Rifle team Shooting Shooting 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/0fa0439ae322c7103dca6b65a00e2314.tif 4674b849c88913181d83fd830365c2be Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Twelve people in military uniforms pose for a black and white portrait, with several individuals holding rifles. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/e5bcdc636b2f37c1ecd452c1fbab9bb7.jpg 4674b849c88913181d83fd830365c2be Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Rifle team (part of Air Force ROTC), 1957-1958 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-24 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1958R_0024 UBS_1958R_0024.tif Subject The topic of the resource Shooting University of Buffalo--Sports Description An account of the resource Open to both beginner and expert, the UB Rifle team was organized to give everyone the opportunity to become a marksman. Seven individuals stand in the back row against a brick wall, with one person wearing a light-colored shirt while the others wear dark uniforms. Five people in the front row are kneeling, with each individual holding a rifle. Most of the people wear dark ties and uniforms with insignia on the sleeves and pockets. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1958 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Rifle team Shooting Shooting 1950-1959 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/5e437a73355cdc2ebd2bb015e6438df6.tif 62172c65c2efc81aba6a2dbfd83301c0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Five people in early 20th-century attire pose together, with four individuals holding rifles vertically. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/4ec906027098ec30e0cc543e4aba0b72.jpg 62172c65c2efc81aba6a2dbfd83301c0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Varsity Rifle team, 1926-1927 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1927 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-24 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1927R_0035 UBS_1927R_0035.tif Subject The topic of the resource Shooting University of Buffalo--Sports Description An account of the resource Team captain Lynn H. Wallace is pictured at center. Five people pose against a dark curtained backdrop, with three individuals seated and two standing. Four of the people hold rifles upright in front of them, while the person on the far right holds a rolled-up paper. They are dressed in formal jackets, ties, and trousers. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Iris, 1927 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Rifle team Shooting Shooting 1920-1925 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/080fa37f5e12cd178d5661b5c871188a.tif 3a07cf701052eef96d8c32cc9dc3d8e7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A black and white group portrait shows twelve people in formal suits, with the seated individuals in the front row each holding a rifle. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/2e0cf96692e4cd121cff08a81944466f.jpg 3a07cf701052eef96d8c32cc9dc3d8e7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Varsity Rifle team, 1925-1926 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1926 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-24 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1926R_0014 UBS_1926R_0014.tif Subject The topic of the resource Shooting University of Buffalo--Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Twelve people in suits and ties are posed in two rows against a dark, draped background. The front row consists of six seated individuals, each holding a rifle vertically by their side. The back row features six standing individuals positioned directly behind those seated. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Iris, 1926 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Rifle team Shooting Shooting 1920-1925 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/8ba3078d2c2db07a1172aa57d8a7d312.tif 6f92de45106285c3523601e96e1c15b2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Halftone print portrait of a person with dark wavy hair wearing a suit and bowtie. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/4f3d37dca32b4e39f071ea1bad9c39a2.jpg 6f92de45106285c3523601e96e1c15b2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Manager of the UB Rifle team G. Thomas Ganim, 1925-1926 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1926 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-24 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1926R_0003 UBS_1926R_0003.tif Subject The topic of the resource Ganim, G. Thomas Shooting University of Buffalo--Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource This halftone print shows a person from the chest up wearing a dark suit jacket, a white collared shirt, and a dark bowtie. They have dark, wavy hair and a pocket square is visible in their jacket pocket. The person is positioned against a plain, light-colored background. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Iris, 1926 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Rifle team Shooting Shooting 1920-1925 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/70b7d8d3d2b9f1ecc43750c5ea921198.tif 445ab4d4d1072f9ff46518b6a6b0569f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A black and white halftone portrait of a person wearing round glasses and a high-collared military uniform. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/64323dd2346f9c8727eec2022e353b8e.jpg 445ab4d4d1072f9ff46518b6a6b0569f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lynn D. Wallace, captain and star of the UB Rifle team, 1927-1927 seasons Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1926 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-24 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1926R_0002 UBS_1926R_0002.tif Subject The topic of the resource Wallace, Lynn D. Shooting University of Buffalo--Sports Description An account of the resource In the 1926 Intercollegiate Championship Match, Wallace broke the range record for the off hand position with the remarkable score of 97 out of 100. A person with short hair and round glasses is shown from the shoulders up in a halftone print. They wear a military-style jacket with a dark, high collar that features a cross-shaped insignia. The image has a prominent dot pattern against a dark background. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Iris, 1926 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Rifle team Shooting Shooting 1920-1925 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/c97d09cd3c8433797135d4571906f565.tif b21932dbf373b108706b0aaced36f09c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A halftone portrait of a person in a military uniform wearing a service cap. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/470193ce31f19d33104e9ed752d9079f.jpg b21932dbf373b108706b0aaced36f09c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Captain James M. H. Wallace, Coach of the UB Rifle team, 1925-1927 seasons Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1926 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2014-02-24 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1926R_0001 UBS_1926R_0001.tif Subject The topic of the resource Wallace, James M. H. Shooting University of Buffalo--Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person is shown from the chest up in a monochromatic halftone print, wearing a military uniform and a service cap with an insignia. The uniform features a high collar and several military decorations and ribbons pinned to the chest. The subject faces forward against a light-colored background. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Iris, 1926 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Rifle team Shooting Shooting 1920-1925 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/3342ee9faab19ab2c77b2fa17804c588.tif 00f0bb5869bcecc1600d8521ed022f02 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person wearing glasses, a suit, and a tie shown in a black and white halftone style. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/12e74e98ed737e04b8e289ee9d306709.jpg 00f0bb5869bcecc1600d8521ed022f02 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lynn D. Wallace, captain of the UB Rifle team, 1925-1927 seasons Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1925 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-24 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1925R_0485 UBS_1925R_0485.tif Subject The topic of the resource Wallace, Lynn D, Shooting University of Buffalo--Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person with dark hair wears round-rimmed glasses, a dark suit jacket, a light-colored dress shirt, and a necktie. The portrait is presented in a black and white halftone print style with a visible dot pattern across the entire frame. The subject is angled slightly toward the right of the frame. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Iris, 1925 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Rifle team Shooting Shooting 1920-1925 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/faf2e99a586e90b3b40f3437e3fd373a.tif d51661c23b69be9e63b4b353de900d41 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Thirteen people in suits and uniforms pose against a striped backdrop, with four kneeling in the front holding rifles. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/5ac2c870b35e6a328a72a93f820c74fb.jpg d51661c23b69be9e63b4b353de900d41 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Rifle team, 1924-1925 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1925 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1925R_0480 UBS_1925R_0480.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-24 Subject The topic of the resource Shooting University of Buffalo--Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Thirteen people are arranged in a formal group portrait in front of a vertically striped backdrop. Four individuals kneel in the front row, each holding a long firearm upright. The standing individuals wear various outfits including suits and military-style uniforms. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Iris, 1925 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Rifle team Shooting Shooting 1920-1925 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/82526109036a314943f2c104a2860e1f.tif ac503fc07836c39168be5fc543f1824a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Eight people pose for a portrait in front of a brick wall, with seven wearing dark jerseys labeled "BUFFALO" and one wearing a suit. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/7def4b373517dd8acf589b8509f263f2.jpg ac503fc07836c39168be5fc543f1824a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team, 1948-1949 season Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1949CC_0036 UBS_1949CC_0036.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country running University of Buffalo--Sports Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1949 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Seven individuals wearing dark athletic jerseys with white lettering are posed in two rows against a light-colored brick wall. One person on the left stands wearing a suit and tie while the others wear jerseys that say "BUFFALO". A small trophy sits on the floor in front of the group. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1949 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1940-1949 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/828978577040827cbd69eb71a04f3ef4.tif bdd0bbff4d083ba47eefdbd945343799 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Eleven people pose for a team portrait on outdoor bleachers, most wearing dark sweatshirts with "BUFFALO" written across the chest. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/30143dc3c04bb59df590c0381f36d51d.jpg bdd0bbff4d083ba47eefdbd945343799 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team, 1966-1967 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1967CC_222 UBS_1967CC_222.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country running State University of New York at Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource The group is arranged in two rows, with the front row seated on a bench and the back row standing. Nine individuals wear matching dark sweatshirts and athletic pants, while two others wear formal attire including ties. A caption at the bottom lists names for the first and second rows and identifies one person as a coach. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1967 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/f07670e32552442db7e1a5983b460bf3.tif 57ae7ab79e99125d6a0b17aba0e7daae Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A runner in a tank top with the number 200 and the text "BUFFALO" runs across a field. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/b0188f8a1fa13c43973973a8d9da884b.jpg 57ae7ab79e99125d6a0b17aba0e7daae Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country runner in action, 1966-1967 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1967CC_0169 UBS_1967CC_0169.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country runners State University of New York at Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person wearing a tank top and shorts runs on a grass surface. The runner's top displays the number 200 and the word "BUFFALO" printed above it. Two individuals stand in the background, one holding a clipboard and wearing a sweatshirt with the same text. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1967 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/ab47545ac82c1de8aa7d922599266f29.tif c941244b83bbc04b90427ab0265fb1a3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A group of people wearing matching "BUFFALO" sweatshirts and athletic pants pose in two rows for a team portrait. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/f8a64fceb27ca4dcd09cf7474d399776.jpg c941244b83bbc04b90427ab0265fb1a3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team, 1966-1967 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1967CC_0088 UBS_1967CC_0088.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country running State University of New York at Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Eleven individuals are arranged in two rows, with the front row seated on a bench and the back row standing behind them. Most wear matching sweatshirts with "BUFFALO" printed across the chest, while two individuals are in formal clothing consisting of suits or shirts and ties. A caption at the bottom of the frame identifies the individuals by name and row. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1967 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/bed23303bf2a7ab72fff243bdacc75a3.tif b333bcc172dd2d3842c291af9a0a728c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person wearing glasses and running clothes jogs on an outdoor track. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/60518db6128dc0b45a5eb771d56f7ee9.jpg b333bcc172dd2d3842c291af9a0a728c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team runner L. Naukam in action, 1965-1966 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1966CC_0204 UBS_1966CC_0204.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Naukam, L. Cross-country runners State University of New York at Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person wearing a dark tank top and light shorts runs along an outdoor track beside a grassy field. Empty wooden bleachers and a distant building are visible in the background. The black and white scene is rendered with a distinct halftone pattern. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1966 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/854b972cb7c463ef6a79ad238efe11f8.tif a9d7966a55cae7f386a0720594adee98 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person running on an outdoor track wearing a tank top with "BUFFALO" printed across the chest. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/6cd1af38c455b499b43e1c0173ad694e.jpg a9d7966a55cae7f386a0720594adee98 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team runner P. Muffoletto, 1965-1966 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1966CC_0203 UBS_1966CC_0203.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Muffoletto, P. Cross-country runners State University of New York at Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person is shown mid-stride while running along a track path. They are wearing a dark singlet, light-colored shorts, and white socks. The background includes leafy bushes and a wooden railing along the side of the track. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1966 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/2c319da3e6844a2743ce82ab25a4ae00.tif 84407165a83e090ef3d6949d0ed40a32 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A black and white group of team members in "BUFFALO" uniforms, arranged in two rows with names listed below. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/9ce2b795d36d543e11614f4736c61f10.jpg 84407165a83e090ef3d6949d0ed40a32 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team, 1965-1966 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1966CC_0200 UBS_1966CC_0200.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country running State University of New York at Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Sixteen people are positioned in two rows, with eight individuals seated on a bench and eight standing behind them. Most wear dark tank tops with the word "BUFFALO" in white letters and light-colored athletic shorts. A list of names at the bottom identifies the members of the team and their coach. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1966 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/79a594922bb6f113a2d8322c2ac2815c.tif 2157d5bb60d4bb5cc4881027afff5f46 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Ten people wearing "BUFFALO" sweatshirts pose in three rows for a group portrait with names listed below. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/e94cf4946fb7bbe4acdee99b4c35320a.jpg 2157d5bb60d4bb5cc4881027afff5f46 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team, 1964-1965 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1965CC_0098 UBS_1965CC_0098.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country running State University of New York at Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Ten individuals are positioned in three rows outdoors for a black and white group portrait, all wearing dark shirts with "BUFFALO" printed on the chest. Below the group, text identifies each person by name according to their row. The setting includes trees and a building in the background. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1965 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/bff42fcfa9cca7b5c9643acce8516a39.tif 15ad88815ad0d48c9d95cb8dced63341 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person wearing a "BUFFALO" shirt runs across a grassy field. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/767eb5b167b88f32539bcc2739b96494.jpg 15ad88815ad0d48c9d95cb8dced63341 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team runner Larry Elsie in action, 1964-1965 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image./tiff Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1965CC_0096 UBS_1965CC_0096.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Elsie, Larry Cross-country runners State University of New York at Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person in a dark t-shirt with "BUFFALO" printed across the front and white athletic shorts is captured mid-stride while running. They are smiling and looking toward the side with foliage in the background. The runner's feet are in motion over a grassy surface. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1965 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/1783d2043f8a32964c56fa2e95a3ad23.tif fccec604812f6a344feed700cbd60983 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person runs through a grassy area wearing a dark "BUFFALO" t-shirt and white athletic shorts. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/17bbef40d6cf6875dceb2d2b655a7472.jpg fccec604812f6a344feed700cbd60983 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team runner Bob Hoffman in action, 1964-1965 season Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1965CC_0095 UBS_1965CC_0095.tif Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Hoffman, Robert Cross-country runners State University of New York at Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person with short hair is running outdoors in a black and white scene. They wear a dark t-shirt with white trim and "BUFFALO" printed across the front, paired with light-colored running shorts and striped sneakers. The background consists of grass and blurred foliage. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1965 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/72bff779d29df900299a04f23cd0694d.tif f343abf4761742fbea161bd6a73c9cbe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A group of ten people posed in two rows, with several individuals wearing "BUFFALO" jerseys. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/7c45554cf7bd7c7c98566f71866ec9ea.jpg f343abf4761742fbea161bd6a73c9cbe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Varsity Cross-country team, 1963-1964 season Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1964CC_0029 UBS_1964CC_0029.tif Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 29016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country running State University of New York at Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Ten individuals are arranged in two rows outdoors, with four kneeling in front and six standing behind them. Seven of the people wear dark short-sleeved jerseys featuring the word "BUFFALO" and light-colored athletic shorts. The other three individuals wear button-down shirts and trousers, and printed text above the group lists names along with roles for the managers and coach. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1964 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/b0848ed4e51c1e74528b3a25b5450c0a.tif 2aecf5c145e2a0b8743069cc8fdf0394 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A runner wearing a "BUFFALO 59" tank top runs on an outdoor track toward a person holding a stopwatch. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/35d60ae8d6591489ac175a340258f8ec.jpg 2aecf5c145e2a0b8743069cc8fdf0394 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team star Stu Katz sprints home as his coach Emery Fisher serves as timekeeper, 1963-1964 season Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1964CC_0028 UBS_1964CC_0028.tif Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Katz, Stuart Fisher, Emery Cross-country runners State University of New York at Buffalo—Sports Description An account of the resource Stuart Katz, of Batavia, New York, was the best long distance runner in UB history. He set a course record in every race that he ran in the 1963-1964 season and was beaten by only two men in New York State. A runner in a tank top with the text "BUFFALO 59" moves toward the foreground on a track in an open field. A person in a light shirt and dark pants leans over and holds a stopwatch while looking toward the runner. Trees and other standing figures are visible in the background of this black and white scene. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1964 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/4e9282503ca0234807631fed5dcb4ec7.tif ce09e89f319029cef833e9cdaaf435c1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A group of runners in athletic uniforms line up at a starting line. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/51a6a2f4619669c159fa7e904b799cc8.jpg ce09e89f319029cef833e9cdaaf435c1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team runners Ed Latrand, Stu Katz and Dave Stephenson await the start's gun, 1962-1963 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1963CC_0305 UBS_1963CC_0305.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Latrand, Ed Katz, Stuart Stephenson, David Cross-country runners State University of New York at Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Several individuals in athletic gear stand at a starting line on a paved surface. Many wear dark jerseys labeled "BUFFALO" with various numbers, while others wear light-colored tank tops and shorts. A person in a hat and dark clothing stands behind the line of runners. The scene is presented in a black and white halftone print style. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1963 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/44a3478db3ba8745503e6ce9e90865ff.tif bc96e489d1d0dbeebcdd73cf38551223 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Coach Emery Fisher and Captain Dave Stephenson standing outdoors in front of a building with a tall clock tower. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/99f4a0139c326363a0c7f7031b9c96f6.jpg bc96e489d1d0dbeebcdd73cf38551223 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country coach Emery Fisher and team captain Dave Stephenson, 1962-1963 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1963CC_0302 UBS_1963CC_0302.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Fisher, Emery Stephenson, David Cross-country running State University of New York at Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Two people stand side-by-side in front of a brick building featuring a tall clock tower with arched openings. The person on the left wears a varsity jacket, while the person on the right wears a sweatshirt with the word "BUFFALO" across the chest. A caption at the bottom reads, "Coach Emery Fisher and Captain Dave Stephenson." The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1963 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/fbef6dad7b70a4d037d1298f191d59dd.tif 65dd03b3ae15c06d46729a174ac5df1e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A group of nine people in athletic uniforms posing for a black and white portrait in front of a clock tower. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/a7e5cb9d5ed1db90961f9ba1206f2c86.jpg 65dd03b3ae15c06d46729a174ac5df1e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team with Hayes Hall in the background, 1962-1963 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1963CC_0300 UBS_1963CC_0300.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country running State University of New York at Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Nine individuals pose outdoors on grass in two rows, with four kneeling in the front and five standing behind. Most wear dark sweaters featuring the word "BUFFALO" in arched white letters, while one person wears a varsity jacket. A building with a prominent clock tower stands in the background, and captions at the bottom list the names of each person. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1963 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/24801965d1edf73227c878b94c9e18f7.tif c25dbf615e168fddb23bc4ce72cdd46f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Nine people pose in two rows outdoors, eight in "BUFFALO" athletic wear and one in a shirt and tie. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/603f1bdb8b45d03259c5e75b09e737cf.jpg c25dbf615e168fddb23bc4ce72cdd46f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team, 1961-1962 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1962CC_0218 UBS_1962CC_0218.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country running University of Buffalo—Sports State University of New York at Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Nine individuals are arranged in two rows for a group portrait outdoors with trees in the background. Eight people wear athletic tops with white "BUFFALO" lettering, and one person on the far right of the back row wears a short-sleeved button-down shirt and tie. Text at the top of the frame identifies the individuals in each row. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1962 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/fdd8d4237af66bc348f96368fc3b32ca.tif da4598105b36004b6fb9a5a974e3b2f8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Two runners wearing athletic uniforms run across a grassy field in front of a line of trees. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/274c4e28e95336bf1ab9b05f70d88d19.jpg da4598105b36004b6fb9a5a974e3b2f8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team runners at practice, 1961-1962 season Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1962CC_0217 UBS_1962CC_0217.tif Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country runners University of Buffalo--Sports State University of New York at Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Two individuals in athletic gear run across a grassy field. They wear light-colored t-shirts, dark shorts with white trim, and white socks. One shirt features the text "UNIVERSITY OF BUFFALO" and a number 2, while the other shows a number 12. A dark row of trees fills the background behind the runners. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1962 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/816dc38291678bdd2021ce740742dd65.tif 6a08f52826a413182463d17056f9b92a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Black and white halftone portrait of Emery Fisher for Cross Country & Track. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/cd7e2600e765e05519c6b0bd65e47028.jpg 6a08f52826a413182463d17056f9b92a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country and Track coach, 1952-1970 seasons Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1962CC_0183 UBS_1962CC_0183.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Fisher, Emery Cross-country running--Coaching Track and field coaches University of Buffalo—Sports State University of New York at Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person with short hair wears a patterned blazer, a collared shirt, and a striped necktie. Beneath the halftone black and white portrait, text reads "Emery Fisher, Cross Country & Track". The person faces slightly to the right against a plain, light-colored background. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1962 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/e4b35df5b7df82f9311577559aeb1136.tif d273f5184fcdd94795375dc7d187830c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A group portrait of a cross country team with individuals posed in two rows. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/2ab533d58dfcbe889ed4711505296563.jpg d273f5184fcdd94795375dc7d187830c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team, 1960-1961 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1961CC_0089 UBS_1961CC_0089.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country running University of Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Fourteen people are arranged in two rows for a team portrait, with the front row kneeling and the back row standing. The front row wears white shirts labeled "UNIVERSITY OF BUFFALO," while the standing athletes wear dark jerseys with numbers and the word "BUFFALO." Two people on the far ends of the back row are dressed in a military uniform and a business suit, and text at the bottom identifies the team and individuals. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1961 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/43e58ee407352124ca7be6dcb60591ad.tif 938e5fbbacfff23acb0ce79ac3538bd1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A group of six people posing for a photograph on an indoor court, with five wearing "BUFFALO" athletic uniforms and one in a suit. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/7aa09f245c5a372df63abbe920d07e79.jpg 938e5fbbacfff23acb0ce79ac3538bd1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team, 1959-1960 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1960CC_0003 UBS_1960CC_0003.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country running University of Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Five individuals wear dark short-sleeved shirts with "BUFFALO" and a number printed on the front, paired with light-colored shorts. Two athletes kneel in the front row, while the remaining three stand behind them alongside a person wearing a patterned suit jacket and tie. Text below the image lists the names of the people in each row, identifying them as players and a coach. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1960 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/e06c767b0d53a1badc46e6d560703a26.tif 06e4af5e24ccd24c2729682b3c70b240 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A black and white group portrait shows fourteen individuals in two rows, most of whom wear athletic uniforms labeled "BUFFALO". https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/27244a8bf5e6a2970419fab48fd5ff74.jpg 06e4af5e24ccd24c2729682b3c70b240 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team, 1958-1959 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1959 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1959CC_0071 UBS_1959CC_0071.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. BUF-004 Buffalonian, 1959 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country running University of Buffalo--Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Fourteen people are arranged in two rows for a group portrait against wooden bleachers. Most individuals wear athletic tank tops that say "BUFFALO," while others wear suits and ties or a different style of athletic top. Text at the top of the frame lists the names of the individuals pictured in each row. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1950-1959 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/95aa58390a5f8a77367f3f2d9c2f78c8.tif bc2ddd5462a6472e871d3576eb204841 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Three people in "BUFFALO" uniforms with numbers two, five, and four run on a grassy field. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/d71cdec1fce61781bb1622509229bc52.jpg bc2ddd5462a6472e871d3576eb204841 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Varsity Cross-country trio: Carm Parisi, Bob Gruizen and team captain Sal Corrallo Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1956CC_0224 UBS_1956CC_0224.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country runners Parisi, Carm Gruizen, Robert Corrallo, Sal University of Buffalo--Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Three people wearing dark short-sleeved shirts and shorts run forward on a field of grass. The shirts display the word "BUFFALO" above the numbers two, five, and four. A chain-link fence and park structures are visible in the background. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1956 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1950-1959 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/720275a7291dbf9bce8e00f09d61919b.tif de65076b71088e0188bb33692bfc83b2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Ten people sitting on stone steps, eight wearing Buffalo jerseys and two wearing suits. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/ff2acb5715f0478a0961812109774503.jpg de65076b71088e0188bb33692bfc83b2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Varsity Cross-country team, 1955-1956 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1956CC_0223 UBS_1956CC_0223.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country running University of Buffalo--Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Ten individuals are seated in two rows on a set of stairs. Eight people wear dark jerseys with "BUFFALO" and white numbers on the chest, while two individuals at the ends of the front row wear suits. A printed caption at the bottom identifies the people by name and role. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1956 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1950-1959 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/838eb907561eaf1f359a546e188b2c14.tif 217f43c59b4e9ba080e8dfe499b08e6c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Two people in matching "Buffalo Track" sweatshirts and pants jump over a large puddle on a grassy field. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/9e2b06feb96bfc083c1b12a32e527a4f.jpg 217f43c59b4e9ba080e8dfe499b08e6c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country runners Sal Corrallo and Ron Creps, 1954-1955 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1955CC_0170 UBS_1955CC_0170.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Corrallo, Sal Creps, Ron Cross-country runners University of Buffalo--Sporrts Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Two individuals wearing dark track suits with white lettering that reads "Buffalo Track" are captured mid-jump over a water puddle. The scene takes place outdoors on a lawn with a backdrop of evergreen trees. A reflection of the jumpers appears in the surface of the water below. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1955 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1950-1959 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/f7f74dca1a4bc3e9024e93765175dd31.tif e8904eb8c19797168414a3c5ef0515f2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person in an athletic stance wearing a tank top labeled "UBAA 17" and shorts stands against a brick wall. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/86c9a3da8258ac281f0acdf35f62383d.jpg e8904eb8c19797168414a3c5ef0515f2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team runner Sal Corrallo, 1954-1955 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1955CC_0169 UBS_1955CC_0169.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Corrallo, Sal Cross-country runners University of Buffalo--Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person in a light-colored tank top featuring the letters "UBAA" and the number "17" leans forward in an athletic pose. They are dressed in dark shorts, white socks, and dark athletic shoes while standing against a brick wall backdrop. The entire scene is presented in a black and white halftone print style. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1955 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1950-1959 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/c64498e25bfc5f055960da4e527fed1c.tif 1d5b1f3532adca584353127c3f502401 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Ten people pose for a group portrait in track uniforms and suits with a name caption at the bottom. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/54963140afb00d5d08bc7c9b3057466a.jpg 1d5b1f3532adca584353127c3f502401 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team, 1954-1955 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1955 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1955CC_0168 UBS_1955CC_0168.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country running University of Buffalo--Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A black and white group portrait features ten people posed in two rows against a background of foliage. Four people crouch in the front row and six stand in the back row, with most wearing dark sweatshirts that read "BUFFALO TRACK." Text printed below the photograph identifies the individuals in each row by name. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1955 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1950-1959 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/4e0ecee7291730e5c4a48d10875e17fc.tif e4f9d1314030058c9f91badde40aff7e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person wearing athletic attire runs across a grassy field with trees in the background. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/cf83f07f55ce136784d123dd01e36509.jpg e4f9d1314030058c9f91badde40aff7e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team co-captain Jack Traugott displays his running form, 1953-1954 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1954 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1954CC_0119 UBS_1954CC_0119.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 20916-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Traugott, Jack Cross-country runners University of Buffalo--Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person with short hair is mid-stride while running outdoors on a lawn. They are wearing a dark tank top with a light-colored diagonal stripe and matching shorts. The background features large coniferous trees, and the entire scene is depicted in a black and white halftone style. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1954 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1950-1959 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/f8775624a067924003dc524b59d7fef2.tif 68c9dea1d9c47494cc101b5dd1c2dfdc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Eleven people in athletic uniforms and one in a suit pose together outdoors while holding a small trophy. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/10f60a4cd0e07dd83f65ba959e038c02.jpg 68c9dea1d9c47494cc101b5dd1c2dfdc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team 1953-1954 season Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1954CC_0115 UBS_1954CC_0115.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country running University of Buffalo--Sports Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1954 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Eleven people are arranged in two rows in front of a stone building, with four individuals kneeling and seven standing. Most wear matching sweatshirts and sweatpants labeled "UBAA," while one person on the right is dressed in a suit and tie. Two people in the center hold a small trophy, and a caption at the bottom identifies the group members. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1954 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1950-1959 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/e44fa53fe17267be94b16d729f3b8722.tif 4c74a2c9df14ffa113a7ea1451155456 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Six people pose in two rows for a black and white group photograph, with the front row kneeling around a trophy. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/e8d1059e7b0d30a57f75af8585cb5b14.jpg 4c74a2c9df14ffa113a7ea1451155456 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team, 1952-1953 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1953CC_0053 UBS_1953CC_0053.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country running University of Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A group of six individuals is positioned against a brick wall, with three standing and three kneeling. Most wear athletic sweatshirts, while one person wears a suit and tie, and a trophy is held in the center of the front row. Names are printed below the photograph to identify each person. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1953 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1950-1959 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/0d39a6ddc170369fe2466631890861a2.tif c6f0bdabc57735f1e150fa2bb5465e65 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Six people stand in a row above a text caption and a line drawing of a person running. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/eab84d33ca7ae56291641479a9482c05.jpg c6f0bdabc57735f1e150fa2bb5465e65 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team, 1951-1952 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1952 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1952CC_0155 UBS_1952CC_0155.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country running University of Buffalo--Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Six individuals stand in a line against a background of tiered seating. Five people wear matching athletic uniforms with "UBAA" on the chest, while the person on the left wears a blazer. A caption lists names below the group, followed by a line drawing of a person in a running stance. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1952 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1950-1959 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/30887d096e55906b4f344ac3f27239ca.tif 1a3d3e0a3420e41f85f8a5cc2b37093f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Ten people pose for a black and white group portrait, with eight wearing numbered "UBAA" athletic uniforms and two wearing suits. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/0da6d9d48bb0461767b031daf699b1af.jpg 1a3d3e0a3420e41f85f8a5cc2b37093f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team, 1950-1951 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1951 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1951CC_0066 UBS_1951CC_0066.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country running University of Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Ten individuals are arranged in two rows against a light-colored wall. Eight people wear dark long-sleeved shirts and pants marked with "UBAA" and a number, while two individuals at the ends of the back row wear formal attire. The person on the far right wears a jacket with a patch that says "PHYSICAL UB EDUCATION". The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1951 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1950-1959 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/ae7ec5168dc6c28aad5f1817aae51db0.tif 72a6f77a7d1b33f74a9229efbb7b830e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Ten individuals in suits are posed in two rows for a black and white group portrait. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/2f280bb36ad0b3a3ed86986ae66936a4.jpg 72a6f77a7d1b33f74a9229efbb7b830e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Cross-country team, 1949-1950 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1950 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1950CC_0062 UBS_1950CC_0062.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-20 Subject The topic of the resource Cross-country running University of Buffalo—Sports Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Five people stand in a back row while five others kneel in a front row, all wearing suits and ties. Text at the top lists the names and roles of the ten individuals shown. The group is positioned against a light, neutral background. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1950 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Cross-country running Cross-country running 1950-1959 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/76efa18893577867a8c71a25db9d46cb.tif c468e536e289c9f5d31172504c04b634 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Several athletes run on a dirt track. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/746e27c288fc53fb2e8c2591a3168d96.jpg c468e536e289c9f5d31172504c04b634 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track team runners in competition, 1966-1967 season Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1967TR_0135 UBS_1967TR_0135.tif Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-19 Subject The topic of the resource Runners (Sports) State University of New York at Buffalo--Track and field Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Several athletes in tank tops and shorts run along a dirt track. A person wearing a shirt with "BUFFALO" printed on it runs in one lane. A scoreboard and hurdles are visible in the background near a grass area and a building. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1967 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/6249b85221958b880d215885f5c42ce5.tif e3f29fb7949998c84a56800df1a4c596 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person in a tank top crouches at a starting line on an outdoor track. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/587688a0638c1c91455d197bff31928c.jpg e3f29fb7949998c84a56800df1a4c596 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track and field team sprinter practices his start, 1966-1967 season Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1967TR_0134 UBS_1967TR_0134.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-19 Subject The topic of the resource Runners (Sports) State University of New York at Buffalo--Track and field Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person wearing a light-colored tank top is positioned at a starting line on an outdoor track. The individual is bent forward with hands resting on the ground and one foot placed in a starting block. A chain-link fence and a building are visible in the blurred background. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1967 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/a4a0e4eefb44a882e41c3f2ffbd104a4.tif 36c182965e9d95e3f47c6076e0fb6e87 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person mid-jump wearing a Buffalo tank top and athletic shorts. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/cebe0f78de45d4e4d9f96a1d90b3b509.jpg 36c182965e9d95e3f47c6076e0fb6e87 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track and field team member practices his long jump, 1966-1967 season Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-19 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1967TR_0133 UBS_1967TR_0133.tif Subject The topic of the resource Broad jump State University of New York at Buffalo--Track and field Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person is captured in mid-air during an athletic jump against a light sky. They wear a dark tank top with the word "BUFFALO" printed on the front, light-colored shorts, and athletic shoes. In the lower portion of the frame, there are several spectators, a building with a steeple, and leafless trees. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1967 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/8a070709c11ff9e98fa88c1e573dbef6.tif e09ccc51c9ea44416551cf42713f9869 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A black and white group portrait of three rows of people on a grassy field, many wearing sweatshirts with "BUFFALO" printed on the front. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/526c0d3d56bc0ebfd9b6bf62ba33cc33.jpg e09ccc51c9ea44416551cf42713f9869 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track and field team, 1966-1967 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1967TR_0132 UBS_1967TR_0132.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-19 Subject The topic of the resource Track and field State University of New York at Buffalo--Track and field Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Three rows of individuals are arranged for a group portrait on a grassy field. The front row sits on the ground, the middle row is kneeling, and the back row is standing. Most individuals wear athletic attire or sweatshirts, many of which are labeled with the word "BUFFALO". Captions below the group list names for each row and identify one person as a coach. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1967 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/af6e4f90f54bf3b109a0c64e642234db.tif a1820fa7a1d547fc1c2efa6faba7f1ba Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A group of people stand together outdoors, with one individual wearing a dark "BUFFALO" sweatshirt and another in sunglasses. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/d0e2746cc1211bbfa10ed366c6dbddd0.jpg a1820fa7a1d547fc1c2efa6faba7f1ba Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track and field coach surrounded by his athletes, 1966-1967 season Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1967TR_0130 UBS_1967TR_0130.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-19 Subject The topic of the resource Fisher, Emery Track and field coaches Track and field athletes State University of New York at Buffalo—Track and field Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource In this black and white scene, several people are gathered together in an outdoor setting. One person in the center wears a dark sweatshirt with the word "BUFFALO" printed across the front. Another person stands nearby wearing dark sunglasses and a light-colored jacket. A hand extends into the frame from the right toward the center of the group. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1967 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/6ae1f61850356aa2229f74da1e620693.tif 6122d8b47d3c2f03b06917594dde7a5b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource An athlete clears a horizontal bar during a high jump competition. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/72bc8cb439c7634e1ea3a4ff2f4b563e.jpg 6122d8b47d3c2f03b06917594dde7a5b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track and field team high jumper practices his craft, 1966-1967 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1967TR_0129 UBS_1967TR_0129.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-19 Subject The topic of the resource Jumping State University of New York at Buffalo--Track and field Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource An individual is positioned mid-air while jumping over a horizontal bar on an open field. The person wears a dark tank top and light shorts, with their limbs tucked during the leap. In the background, other people sit or stand on the grass near multi-story buildings. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1967 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/a70123bf32d0306a3321894e24d40925.tif 7be239cbd93fade12f294cbf006255a5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A large group of people in athletic uniforms with "BUFFALO" text pose in three rows on a grassy field. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/a0cc8b6dcaad9e0eb2ce73e266e10a93.jpg 7be239cbd93fade12f294cbf006255a5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track and field team, 1965-1966 season Subject The topic of the resource Track and field State University of New York at Buffalo--Track and field Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1966TR_0042 UBS_1966TR_0042.tif Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-19 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A black and white group portrait features individuals arranged in three rows, with some seated on grass and others standing. Most people wear uniforms labeled "BUFFALO" or "BUFFALO TRACK," while two people at the far ends wear formal attire. A caption below identifies each person by row from left to right. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1966 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/c1db47c0fa97e3fb9f1adda03d6ec96a.tif 718390aaad0e9f727fae60cc160286d4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Track athletes passing a baton during a relay race on an outdoor track. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/9afa4d9f891d13e97a2e9474b57708b9.jpg 718390aaad0e9f727fae60cc160286d4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track and field relay team in competition, 1965-1966 season Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-19 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1966TR_0041 UBS_1966TR_0041.tif Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Subject The topic of the resource Relay racing State University of New York at Buffalo--Track and field Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Multiple runners in tank tops and shorts participate in a relay race on a dirt track. One person wearing a "BUFFALO" jersey hands a baton to another runner in the foreground. Additional athletes are positioned behind them in various stages of the baton exchange. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1966 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/7a8e94585b07bcb3069cb99a6109cf60.tif 53604ba2db17dede65afb2725581473a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person in athletic wear throws a javelin on a grassy field. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/436f63581c863a1f6e069bad44daed00.jpg 53604ba2db17dede65afb2725581473a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track and field team javelin thrower practices his skill, 1965-1966 season Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1966TR_0039 UBS_1966TR_0039.tif Subject The topic of the resource Javelin throwing State University of New York at Buffalo--Track and field Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-19 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person is captured in mid-motion after releasing a javelin into the air. They wear a dark tank top and light-colored shorts while standing on a lawn. A white building with several windows and a dark roof is visible in the background. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1966 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/c3ca011e0023658dc414e48306efd157.tif af4f6e973b6a994ca6372156e4c325af Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person wearing glasses and a tank top with "BUFFALO" printed on it holds a shot put near their neck. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/2f1efb3bbd9db0332a4a8f5d8cefbe07.jpg af4f6e973b6a994ca6372156e4c325af Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track and field team shot putter prepares to release his throw, 1965-1966 season Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1966TR_0038 UBS_1966TR_0038.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-19 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Subject The topic of the resource Shot putting State University of New York at Buffalo--Track and field Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person in a track and field uniform stands in a stadium while holding a shot put near their neck. They wear glasses and a dark tank top with the word "BUFFALO" in white lettering across the chest. Other individuals in athletic attire stand in the background near a large set of bleachers. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1966 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/22c4e526e2249ca0fba8758bb21afdb1.tif e38dda2dcc56b1d41899af87ed106d5f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Runners compete in a track race as the leader crosses a finish line tape. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/0ab28c55bcb7791249302504950e9272.jpg e38dda2dcc56b1d41899af87ed106d5f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track and field team runners in competition, 1965-1966 season Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1966TR_0036 UBS_1966TR_0036.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-19 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Subject The topic of the resource Runners (Sports) State University of New York at Buffalo—Track and field Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Several athletes in tank tops and shorts run toward a finish line on an outdoor track. One individual in the foreground breaks through a white tape, while others follow closely behind. Some of the runners wear jerseys with "BUFFALO" printed on the front. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1966 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/a3c714621636d78fec1098d9b01b7d74.tif 125957e9ab36d02323bb2a50a6456fa8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A black and white group portrait of individuals in four rows wearing athletic jerseys with the word "BUFFALO" across the front. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/d8d73b49aa314951cc463dd3c875ab9f.jpg 125957e9ab36d02323bb2a50a6456fa8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track and field team, 1964-1965 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-19 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. BUF-004 Buffalonian, 1965 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1965TR_0156 UBS_1965TR_0156.tif Subject The topic of the resource Track and field State University of New York at Buffalo--Track and field Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Four rows of people pose against a tiled wall wearing dark jerseys or sweatshirts, many featuring the word "BUFFALO" in arched lettering. One person in the second row wears a sweatshirt that reads "BUFFALO 33 TRACK". Below the portrait, text lists the names of the people present, organized by row. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/1a339cf939a5788b50c79c93832837bf.tif fffae8e3ea7e94ed1d8f7c08c0ae67c2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person wearing glasses and a dark sweatshirt jumps over a white hurdle. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/ecd17e9d1721c46ba11225c4f812a4b0.jpg fffae8e3ea7e94ed1d8f7c08c0ae67c2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track and field team high hurdler practices his skill, 1964-1965 season Subject The topic of the resource Hurdling (Track and field) State University of New York at Buffalo--Track and field Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1965TR_0155 UBS_1965TR_0155.tif Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-19 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person jumps over a track hurdle with their arms outstretched and legs tucked in. They are wearing glasses and a dark, long-sleeved top. The black and white scene features trees and a building in the background. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1965 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/64ff8c8c629a3e45cf23818d789614e6.tif 02489e84bbf58c46fe4afb8839315af5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person wearing Buffalo Track gear stands outdoors holding a long pole. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/f1b25f5e5db4c69cc4c9c8b088963767.jpg 02489e84bbf58c46fe4afb8839315af5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track and field team pole vaulter Don Lee sets up for a vault, 1964-1965 season Subject The topic of the resource Lee, Don Vaulters State University of New York at Buffalo--Track and field Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1965TR_0154 UBS_1965TR_0154.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-18 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person wearing a dark sweatshirt and sweatpants labeled "BUFFALO TRACK" holds a long pole diagonally across their body. They are standing on a paved surface in front of a chain-link fence with a large building in the distance. The black and white scene shows the individual from the knees up looking toward the side. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1965 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/fb9870dc1917e7206e8990204c463135.tif ce3f277d9c0415a5655bc50af8b332ed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person on a grassy field extends one arm straight up while holding a shot put ball. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/f5a7729770f58d117961abbe2a2824cd.jpg ce3f277d9c0415a5655bc50af8b332ed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track and field team javelin thrower at practice, 1964-1965 season Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1965TR_0153 UBS_1965TR_0153.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-18 Subject The topic of the resource Javelin throwing State University of New York at Buffalo--Track and field Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person stands outdoors wearing a light-colored jacket and dark athletic pants with a bandage on one knee. They have one arm raised high above their head, holding a heavy ball in their hand. A chain-link fence and a large building are visible in the background. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1965 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/42318ce45048b29538e77599eb42d3a2.tif da8c4009fb95c5428e2c127f7802a6d6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person running across a field wearing a Buffalo sweatshirt and sweatpants. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/b9e8dd9c635442a6fd21f8aa4acefa23.jpg da8c4009fb95c5428e2c127f7802a6d6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track and field team runner practices his craft, 1964-1965 season Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1965TR_0151 UBS_1965TR_0151.tif Subject The topic of the resource Runners (Sports) State University of New York at Buffalo--Track and field Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-18 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person with short hair runs across an open field in a black and white scene. They wear a dark sweatshirt with the word "BUFFALO" across the chest and light-colored sweatpants. Trees and houses are visible in the background. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1965 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/a99a1e251d97f0ad5ab4ffae6e5d1d1e.tif 373452c41b29916bbfff318a093cd466 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource An athlete in a dark sweatshirt leaps over a white wooden hurdle. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/680ecdcc933b75619532d08f83609edd.jpg 373452c41b29916bbfff318a093cd466 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track and field hurdler practices his technique, 1963-1964 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1964TR_0072 UBS_1964TR_0072.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-18 Subject The topic of the resource Hurdling (Track and field) State University of New York at Buffalo--Track and field Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person wearing a dark sweatshirt with the word "BUFFA" on it and dark pants clears a hurdle on a track. Their body is suspended in the air with one leg reaching forward over the white wooden frame. The background includes an outdoor field, bare trees, and a scoreboard with a large circular clock. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1964 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/e1cda615b7a8bbc32765fd8d40116d75.tif fb43d3a2a604281d7393a404a4a61b90 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person crouched in a track starting position with their feet in starting blocks. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/709b99ae7b8483b88579be2443b5deb2.jpg fb43d3a2a604281d7393a404a4a61b90 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track and field sprinter practices his start, 1963-1964 season Subject The topic of the resource Runners (Sports) State University of New York at Buffalo—Track and field Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1964TR_0070 UBS_1964TR_0070.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-18 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person is crouched at a starting line on a track with feet against wooden starting blocks. They wear a sleeveless jersey and shorts with hands placed on the ground. The background features an open field, buildings, and large mats. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1964 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/1790c1009126ecdbcab6c44b67e1fb45.tif 677f16c0b394475f2504da91877ec11d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person performs a pole vault, clearing a high crossbar over a landing area filled with sacks. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/cec7b686e9bccea374c197285a64a157.jpg 677f16c0b394475f2504da91877ec11d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track and field team pole vaulter clears the bar, 1963-1964 season Subject The topic of the resource Vaulters State University of New York at Buffalo—Track and field Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1964TR_0068 UBS_1964TR_0068.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-18 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person is mid-air while clearing a horizontal bar during a pole vault event. The landing area below consists of a pile of large sacks on a grassy athletic field. An outdoor scoreboard and football goalposts are visible in the background against a clear sky. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1964 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/b2d4c270586c5acebb6da7cd079610c5.tif 90edcf73553cbcbf7e2683c9704318bc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person in a sweatshirt and sweatpants starts a run from starting blocks on a track. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/cfafb1cf5a8b281f0c5369f144b7d431.jpg 90edcf73553cbcbf7e2683c9704318bc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track and field team sprinter at practice, 1963-1964 season Subject The topic of the resource Runners (Sports) State University of New York at Buffalo--Track and field Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1964TR_0067 UBS_1964TR_0067.tif Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-18 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person wearing a thick sweatshirt and sweatpants is captured in a crouched starting position on a dirt track. Their feet are positioned in starting blocks, and they lean forward with one arm tucked back and the other bent in front. The background includes a low building, a long hedge, and leafless trees. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1964 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/63c382acd36caef4d4eddcac63fa6b1c.tif dd1152f14244dd08d1643c3fbdc0ce63 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person performing a pole vault, captured in mid-air over a high bar. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/a8e469911b0f86304329106809c96ad1.jpg dd1152f14244dd08d1643c3fbdc0ce63 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Track and field team pole vaulter succeeds at the attempted height, 1961-1962 season Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1962TR_0264 UBS_1962TR_0264.tif Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-18 Subject The topic of the resource Vaulters University of Buffalo--Track and field State University of New York at Buffalo--Track and field Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person in athletic clothing is shown mid-jump, oriented head-first as they clear a horizontal bar. The grainy, black-and-white scene depicts the individual silhouetted against a plain sky. Below them, a long pole remains in a vertical position near the crossbar. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1962 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Track and field Track and field 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/6ac3b4e61fdf3884499a65de63b32368.tif 942f1a3aa849852b8dbf0bd226cf07bd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Two people in white athletic wear play tennis on an outdoor court. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/4354e45305e2378b3f6050a4fc887cd8.jpg 942f1a3aa849852b8dbf0bd226cf07bd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Tennis team players at practice, 1966-1967 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1967TE_0117 UBS_1967TE_0117.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-17 Subject The topic of the resource Tennis players State University of New York at Buffalo--Tennis Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Two people stand on a tennis court holding rackets, one wearing glasses and a baseball cap while preparing for a shot. Other people play on adjacent courts separated by a chain-link fence. The scene is captured in a grainy black and white print style. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1967 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Tennis Tennis 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/78d7e84715b0883952f0e524f8a5636a.tif 94c0995885644608b68c9b7020c09b40 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person in white athletic gear lunges with a tennis racket on a court. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/2ad0f9b1bf823d56f1c76dc5b44b2aaa.jpg 94c0995885644608b68c9b7020c09b40 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Tennis team player reaches for the shot, 1966-1967 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1967TE_0116 UBS_1967TE_0116.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-17 Subject The topic of the resource Tennis players State University of New York at Buffalo--Tennis Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person wearing a white cap and matching athletic clothing is captured in motion while playing tennis. Another person and a row of parked cars are visible in the blurred background. This black and white scene shows the player lunging forward with their racket extended toward the ground. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1967 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Tennis Tennis 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/8592a5a087cc09e1380a75566cdd10eb.tif a26de467f8691d02b4a61fbb70fee85b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person in light-colored athletic attire swings a tennis racket on an outdoor court. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/a9fce07ef50c88d31c6c841edff6865c.jpg a26de467f8691d02b4a61fbb70fee85b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Tennis team player goes for the return shot, 1966-1967 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1967TE_0115 UBS_1967TE_0115.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-17 Subject The topic of the resource Tennis players State University of New York at Buffalo--Tennis Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person in a light-colored t-shirt and shorts swings a tennis racket with both hands on a court. A dark ball is visible in the air near the individual's legs. The background features a chain-link fence with two other people visible in the distance. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1967 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Tennis Tennis 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/699d8672e1216bf3a18346a2518c3db2.tif b96a3e4dacf3b4c9161f9b91e77460bc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Nine people pose in two rows on a tennis court, several holding rackets. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/c7e9b1803f4095c292e2bff6219a5c59.jpg b96a3e4dacf3b4c9161f9b91e77460bc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Tennis team, 1966-1967 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1967TE_0114 UBS_1967TE_0114.tif Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-17 Subject The topic of the resource Tennis teams State University of New York at Buffalo--Tennis Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Nine individuals are posed in two rows on a tennis court, with four kneeling in the front and five standing in the back. Most wear dark varsity jackets or sweaters with university markings, and several hold tennis rackets. A caption at the bottom identifies the individuals as members of a tennis team, including a coach and a manager. Behind the group is a chain-link fence and a large stone building. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1967 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Tennis Tennis 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/7985d41786c93242f059582bd6f24f95.tif 128822cbd927e8de287702e7dcc8acda Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person wearing glasses and white athletic clothing swings a tennis racket on a court. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/8ca377e8f9d9bc1c65e5302cfff25af9.jpg 128822cbd927e8de287702e7dcc8acda Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Tennis team player reaches for the shot, 1965-1966 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1966TE_0026 UBS_1966TE_0026.tif Subject The topic of the resource Tennis players State University of New York at Buffalo--Tennis Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-17 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person is positioned on a tennis court, mid-swing with a racket. The individual wears dark-rimmed glasses, a white short-sleeved shirt with dark trim, white shorts, and tall white socks. A chain-link fence and foliage are visible in the background behind the court. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1966 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Tennis Tennis 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/44a5f2b7a294680ae7b6f8beb63ee34c.tif 151454b52e2ede5dff3fa6ec05cc9037 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Two tennis players in team jackets and shorts hold a trophy across a tennis net. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/81e4ae2d4937d4af93576ce21059a569.jpg 151454b52e2ede5dff3fa6ec05cc9037 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Tennis team veteran Bob Barrett is presented with a token of the team's appreciation by teammate Denny Brzezinski, 1964-1965 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1966TE_0025 UBS_1966TE_0025.tif Subject The topic of the resource Barrett, Robert Brzezinski, Dennis Tennis players State University of New York at Buffalo--Tennis Description An account of the resource Letterman Bob Barrett (pictured at left) was the only veteran lost to the UB Tennis team for the 1965-1966 season. Two individuals in athletic jackets and shorts stand behind a tennis net, holding an award together. One person wears glasses and a jacket with a "UB TENNIS" logo while both hold tennis rackets. Other figures are partially visible in the background near a chain-link fence. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-17 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1966 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Tennis Tennis 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/5071293f2261b284c3c64990573acf2c.tif 942a6205961c4c6c950bdf7083821e35 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A black and white group portrait of nine people in two rows, some holding tennis rackets, with a name caption at the bottom. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/bd9c2b5f7dfaa05ed30561e7011b7038.jpg 942a6205961c4c6c950bdf7083821e35 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Tennis team, 1965-1966 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-17 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1966TE_0023 UBS_1966TE_0023.tif Subject The topic of the resource Tennis teams State University of New York at Buffalo--Tennis Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Nine people pose in two rows against a background of foliage, with four kneeling in front and five standing behind. Most wear dark jackets with a tennis emblem on the chest, and several hold rackets. A text caption at the bottom identifies the individuals as members of the UB Tennis team, including a coach and manager. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1966 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Tennis Tennis 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/2d837d0f068bfae1b0cdb10a39d35332.tif c027a136f340ed2617c8053acd02cfdc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person swings a tennis racket toward a ball on a court. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/4455b1b63dd735b09ebb9ff57f53cb28.jpg c027a136f340ed2617c8053acd02cfdc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Tennis team player demonstrates his competitive form, 1964-1965 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-17 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1965TE_0145 UBS_1965TE_0145.tif Subject The topic of the resource Tennis players State University of New York at Buffalo--Tennis Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person wearing a t-shirt and shorts reaches forward with a tennis racket to strike a ball. A chain-link fence and a large stone building with rows of windows appear in the background. The scene is rendered in a black and white halftone style. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1965 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Tennis Tennis 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/b8f6f63238556b1cefe6f75990885135.tif 12c981c33f70d4de19ac4467254d278c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person swings a tennis racket on a court in front of a stone building. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/ed2b1c41dbcaf85f56a4630df1c13c68.jpg 12c981c33f70d4de19ac4467254d278c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Tennis team player displays his moves, 1964-1965 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/ tiff Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-17 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1965TE_0144 UBS_1965TE_0144.tif Subject The topic of the resource Tennis players State University of New York at Buffalo--Tennis Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person wearing a t-shirt and shorts is positioned on a tennis court with a racket in mid-swing. Behind a chain-link fence, a stone building and a parked vehicle are visible. The person wears white socks and athletic shoes while standing between white court lines. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1965 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Tennis Tennis 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/c3451c92dd0c8927e703c73d26ead907.tif 031c3b3ed8e29e940dcd08f982c75c6d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person leans back with a tennis racket raised above their head on a court. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/0dd0f5c69dc99553b8f3df62594aac64.jpg 031c3b3ed8e29e940dcd08f982c75c6d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Tennis team player demonstrates his overhead smash, 1964-1965 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-17 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1965TE_0143 UBS_1965TE_0143.tif Subject The topic of the resource Tennis players State University of New York at Buffalo--Tennis Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person on a tennis court is positioned with their body arched backward and a tennis racket held over their shoulder. They wear a light-colored t-shirt, shorts, and athletic shoes. A chain-link fence and multiple buildings are visible in the background. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1965 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Tennis Tennis 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/d29c92cd60322e6aeac4dec6d94df316.tif 20db206c42266e73f6120e6152592fce Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Members of a tennis team and their coach pose in two rows, with many individuals holding wooden tennis rackets. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/ccc0bda2e40a3a7d0c2398f54ab8c6a4.jpg 20db206c42266e73f6120e6152592fce Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Tennis team, 1964-1965 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-17 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1965TE_0142 UBS_1965TE_0142.tif Subject The topic of the resource Tennis teams State University of New York at Buffalo--Tennis Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource In a black and white scene, fourteen people are arranged in two rows. Five individuals kneel in the front row while nine others stand behind them, most holding tennis rackets and wearing athletic apparel. A text block at the bottom lists the names of the individuals in each row. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1965 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Tennis Tennis 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/0d143915b887997ff8a0e46dfdf9fb78.tif 60e6e0905a5756b688603023c7fc3a63 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person in athletic clothing swings a tennis racket on an outdoor court. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/79ef079b1e5b69c8ef0de82b83ab606c.jpg 60e6e0905a5756b688603023c7fc3a63 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Tennis team star Jim Faturos returns a shot, 1963-1964 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-17 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1964TE_0079 UBS_1964TE_0079.tif Subject The topic of the resource Faturos. James Tennis players State University of New York at Buffalo--Tennis Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person wearing a white t-shirt and shorts is shown in mid-action while playing tennis on a court marked with white lines. They hold a racket with arms extended while moving across the play area. A tall building and a chain-link fence are visible in the background of this black and white scene. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1964 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Tennis Tennis 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/3ab2bbeaa59cb5a20a5150b095ca844a.tif 4babccfdf9773dd539b916b24bfc16d1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person wearing white athletic clothing swings a tennis racket on a court. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/e02c09ef3787ba2e60d4edd4221a1995.jpg 4babccfdf9773dd539b916b24bfc16d1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Tennis team star Jim Faturos reaches for the shot, 1963-1964 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-17 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1964TE_0078 UBS_1964TE_0078.tif Subject The topic of the resource Faturos, James Tennis players State University of New York at Buffalo--Tennis Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource An individual in a white polo shirt and shorts is in motion on a tennis court. They are swinging a tennis racket downward with their mouth open. The background shows a wire fence, and the black and white scene has a halftone texture. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1964 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Tennis Tennis 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/cbe8d4b30bbb2ea096a0c7e18fe82991.tif 4ccd4a2838c033b3d79a6a3a1c57109c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person in athletic wear playing a ball game on an outdoor court. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/b49ba85c53e28bcbeb8cb8153512b6df.jpg 4ccd4a2838c033b3d79a6a3a1c57109c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB tennis player Bob Brancato delivers a booming serve, 1963-1964 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-17 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. BUF-004 Buffalonian, 1964 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1964TE_0077 UBS_1964TE_0077.tif Subject The topic of the resource Brancato, Robert Tennis players State University of New York at Buffalo--Tennis Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource An individual in a dark short-sleeved shirt and light shorts reaches one arm upward while standing on a lined court. Another person stands in the distance on the court near a chain-link fence. Large multistory buildings with numerous windows form the background. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Tennis Tennis 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/da684ec83dddec35212543dd219c6c68.tif f13034404cf4b522e517da91f019f56d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A person on a tennis court stands with their back to the viewer, holding a racket high in the air. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/6c0b78e098b1c05f687ceed041780540.jpg f13034404cf4b522e517da91f019f56d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Tennis team player in competition, 1962-1963 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-17 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1963TE_0050 UBS_1963TE_0050.tif Subject The topic of the resource Tennis players State University of New York at Buffalo--Tennis Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource A person wearing shorts and a long-sleeved shirt is positioned on a tennis court with their right arm fully extended upward. The background contains a distant landscape with trees and a building featuring a spire. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1963 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Tennis Tennis 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/2d8ff268d196c2f22e3009ab16019466.tif b77099c4ce0c4cea51346a80f73ca0d4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Two individuals shaking hands outdoors while one holds a tennis racket. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/bdcb491b3e1d9b73934cc2d200198468.jpg b77099c4ce0c4cea51346a80f73ca0d4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Tennis team star Jim Faturos receives the Most Valuable Award from his coach William Sanford, 1962-1963 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-17 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1963TE_0049 UBS_1963TE_0049.tif Subject The topic of the resource Faturos, James Sanford, William Tennis players State University of New York at Buffalo--Tennis Description An account of the resource Jim Faturos was the first UB Varsity Tennis player ever to finish an entire season without losing a single set. He was elected UB Tennis team captain for the 1963-1964 season. Two people stand in front of a wall of leaves while shaking hands. The person on the left wears glasses, a dark top, and light-colored trousers. The person on the right holds a tennis racket and wears a dark jacket with light-colored shorts. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1963 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Tennis Tennis 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/4fa1cb3d69c9fef734f19a84983a3e3a.tif 328fcd61e000fd4e31f5eedc99f5a3f7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A black and white group portrait of ten individuals posed in two rows, with several members holding tennis rackets. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/4664f48fe0c8b9b8f4dbf873dd43e592.jpg 328fcd61e000fd4e31f5eedc99f5a3f7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Tennis team, 1962-1963 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-17 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1963TE_0046 UBS_1963TE_0046.tif Subject The topic of the resource Tennis teams State University of New York at Buffalo--Tennis Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Four individuals kneel in the front row and six stand in the back row against a dense leafy background. Most of the group wears matching athletic jackets and several hold tennis rackets, while a text caption on the right lists the names of those pictured. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1963 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Tennis Tennis 1960-1969 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/41c4981266949ba047e4b6d244719ba9.tif 11f7badbff0251f2110ccc877e3f568d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Nine people in tennis uniforms are arranged in two rows with tennis rackets, accompanied by identifying text above. https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/ec63868bb679b2536b7adfcf001c366c.jpg 11f7badbff0251f2110ccc877e3f568d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Sports History Collection Description An account of the resource This collection covers the early years of University at Buffalo athletics. The collection will continue to grow in phases and will eventually encompass all UB intercollegiate sports teams (both men’s and women’s) from their beginnings to the present day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-004 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UB Tennis team, 1961-1962 season Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016-02-17 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UBS_1962TE_0274 UBS_1962TE_0274.tif Subject The topic of the resource Tennis teams University of Buffalo--Tennis State University of New York at Buffalo--Tennis Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/">COPYRIGHT NOT EVALUATED</a>. The copyright and related rights status of this Item has not been evaluated. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. This digital collection is made available for research and educational purposes. Researchers are responsible for determining copyright status, and securing permissions for use and publication of any material. Copyright for items in this collection may be held by the creators, their heirs, or assigns. Researchers are required to obtain written permission from copyright holders and the University Archives prior to reproducing or publishing materials, including images and quotations. For inquiries about reproduction requests and permissions, please contact the <a href="http://library.buffalo.edu/archives/">University Archives</a>. If you believe material in our digital collections infringes copyright or other rights, please review our <a href="https://library.buffalo.edu/about/policies/information-use/notice-and-takedown-policy.html">Notice and Takedown Policy</a> for information on how to report your concern. Description An account of the resource Four individuals kneel in the front row and five stand behind them, all wearing white athletic apparel and some holding tennis rackets. A line of text at the top lists names for both rows, including a coach and players. The background consists of a wall covered in dense climbing vines. The description and alternative text may have been partially generated using an AI tool and may contain errors or omissions. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. University Libraries Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalonian, 1962 UB Sports History Collection. LIB-004 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived State University of New York at Buffalo. University Archives Women's sports 1960-1969 Women's tennis Women's tennis 1960-1969