54 100 60591 https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/1fdafcabfcc949735f48657ca95edc41.pdf b281f0ad1f976642fbdd36c149d4c669 PDF Text Text The Buffalo Physician Volume 12, Number 2 summer 1978 School of Medicine State University of New York at Buffalo �Dean Naughton From the desk of: JohnP. Naughton, M.D. Dean, School of Medicine Dear Alumni and Alumnae, Intern Matching Day has become one of the traditional events which highlights the fourth year. Dr. Leonard Katz and I have become intrigued by the excitement which this event brings to ou~ students as well as the significance it has for the School 0 Medicine. With the 1978 matching process completed, we have taken the opportunity to review the experienae of the past three years. Some of the comparative results are as follows: 1. In the years 1976, '77 and '78 respectively, 86, 83 and ~9 P.ercent of the participating students received one of theH h.rst three choices with 62, 56 and 66 percent of the respective classes receiving their first choice. . . . he 2. One hundred and sixteen students participated 1ll t match in 1978, and 22 of their classmates obtained graduate training opportunities outside the NIRMP system. 3. Seventy-three students will remain either in Buffal~ 0 ~ New York State while 65 will train in 23 other states. It IS 0 some interest that only 19 selected training sites in states that might be considered as comprising the Sun Belt of the United States. k 4. Since 1976 the number of students matched at New Y~r State medical centers outside the Buffalo area has mcreased from 16 in 1976 to 37 in 1978. Conversely. th~ number that remained in Buffalo decreased from a high 0 66 in 1976 to 36 in 1978. The latter decline is probably related to our students' increased acceptability for placed ment at the national level, and in part, to the yet unresolve teaching hospital situation in Buffalo. 5. Forty-four of the 1978 graduates selected training oppo.rtunities in Internal Medicine, 36 in Surgery, 12 In Obstetrics-Gynecology, 13 in Pediatrics, 14 in Family P~ac­ tice, with the remainder identified as orthopediCS, pathology, psychiatry, radiology, anesthesiology, neurology and ophthalmology. The alumni, faculty and student body can and should be pleased by the strongly competitive results of the 1978 match. Dr. Katz and I know that just as has been the situation with every other graduating class these graduates will represent the institution and the profession in fine fashion. Sincerely. JOHN NAUGHTON, M.D. Dean ------------------------~- �Volume 12, Number 2 Summer 1978 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN Published by the School of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo EDITORIAL BOARD Editor ROBERTS. MCGRANAHAN Dean, School of Medicine DR. }OHN NAUGHTON Photography HUGO H. UNGER EDWARD NOWAK Visual Designers RICHARD MACAKAN)A DONALD E. WATKINS Associate Editor FLORENCE MEYER CONSULT ANTS President, Medical Alumni Association DR. MICHAEL SULLIVAN Vice President, Faculty of Health Sciences DR. F. CARTER PANNILL President, University Foundation }OHN M. CARTER Director of Public Affairs }AMES DESANTIS The Buffalo Physician Volume 12, N\UY\ber 2 Surnrno< 1978 IN THIS ISSUE Dean Naughton's Message (inside front cover) 2 Postgraduate Matching 9 Continuing Medical Education/Primary Care 10 Immunopathology of the Skin 11 Family Practice 12 A Physician Faces Disseminated Reticulum Cell Sarcoma in Himself (Part VI-F). Cancer: Its Effects on the Family of the Patient: Communication Between Physician and Patient's Family. by Samuel Sanes, M.D. 22 Cardio-Respiratory Function 23 Medical Ethics 24 Residents, Interns 26 Health Care Plan/WNY Group Health Plan 27 Photographic Hobby 28 President's Associates Dinner 29 The Gottlieb's Collection 30 Health Sciences Library/Admission Film 31 Dr. Bernardis/Anesthesiology Programs 32 Korean Volunteer 34 Nutrition Seminars 42 $58,532 Grant 43 VA Hospital Expansion 44 MECO Program 46 Dr. Dunn 47 $166,607 M/S Grant 48 Dr. Solomon 49 Harrington Lecture 50 Dermatology Conference 54 The Classes 57 People 59 In Memoriam 60 Alumni Tours The cover by Barbara Evans, graphic artist, focuses on postgraduate matching, pages 2-8. THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN, Summer, 1978- Volume 12, Number 2, published quarterly Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter - by the School of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, New York 14214. Second class post~ge paid at Buffalo, New York. Please notify us of change of address. Copynght 1978 by The Buffalo Physician. SUMMER. 1978 1 �Post Graduate Matching Eighty-nine per cent of the senior medical students received their first, second or third choices in the annual National Postgraduate Matching Program. Two-thirds of the 138 students were matched with their first choice. Dr. Leonard Katz, associate dean, named several prominent hospital programs where the students were matched. They a . pathology and medicine at Boston City Hospital; primary medicre. at University of California (San Francisco); family practice n~ University of Arizona and Wilson Memorial; radiology at St a Memorial and University of California (San Die;~)~ anesthesiology at New York Hospital and Massachusetts General: pediatrics at Yale-New Haven Medical Center; psychiatry a; North Carolina and Massachusetts General; medicine at Pittsburgh University Health Center, Baltimore City Hospital Dartmouth Affiliated Hospital, Southwestern University of Texa~ Affiliated Hospitals at Dallas, Beth Israel in Boston, and Boston University. Dr. Richard Williams, Donald Hickey and daughter. Achtyl, Thomas R., Saint Claire's Hospital, Schenectady, N.Y. Family practice Agin, Elliot D., Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts, Medicine Aldrich, Cheryl M., Nassau County Medical Center, Meadow- brook, New York, Medicine Altm~yer, Stewart R., SUNY! Buffalo, Medicine A~b1s, Do~othy, Highland Hospital, University of Rochester, FamIly Practice Angelico, Richard, SUNY/ Buffalo I, Buffalo General Hospital, Surgery 2 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Anolik, Robert, Children's Hospital, Philadelphia, Pediatrics Arno, Tom, Syracuse Medical Center, Internal Medicine Barber, Nathaniel A., State University-Kings County Medical Center, Brooklyn, Medicine Barbieri, Louise T., Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Anesthesiology Baron-Stone, Judith L., Eastern Virginia Graduate Medical School, Norfolk, Pediatrics Bennett, Brenda A., Harlem Hospital, New York City, Medicine Bennett, Gregory J., Ohio State University Hospitals, Columbus, Surgery Bergenstock, Ray W. SUNY /Buffalo, Medicine Beverley, Mauvareen A., Harlem Hospital, New York City, Medicine Bezouska, Christine A., SUNY /Buffalo I, Buffalo General Hospital, Surgery Blume, Michael H., University of Maryland Hospital, Baltimore, Medicine Bodenstein, Carl, Phoenix Affiliated Hospitals, Arizona, Pedicatrics Bowers, Roger, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, Radiology Boyle, John J., Hospitals of the University Health Center, Pittsburgh, Surgery Brower, Steven T., Boston University Affiliated Hospitals, Surgery Brown, Russell G., North Carolina Memorial Hospital, Durham, Psychiatry Buchanan, Iris D., Montefiore Hospital Center, New York City, Pediatrics Burn, Christopher T., University of California Hospitals, San Francisco, Primary Medicine Burns, Irene A., SUNY /Buffalo, Pediatrics Brenda Bennett, Or. Katz. d- John and Mrs. Valvo, Russell Brown, Bob Farkas (standing); Clifton Peay, Mrs. Brown (sitting). �Registrar Dr. John Richert, Dr. Katz congratulates a student. Mrs. Anolik, Mr. and Mrs. Paul Summergrad. Burns, Paul, The New York Hospital, New York City, Anesthesiology Busch, Richards, SUNY/Buffalo II, Meyer, Deaconess, VA Hospitals, Surgery Campbell, Deborah, Montefiore Hospital Center, New York City, Pediatrics Cannucciari, Daniel P., Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, New York Diagnostic Radiology Carnes, Molly, University of Wisconsin Hospital, Madison, Medicine Clarke, Cassandra, Harlem Hospital, New York City, Medicine Copoulos, Ellen J., Montefiore Hospital Center, New York City, Medicine Cordero, Pedro, Montefiore Hospital Center, New York City, Surgery Cummings, Rondie E., University of Maryland Hospital, Baltimore, Pediatrics Curran, Ricahrd R., SUNY/Buffalo, Medicine Daniels, Marc B. SUNY/Buffalo, Medicine Del Balsa, Angelo, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Surgery Del Prete, Salvatore A., Dartmouth Affiliated Hospitals, New Hampshire, Medicine DiMino, Thomas J., SUNY!Buffalo, Ob/Gyn Doherty, Elizabeth A., Millard Fillmore Hospital, Buffalo, Surgery Dorfman, Stuart L., Community Hospital, Glen Cove, New York, Family Practice Eggleston, Gary E., Aultman Hospital, Canton, Ohio, Family Practice Elman, Richard S., University of Arizona Affiliated Education Program, Tucson, Family Practice .. Farkas, Robert, University of Texas Southwestern AffllJated Hospitals, Dallas, Medicine 4 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Franczyk, Chester F., Children's Hospital, Akron, Ohio, Pediatrics Freis, Edmond, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Anesthesiology Gawronski, Stephen J., Millard Fillmore Hospital, Buffalo, Surgery Geisler, Fred H., SUNY /Buffalo I, Buffalo General Hospital, Surgery Gilbert, Lewis A., New Britain General Hospital, Connecticut, Surgery Gillette, Susan K., Cambridge Hospital, Massachusetts, Psychiatry Gillig, Franklin, Millard Fillmore Hospital, Buffalo, Surgery Glassman, Mark, Yale-New Haven Medical Center, Pediatrics Glick, Kenneth, Baltimore City Hospitals, Medicine Goldstein, Scott, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York City, Surgery Groves, Dennis P., Millard Fillmore Hospital, Buffalo, Medicine Gutman, Harvey, Montefiore Hospital Center, New York City, Surgery Haumesser, John C., SUNY /Buffalo II, Meyer, Deaconess, VA Hospitals, Surgery Heller, Andrew, Millard Fillmore Hospital, Buffalo, Surgery Hendrick, William J., University of Rochester Associated Hospital Programs, Ob/Gyn Hickey, Donald D., Medical Center Hospitals of Vermont, Burlington, Surgery Hoffman, Michael E., University Hospital Medical Center (University of California San Diego), Surgery Horn, Harvey, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York City, Surgery Isada, Nelson B., University Hospitals, Madison, Wisconsin, Medicine The reception . SUMMER, 1978 5 The Robert Anolik's. �Paul Paroski presents a class gift to Doreen Miller as Gary M errill observes. Jones, Sheryl, SUNY/ Buffalo II, Meyer, Deaconess, VA Hospitals, Surgery Kaplan, Steven J., SUNY/ Buffalo I, Buffalo General Hospital, Surgery Kaufman, Gary, Bronx Municipal Hospital Center, Surgery Kavanagh, Kevin, La Crosse Lutheran Hospital, Wisconsin, Surgery . Killian, Stephen, University of Virginia Hospital, Charlottesville, Family Practice Koslow, Alan R., Stanford University, Surgery Kramer, Mark J., Charles S. Wilson Memorial Hospital, Johnson City, New York, Family Practice Kulick, Eric, Menninger Clinic, Topeka, Psychiatry Kusalavage, John J., SUNY/ Buffalo, Ob! Gyn Lachman, Leigh J. , Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., Surgery Leslie, Joyce, Charles S. Wilson Memorial Hospital, Johnson City, New York, Family Practice Levinson, Bradley A., St. Vincent's Hospital, New York City, Surgery Marchetti, David L. SUNY/ Buffalo, Ob! Gyn Margolis, John L., Brown University Affiliated Hospitals, Providence, Surgery Marsh, Franklin, Harlem Hospital, New York City, Medicine Mattrey, Robert, University Hospital Medical Center (University of California San Diego), Diagnostic Radiology Mazzone, Thomas, Millard Fillmore Hospital, Buffalo, Surgery Meltzer, Roberta, Hartford Hospital, Connecticut, Medicine Merrill, Gary A., Children's Hospital of Northern California, Oakland, Pediatrics Miles-Matthias, Paul, Cincinnati General Hospital, Ohio, Surgery Minkoff, Peter J., Community Hospital, Glen Cove, New York, Family Practice Mitchell, Barry, SUNY/Buffalo I, Buffalo General Hospital, Surgery Mitchell, Dean, St. Josephs Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Flexible Morgan, Charles W., Genesee Hospital, Rochester, New York, Medicine Morris, Linda J., Georgetown V.A., Washington, D.C., Medicine Nieman, Lynnette K., SUNY / Buffalo, Medicine John Valvo, Steve Brower, Stephen Gawronski, John Boyle, Tom Arno. �Robert Anolik, Stephen Killian and friend, Michael Wolff. Mario Santilli, Barry R osenberg, Mark Glassman. O'Brien, Matthew, SUNY /Buffalo, Medicine O'Connell, David, SUNY/Buffalo, Pathology O'Gorman, Kevin, Mercy Hospital, Buffalo, Medicine Paroski, Paul A., Montefiore Hospital Center, New York City, Pediatrics Paul, Douglas P., University Hospitals Health Center, Pittsburgh, Medicine Peay, Clifton L., SUNY/Buffalo, Medicine Pitts, Jeffrey C., SUNY/Buffalo, Medicine Polatnick, Lois, SUNY/Buffalo, Medicine Powell, Douglass, Syracuse Medical Center, Ob/ Gyn Pszonak, Robert, University of Hawaii Integrated Residency Program, Medicine Reich, Joel J., George Washington University, D.C., Medicine Reinfurt, Frederick L. SUNY / Buffalo, Psychiatry Rey, Michael, Nassau County Medical Center, New York, Family Practice Rich, Kenneth J., University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Orthopedic Surgery Reynolds, James, Meyer Hospital, Buffalo, ophthalmology Roberts, Gregory, University of Miami Affiliated Hospitals, Surgery Rohrdanz, David, Memorial Hospital, Scottsdale, Arizona, Family Practice Rollo, Daniel P., Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania, Ob/ Gyn Rosenberg, Barry I., University Hospitals, Boston, Medicine Ruta, George E., University of Colorado Affiliated Hospitals, Denver, Pediatrics Rutecki, Paul, Baylor College Affiliated Hospitals, Houston, Neurology Sangster, David, University of Louisville Affiliated Hospitals, Kentucky, Family Practice Santilli, Mario D., Millard Fillmore Hospital, Buffalo, Surgery Scanlon, John P., University Hospitals of Madison, Wisconsin, Medicine d- SUMMER,1978 7 Mary Shapiro receives congratulations f rom Lynette Nieman and a gift f rom the fourth year class. �Dr. Williams, Dean John Naughton, Dr. Frank Schimpfhauser, assistant dean. Mark Glassman, Salvato re Del Prete, Dr. Katz . Schenk, Alan R., Mount Sinai Hospital, Miami, Medicine Seidman, Steven M., North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York, Ob/ Gyn Seretan, Douglas, Stamford Hospital, Connecticut, Medicine Shaham, Elsagav S., SUNY / Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, Ob! Gyn Shaham, Simon Z., SUNY/ Buffalo, Ob/ Gyn Sharrieff, James R., Wayne State University Affiliated Program, Detroit, Medicine Smith, Claudette, SUNY / Buffalo, Ob/ Gyn Somogyi, Ronald M., SUNY/ Buffalo, Medicine Spector, Laurence D., Boston University Affiliated Hospitals, Flexible Stanley, Covia L., New Hanover Memorial, North Carolina, Ob!Gyn Steier, Jeffrey, University of Minnesota Hospitals, Minneapolis, Neurology Steinhart, Curt M., University of Southern Florida Affiliated Hospitals, Tampa, Pediatrics Stempsey, William E., Boston City Hospital, Pathology Sternberg, Richard J., New York Medical College-Metropolitan, Surgery Strader, Stephen E., St. Clare's Hospital, New York City, Family Practice Streit, Andrew W., St., Joseph's Hospital, Michigan, Family Practice Summergrad, Paul, Boston City Hospital, Medicine Tarantino, Benedetto, Rochester General Hospital, New York, Medicine Tedesco, Salvatore A., State University-Kings County Medical Center, Brooklyn, Surgery Tracy, Charles, Mount Auburn Hospital, Massachusetts, Medicine Valvo, John R., Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, New York, Surgery Vogelman, Bennett, University of Wisconsin Hospital, Madison Medicine ' Wilamowski, Henry, Meyer Hospital, Buffalo, Ophthalmology Wolff, Michael L., Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Medicine Wopperer, Paul J., University of Rochester Associate Has ital Programs, Ob/Gyn P 8 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Continuing Medical Education Several Continuing Medical Education Programs are scheduled for spring and summer, 1978, according to Mr. Charles Hall, director of the programs. The dates, titles and chairmen of the programs are: May 11 - American College of Surgeons, Western New York Chapter, Dr. Frank Gerbasi. May 21-24- The Third Annual Westwood -Conference on Clinical Dermatology, Dr. Richard L. Dobson, professor of dermatology. June 1-2 - Coronary Artery Disease, Dr. Joginder Bhayana, associate professor of surgery, and Dr. David Dean, clinical associate professor of medicine. June 10, 11 - The Aneurysm Patient, Dr. Walter Grand, clinical assistant professor of neurosurgery. June 10- Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Drs. Syde Teheri, clinical instructor in surgery, and Leonard Berman, clinical associate professor of surgery; Buffalo District Medical Tennis Association. June 12-15- The Sixth International Convocation on Immunology, Dr. James Mohn, professor of microbiology. June 19-23- The Eighth Annual Conference on Immunopathology of the Skin, Dr. Ernst Beutner, professor of microbiology and dermatology. June 21-23 - Gynecologic Laparoscopy, Dr. Norman Courey, clinical professor of gynecology/obstetrics. Primary Ambulatory Care Rotation Fourth year medical students will be required to begin a one month primary ambulatory care rotation July 1 in one of four departments - family medicine, medicine, gynecology/obstetrics, pediatrics. This new program has been approved by the faculty council and the executive committee. During the rotation period, 75 per cent of the student's time must be spent in ambulatory or out-patient care. The .goal of the course is to train students in the full range of pnmary care delivery. The four faculty members, who will direct the p~ograms .. a.reDrs. Robert Seller, professor and chairman of fam1.l~ medicm.e, Faith Davis, clinical associate professor of mediCme, Dav1d Nichols, M'47, professor of Gyn/ Ob, and Henry Staub, associate professor of pediatrics. Members of the primary care subcommittee of the curriculum committee are- Drs. Evan Calkins, Richard Lee, James Nolan, Ray Bissone tte, Frank Cerra, Frank Schimpfhauser, Stanley Levin, Julie Nickelsen, David Nichols, Henry Staub, and student representative Celia Quinnonez. D SUMMER, 1978 9 �Immunopathology of the Skin heard about what is new in the field of immunopathology of the skin from a distinguished panel of experts. The participants in the seventh annual conference came from Europe, Canada and this countrty. Heading the list was persuasive histologic/immunologic/ultrastructural evidence by NIH's Dr. Steven Katz on the role of Langerhans cells as an epidermal form of macrophage. As such, he said, they may well be implicated in the reticuloendothelial system. Dr. Ernst Beutner's laboratory evidence that stratum corneum antibodies react at all sites of trauma to the skin was backed up by convincing clinical studies by Poland's Dr. Stefani a Jablonska of their involvement during the earliest changes in the Koebner phenomena, even before sciatic lesions become clinically or histologically evident. There is also wider use of immunofluorescence for diagnosis of vasculitis. Its promise for future development? Significant, according to Dr. Michael Fellner of New York Medical College. That the Braverman histamine injection test is useful to pinpoint immune complex involvement with this type of lesion was reviewed. How the Yale investigator's method works is to cause deposition of circulating immune complexes in vessels with histamine. Noted Dr. W. Mitchell Sams of North Carolina, "an injection of 0.051 m1 of a histamine solution containing 0.121 mg per m1 of histamine is adequate to elicit such a response." When it came to pinpointing the various types of bullous diseases, the debate raged unabated. For these diseases are not only distinguishable by immunological findings but by patient response to treatment as well. While Dr. Jablonska leaned toward patients with linear IgA deposits as having an atypical form of dermatitis herpetiformis, Dr. Katz reserved judgment. And when it comes to vasculities, a type of hypersensitivity itself, and other hypersensitivities, there was not much that was new to report. But that IgE class antibody may well be involved in producing bullous pemphigus lesions was suggested by Buffalo's Dr. Carl E. Arbesman, clinical professor of medicine and microbiology. Because the evidence is indirect at this time, he cautioned on the need for further proof. Turning to the laboratory production of pemphigus, Case Western's Dr. Beno Michel pointed to living skin explants but two milimeters square that develop lesions in the presence of purified pemphigus antibody. Originally produced by him, it is now being duplicated in the laboratories of Drs. John Schiltz, Beutner, and Chorzelski. Dr. Schiltz went on to demonstrate the activation of lytic enzymes with pemphigus antibodies. Tracing immunologic events in systemic sclerosis were Pittsburgh's. Dr. G. Rodnan an? Dr. Jablo~ska. Because of a greater understandmg of the underlymg mechamsms of immunologic dis- FIFTY PRACTICING PHYSICIANS The 8th annual conference on Immunopathology of the Skin will be June 19-23 at the U/B Medical and Dental Schools in Farber Hall. The five-day meeting is sponsored by the departments of microbiology and dermatology in cooperation with the Center for Immunology. Dr. Ernst Beutner, professor of microbiology and dermatology, will direct the conference again this year. There are seven visiting faculty members on the program and 10 from U/B. The Summerhill Foundation, the Immunofluorescent Testing Service and the Westwood Pharmaceutical Company are supporting the meeting. 10 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �turbances and therefore more awareness of these diseases, they are being more closely identified with immune complex disease. Another important phenomena, that of the unified concept of autoimmunity, its pathologic as well as physiologic types, was presented by Dr. Beutner. Starting with pemphigus a pathologic type he noted its binding to normal skin invivo. Such is not the case for human autoantibodies, he said. They that fall into the physiologic class and participate in reactions when skin is damaged, aid in its removal. At times they even appear to participate in lesion development, he said. But due to the diversity of causes and reactions involved with physiological skin autoantibodies, Dr. Beutner was quick to point to the need for his theory to be proven. Turning to lesion development, he noted that Munro micro abscesses seen in all forms of psoriasis appear to be assured by a physiologic autoimmune response to the stratum corneum. What tests are best to pinpoint the various forms of connective tissue disease SLE, mixed connective tissue disease and 10-15 per cent of scleroderma cases that are seen was presented by San Francisco 's Dr. Denny Tuffanelli, as well as S. Jablonska, and U/ B's Peter Maddison and Morris Reichlin based on their respective patient populations studied. There was agreement on the sign for a different course of the disease for the clinical picture of scleroderma. Rather than contraindicating the use of corticosteroids, they pleaded for its use at this time . It produces remarkable improvement and the disease is more benign. Only rarely, they said, were they able to observe kidney changes and only when disease progresses did anti DNA antibody seem to occur. Among unusual circumstances not belonging to the disease were clinical signs such as scleroderma, no rnp, changes appearing with rnp antibody. Agreed was the prognostic value of these tests. The Conference was the seventh to be sponsored by the U/ B's department of microbiology as well as the Summerhill Foundation and the Westwood Pharmaceutical Corporation. It was run by Dr. Ernst Beutner, professor of microbiology and dermatology at U/B.O The family practice residency elective, com~unity-univ~rsity service , initiated in 1975 is popular and effective, accordmg to Dr. Robert H . Seller, professor and chairman, family m~d~cine d~part­ ment. Sixty-four percent of the graduates who participated m the elective are practicing in underserved areas. Of the 22 recent graduates, 16 (73 o/o ) are practicing in New York State, and 10 are practicing in medically underserve? areas. Four of the six others are practicing in underserved areas mother states. Dr. Seller is director of family practice at Deaconess Hospital. Since the family practice program started in 1971, 67 percent of the 36 graduates (excluding those in military service) are practicing in New York State.O SUMMER, 1978 11 Or. Beutn er Family Practice �A PHYSICIAN FACES DISSEMINATED RETICULUM CELL SARCOMA IN HIMSELF Part VIF Cancer: Its Effect on the Family of the Patient Communication Between Physician and Patient's Family By Samuel Sanes, M.D. Over the years cancer will strike in approximately 2 of 3 families . The patient may be a spouse, son or daughter, parent, brother or sister. At the Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Dr. Sones knew two male twins who had Hodgkin's Disease simultaneously. The father of a UB medical student who developed Hodgkin's Disease lived for years with follicular lymphoma until it turned fatal. Dr. Sones and his brother, at virtually the same age, showed lymphoma-leukemia of a related histopathologic type. The following illustrations call attention to the occurrence of cancer in families well known in politics and government. Editor's Note: Dr. Sanes wrote this article VIF on the "How" of physician-patient-family communication under considerable physical and psychological strain. Indeed, there was a question whether he would be able to start and finish it. Dr. Sanes had not been in satisfactory physical condition since his splenectomy in August, 1977. He had been housebound. His chief problems were: (1) an abnormal blood picture with anemia requiring transfusions, thrombocytopenia with agglutination of platelets, and leukocytosis with up to 42,000 white cells per cu.mm. uncorrected, with nucleated red blood cells, myeloid cells and giant platelets (conversion to leukemia was considered); (2) daily fever, often accompanied by shaking chills; (3) generalized muscular weakness and pain; and (4) dypsnea on exertion. In February, 1978, the muscular weakness and pain became so severe that Dr. Sanes required assistance to leave bed, to get off the toilet seat and to get out of the bathtub. Writing became difficult. He entered Roswell Park Memorial Institute Feb. 7 and remained there four weeks. During that time he had two transfusions of packed red blood cells, one of whole blood and one of platelets. Bone marrow biopsies were made. To determine the cause of the fever and chills he had numerous blood and urine cultures, surgical consultations, IVP, barium enema, total body gallium scan, ultrasonic scan, body CAT scan, intravenous therapeutic test doses of the antibiotics Carbenicillin, Keflin and Tobramycin. He also had oral Chloromycetin. For his neurological complications he had a neurologic consultation and electromyograms. [There was some question that a neuropathy might be related to the original lymphoma.] During his stay in the Institute, Dr. Sanes developed bronchopneumonia. He returned home March 10 with the same problems he had had when he entered the Institute. He required assistance to get up out of bed or a chair, and to get upstairs. But he had never missed a deadline for The Buffalo Physician previously and he was determined not to do so this time. Unable, because of his muscular weakness, to write his initial draft in longhand as he usually had, he dictated it while lying in bed. His wife typed it and returned it to him for editing, then retyped it with his suggested changes. In his previous articles relating to communication between the physician and the cancer patient and the family, Dr. Sanes had answered the "five Ws" of such communication - Why, When, Where, Who and What. In this one he discusses "How?" HOW? In answering the six questions involved in physician-patientfamily communication- "the five Ws and the H" - it is the "H" that is most important. The "five Ws" - the why, when, where, who and what discussed in previous articles - all lead up to the "H" -how to communicate. The "H" wraps up all the other elements of communication in one effective package. The way we tell the patient and the family is as important as what, why, when and where we tell them. 12 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �"It isn't what he says that's the problem," one of President Carter's aides told a newspaper reporter earlier this year. "The problem is in the way he says it. " What is true for the President is just as true for the physician who wants to establish good communication with the patient and his family. I am sure that you have deduced from reading my previous articles that as a matter of principle I believe in telling the whole truth in complete honesty. And for telling not only the whole truth but the same truth to both patient and family. My wife and I both want to know the same truth. My physicians understand this. She tells me what she learns. I tell her what I think. We keep nothing from each other. Not all physicians, and not all family members, believe that this is a good idea. * * * But even when such an attitude prevails, it is my observation from the experience of my wife and me and that of others I have seen in the lymphoma-leukemia clinic that I attend, patients and families are better able to cope when there is free and open, equally-shared, communication. The chief of that clinic has a hard and fast rule that he will not accept patients unless both patient and family know the diagnosis. Sometimes either the patient or the family object to the other being informed. When a college student was referred by a private physician who had not told him that he had leukemia, the parents, who knew, asked that their son be kept in the dark. "It's so cruel to tell him that he has a fatal disease," the parents begged. "Please don't." "I must," the chief. of the clinic told them firmly. "Otherwise I cannot accept him as a patient." The parents gave in, but asked that the physician inform their son privately. They could not bear to be present. He refused. "I want to talk to the three of you together, " he told them. He took the patient and his parents into the small room in the clinic that is set up for just such purposes. "You've been pretty sick for some time," he told the student. "Do you know what you have?" "Leukemia," the boy responded calmly, without hesitation. Though no one had spelled his illness out for him he had known all the time. Getting everything out in the open made things easier for both the patient and his parents. They could talk to each other again without trying to hide what they knew or suspected. Treatment continued in a regular manner. As Roman Catholics - the son was particularly devout - they gained psychological and spiritual comfort from arranging for a priest to visit the patient regularlysomething they would have hesitated to do when they were trying to hide the truth from each other. * * * What I know or believe about the "how" of communication can be summed up in four maxims that I have learned from a journalist (my wife), a television producer, and two general authors. dSUMMER, 1978 13 JOHN V. LINDSA Y , fo rmer congressman from and ex-mayor of New York City. In 1977 his twin brother David di ed of cancer. �HUGH L. CAREY, present governor of New York. In 1974 his wife, Helen, aged 49, died of cancer when he was congressman from Brooklyn. In addition to Rep. Carey she left 12 children . • Upon entering office, Gov. Hugh Carey set up a Helen Carey memorial within the Patient Welfare Fund of Roswell Pork Memorial Institute. Money from this memorial, to which the governor makes periodic contributions, was used to refurnish and renovate a solarium named for the late Mrs. Carey on the fifth floor of the institute. Gov. Carey came here for the dedication. In 1977 the governor vetoed the bill passed by the State Legislature for permitting the use of Laetrile by cancer patients. Laymen as well as governmental figures may be moved, by the occurrence of cancer in their families, to enlist in the fight against the disease. 1. My wife, with 38 years of experience as a communicator, especially in writing about health problems, says that "the more and better the communication, the more and better information for making decisions." 2. When I first served as co-ordinator of a television program, Modern Medicine, the producer, a specialist in medical broadcasts for the public, told me: "Never underestimate the intelligence of your audience but never overestimate its information.'' 3-4. The two general authors wrote so as to qualify what some might find too harsh in my principle of the communication of the whole truth honestly. The first said: "Honesty doesn't mean cruelty when it's truth with emotional support." The second stated: "Painful truths should be delivered in the softest terms, and expressed no farther than is necessary to produce their due effect." It is with these four maxims in mind that I have formulated my own credo as to "how" to communicate with cancer patients and their families. * * * If I were a public relations man preparing a television program to dramatize perfect physician-patient-family communication, I should probably start with an archetypal physician like Marcus Welby. He would have a certain physique, beard and hair style, type of dress, voice, manner, knowledge and expertise in oncology, emotional stability, integrity, sensitivity, attentiveness to the individual and concern for the needs of others. Undoubtedly there are such physicians in real life. I myself have been fortunate enough to find some who come close to such an ideal. * * * But I have to admit that most physicians do not fall into this perfect pattern. Despite often superior academic records in school, scientific and technical success in postgraduate education and practice, many lack the ability to relate personally to patients and their families. Perhaps in some cases this trait has bEfen taken out of them by an education that stressed science and technology over humanistic medicine. (I was interested to read in the Spring issue of The Buffalo Physician that the School of Medicine is setting up a course in humanistic medicine. As a physician-patient with an end-state illness for which scientific medicine can offer little or nothing to help, I have certain feelings about humanistic medicine and medical students. At this time, however, I will not digress to discuss them.) Since we don't live in a world of idealized television programs, we have to work with what we have. * * * Doctors and patients and families are all human beings and all different. 14 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �The doctor who meets the needs of one patient and one family, professionally and in communication, may have no rapport at all with another. I've seen this repeatedly during my five years of weekly or biweekly attendance at the lymphoma-leukemia clinic of the cancer institute. Most of the average 30 patients and their families who come to the clinic daily are happy with the regularly scheduled physicians. Some, however, are satisfied only with a specific doctor. If he is absent they see another only reluctantly or refuse to be examined or treated at all. I can cite two such cases, both patients in wheelchairs who had come a considerable distance to keep their appointments. The first, an elderly woman, agreed to see another physician when the receptionist informed her that the physician she considered "hers" had been called away on an emergency. But after she had seen the designated doctor she sat in her wheelchair waiting to be picked up muttering "I came all that way and then couldn't see my doctor- a fine thing!" The second, a younger man, obviously very ill, adamantly refused to accept a substitute when informed that his regular physician was out of town. "But all of our doctors are equally good," the receptionist told him. "I don't care about that," he rejoined, "If I have a choice I want to see my own doctor, and if I can't see him I'm going home. I'll come back tomorrow when he's here." * * * The doctor the patient or family member insists on seeing may be the one that another refuses to see. It isn't easy to meet the communicative needs of hundreds of patients with different problems and personalities, backgrounds and outlooks. This is particularly true when the doctor is dealing with persons facing and coping with a chronic incapacitating potentially fatal disease like cancer. But if a physician can't be all things to all people, there are steps that he can follow to communicate more effectively with all of his patients. Here are some of them. * * * Establish rapport. During the workup, the oncologist or specialist should establish a personal relationship with the patient and family. One of the advantages of having a primary care physician is that this rapport is already assured. * * * Be available and be on time. The family shouldn't have to run around the hospital looking for the physician. He should make an appointment to talk to them and then, if possible, not keep them waiting unnecessarily. A medical oncologist kept a newspaper editor waiting nearly two hours after the appointed time when he came in to talk about his sister's disease. d- SUMMER, 1978 15 BIRCH BA YH, U.S. Senator from Indiana. In 1971 his wife, Marvella, 38 years old, had a modified mastectomy for carcinoma fallowed by X-ray and chemotherapy. Her husband dropped out of the running for the Democratic presidential nomination to be with her. "My husband was marvelous and terrifically understanding," Mrs. Bayh recalled after the operation. "After I learned I had cancer I was crying and said to him, I'm only 38 years old and I'm going to go through the rest of my life with only one breast." He said, ''I'm five years older than you ore and I've gone through my life without any." He let me know that he married me and loved me - the 'me' that no bodily amputation can change." As for her husband's sacrifice of a try at the presidential nomination, she said: "I thought that it was a beautiful thing to do and the greatest gift he could give me. He was home every evening and I really appreciated it." �"I had cancelled some of my own appointments to go to the physician's office," the brother told me. "There was no one else in the waiting room. The physician was alone in his inner office and he remained alone. I heard him talking a couple of times on the telephone. The secretary informed him of my arrival and reminded him later, but he just didn't seem to realize that my time was valuable too." F. RAY MARSHALL, U.S. Secretary of Labor in President Carter's cabinet. In 1978 his 15-yeor-old son, second youngest of Mr. Marshall's five children, had his left arm amputated for bone cancer (sarcoma]. * * * Take time. This is especially important when first explaining the diagnosis, course and prognosis. Sit down with the family member. An elderly physician once told me, when I was a lot younger myself, "One minute sitting down is worth five standing up when speaking to a patient or a member of his family." This is as true when making rounds as it is in your office. * * * Go through the formalities of introduction. Be calm and poised, open but not casual, objective but not cold, warm and concerned. "Communion is vital in all true communication." A consoling hand on the arm or shoulder of the person to whom you are talking can mean more than words in helping him accept what you are saying. Your TQ (touch quotient) may be more important than your IQ (intelligence quotient). "He was all right, I guess, in giving information, but he was such a cold fish," a physician's widow said of the manner in which an oncologist who treated her husband during his terminal cancer communicated with her. One physician, acting on the advice of his clergyman father, started out in practice by greeting his patients and their family members with a warm handclasp when he saw them in his office or in the hospital. Now, he says, they often reach out to grasp his hand before he has extended it fully. Such gestures are particularly important in a university or governmental hospital or a cancer center where the patient may be assigned to a physician he has never seen or heard of. The physician will seem warmer and more concerned if he introduces himself by name, position and relationship to the patient or family member. * * * Your rapport with a cancer patient or a member of his family can be seriously damaged or utterly destroyed if you take too many "times out," even for professional purposes. And certainly they are not there to listen to a telephone conversation with your stock broker or a friend who wants to make a golf date. * * * Be truthful and honest within the limits of available knowledge. The family may press the physician for definite answers on treatment, course and prognosis. Their own future plans depend upon what happens to the patient. The physician should tell them honestly, when he cannot give guarantees, that medicine is not an exact science but remind them that research is constantly going on. A void interruptions. 16 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �* * * Use simple, understandable English, not medical terminology or jargon. The medical term may be more precise, more part of the physician's speech, but it may mean little to the patient or the family. Don't talk as if you were delivering a paper on the subject at an international meeting of your professional society. This is true for even well-educated, otherwise sophisticated persons. My wife tells me of a general news reporter with a considerable reputation in other fields who filled in for her on the medical beat one day, covering a seminar on cancer. When he returned to the office to write the story, she asked him how things had gone. "Fine," he responded. "The seminar was interesting and I learned a lot. But they kept using one word I didn't understand." The word was "carcinoma." A UB student majoring in psychology asked to interview me on tape about my illness. The interview was to be his term project for a class on "Death and Dying." To his first question, about my diagnosis, I replied "histiocytic lymphoma." He stopped the tape. "Lymphoma," he asked, "is that cancer?" (Incidentally, he received an "A" on his project.) * * * Avoid expressing your thoughts and emotions in non-verbal forms which may upset the patient or family. Watch your facial expression, tone of voice, even bodily movements. "One's face ofttimes says more than one's tongue." And in speaking to a wife or mother, do not take a patronizing, male chauvinistic attitude. Incidentally, from·my personal experience and observation of other patients, I have the impression that women physicians are more empathic than most men. I remember one physician in his 40s with fatal cancer who derived most of his comfort, encouragement and support from the woman physician on the service where he was being treated. Perhaps he adopted her as a mother. * * * If the patient has cancer, say the word. And specify the type of cancer. Don't evade or equivocate by saying "tumor" or even "malignancy." If you use a term like "lymphoma," explain that it is a type of cancer. (Perhaps I have been remiss in this series by dropping the qualifying adjective "malignant" from before the words "lymphoma" and "hepatoma," but I have, after all, been writing for a medical readership.) A husband and wife interviewed on national television said that they went for months after being informed of the husband's diagnosis ignorant of the fact that he had cancer. "We thought it was only lymphoma," the wife said. Unless the physician is very plain-spoken, the family member may not grasp what he is saying, may shut out of his mind what he doesn't want to believe. He may accept "tumor" or "lymphoma" as something other than cancer. d- SUMMER, 1978 17 Former President GERALD R. FORD. In 1974 his wife, Betty, 56 years old, had a radical right mastectomy for carcinoma followed by chemotherapy. �But when you do give a verdict of cancer, explain it. All cancers are not equally life-threatening, and the patient and family should know that. Correct any misconceptions they may have. A young wife I know was thrown into hysteria when her physician told her that the small spot on her cheek was "basal cell cancer" and didn't explain anything more. ROSAL YNN CARTER, wife of Jimmy Carter, president af the USA. In 1940, when she was 13 years old, her father died of leukemia. She helped her widowed mother raise 3 younger children. Thirteen years later, in 1953, when she was married to Jimmy Carter, her father-in-Jaw died of cancer. * * * Use a printed sheet or diagram to help get the message across. The family and the patient himself may get more from an objective, illustrated statement about the type of cancer, stage, treatment, course and prognosis than from what the physician tells him face-to-face. They can read the statement at their leisure, when they are calmer- re-read it if necessary. Dr. Shirley Salmon's study indicated that pre- and postoperative information needs to be presented in writing as well as in conversation. This is also true of directions for therapy. The physician is not only the source of information but the source of instruction. When I returned from the cancer institute in March I was taking a total of ten drugs, some as many as four times a day. In my mental and physical state I was unable to keep them all straight. It was up to my wife to administer them. Some patients who aren't able to cope with the numbers and kinds of drugs prescribed have to be admitted to a hospital for treatment that might otherwise have been given at home. Repeated errors of administration when dealing with today's powerful drugs could be life-threatening. Many clinics, including Roswell Park Memorial Institute, prepare pamphlets for distribution to patients telling them everything possible about their type of cancer, including after care. * * * Listen to the questions the family member asks and then answer them to the best of your ability. Communication is aural as well as oral. It is important to listen as well as to talk in communicating with the family. No question is unimportant to the family member asking it. Answer as succinctly and briefly as possible, mentioning but not dwelling upon - every qualification and reservation (except where more emphasis is required legally). "Whenever I ask a doctor a straight-out question," one of my fellow lymphoma patients commented, "he takes 20 minutes to answer 'maybe.' " Some family members, even some patients, will write out their questions ahead of time. They may fear that, in the awesome presence of the physician, they will forget something that they want to ask. Or that the physician, busy and impatient, just won't wait for them to finish asking their questions orally. If a patient or family member comes to you with such a list, don't put him down as a neurotic. Save his list and those of others who question you in this way, and write a book of answers. It might be a best seller. * * * 18 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �See that the family gets information, education, advice and counsel about non-medical problems that may arise as a result of the patient's cancer. That means that the physician himself must be familiar with hospital and community facilities and able to communicate the facts about them to the patient and the family. It would be most helpful if this could be done in written form, complete with addresses and phone numbers. * * * Give the family your telephone number. Assure them that they should feel free to call if the patient's condition changes, if there are unanticipated side effects to treatment - infection with fever, hemorrhage or other medical problems. A physician, particularly a medical oncologist, may want to set aside a "telephone hour" in the day during which he can take calls of a non-emergency nature without interrupting his regular office hours. The lymphoma-leukemia clinic that I attend encourages patients and their families to phone their physicians when they have questions about their condition, particularly when there is any change in it. I have done so myself on several occasions. When I developed shingles after radiation therapy, my fever continued to rise for several days. At that point I called the clinic and was given a special appointment in the afternoon to avoid infecting others during morning clinic hours. Another time I had a cold that hung on for several days with pharyngitis and laryngitis. Fearing tracheobronchitis, again in the face of a rising fever, I called my clinic physician at home at 7:30 a.m. * * * Assure the family that you will stick with the patient and with them for the duration of the illness and beyond, as emphasized in the section on "What?" * * * Don't try to give all of the information at once. Be prepared to repeat at future times some of the information given during the first interview and to expand upon it. The shock of learning the diagnosis may be all that the family can truly absorb at one time, even though they indicate that they want to know "everything." * * * Keep the family informed as to new developments, including changes in treatment and reasons for them. * * * Keep your promises to the patient and the family. If you promise a report on the outcome of a biopsy, blood test or X-ray study at a given time, don't keep the patient waiting or forget about it entirely. He and his family will be on tenterhooks until they hear, even if you told them that you wouldn't telephone unless there was something abnormal. Call them anyway, as soon as you know the results. * * * SUMMER, 1978 19 \ ~ • Education · -'" · "· • Service • Re c-e .:~rch ---- -., r-., \,} \J :-:. / >,.·... /- ,(: ,.("'": ,:·::':·< ..., -r.:. (->~~- ") ~~-7' ), I': ~.,_ _~, r~;::( t-.;;-~- (~\·"·1. r '' . :. ,c:-- \ --. ~r -,v ·t .. ~... ~ ":~ ~:. :...' .-\; --· ·~~ . t·''"'J'(j~$~~~1' 0:.. ~ ~ .. 'J5llr~r~J~\"-~l ·- /_\ ;: r,,:"M'S:r_4:tJ- ~ ,¥}1·,; -' I IJ('"~-: ,'·: ~<\>2 '~r~r·,,sr ·\ / ·-~· ~/ }('..J, .. \ !. I \J;~;-'l I \ ( I. A'- •,/ 1 ·: -1' ~· ~..,~ ) \ .':.,. . ;> ·"'!j~ I rf ----~- J~ ,/ J~ -/?. / {; \'1T~ r r l . ~ ~ ~ ~ r~ May the occurrence of cancer in a family influence the patient or relative to take a special interest in fighting the disease? Both Mrs. Bayh and Mrs. Ford participated in public education programs on cancer after their diagnoses. Mrs. Bayh became national co-chairman of the 1974 American Cancer Society Crusade. Mrs. Ford served as national honorary Crusade chairman in 1975-76. While his wife was in the hospital, President Ford appealed to those who might want to send flowers to contribute instead to the American Cancer Society. �Don't get angry if asked about a new proved or unproved treatment or procedure reported in the press or elsewhere and whether it could be applicable to the patient's case. The family is constantly reaching out for any hope that it can find. It has no way of judging newly-reported knowledge other than asking about it. If the physician has information, opinion or judgment on which to reply to their question, he should do so . If not, he should tell them that he will look into it. FRANK DILLON, a social science teacher from Beachwood, Ohio, won $50,000 in a contest and donated his entire winnings to the American Cancer Society. Before the contest, Dillon said: "My mather, her two sisters and my father have all died from cancer. Because my dearest family has been wiped out by cancer I am going to try my hardest to win the grand prize for the American Cancer Society." * * * Don't get angry if a friend of the family intervenes. This may happen when the patient and the family are passive persons who hesitate to trouble the physician because he is too busy or because of the awe in which they hold him. I'm not a very assertive patient myself. I don't like to complain. (I also fear being a neurotic.) Most often it is my wife who insists, when I have a problem, that I get in touch with the physician about it. When I have refused, or neglected to do so, she has sometimes gone to the physician behind my back. Without her, or a friend who would fulfill a similar function, often I would do nothing, perhaps brood and get worse. My physician in the lymphoma-leukemia clinic recognizes this. He recently told me not to withhold my complaints or kid about them, but to tell him about whatever was troubling me. * * * Preserve hope, encouragement and support as far as possible. * * * No matter how well a physician communicates, he must be prepared for a variety of reactions on the part of the patient and the family. Rarely, because of a family member's lack of knowledge and insight, he may not be able to communicate at all. Novelist Peter de Vries writes in "The Blood of The Lamb" of the father of a leukemic child who met a 300-pound woman in the hospital lounge. She was pacing back and forth in a rumpled house dress, a cigarette with an inch of ash hanging from her mouth. "Boy, dis place," she said. "When me and my little girl come in here she didn't have nothing but leukemia. Now she's got 'Ammonia.' " While the father listened unbelievingly she continued: "Ammonia, dat's serious. She's in an oxygen tent and I can't smoke there. It's a tough break for her because like I say at first she didn't have nuttin' but a touch of leukemia. I don't believe I ever heard of dat before. What is it?" For the patient and family who are capable of understanding, good communication will soften the blow, but it cannot assure the physician that they will always accept the news as he would have them accept it. 20 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Here are some of the reactions he can expect from families. No apparent reaction or denial. Some persons don't show distress at all. This may be because of their own inhibitions, their wish not to "bother the doctor," or their inward denial of what he is saying. Psychologic shock A wife's legs may collapse under her if she is standing when she learns that her husband has cancer. She may leave the hospital and go out in a snowstorm without her coat and boots. A man learning of a similar diagnosis in his wife may forget where he parked his car or be unable to drive it home when he finds it. The husband of a registered nurse was "numb for three days" after learning that she had lymphoma. When possible, it may be well to suggest that another member of the family or a friend who will be under better emotional control accompany the spouse to the interview. Tears. Even strong men may weep upon learning that a wife or child has cancer. A medical student told me that when he went to his father's place of business to tell him of his diagnosis of Hodgkin's Disease "my father broke down and cried." Anger or rage. The anger is against fate, but initially the physician may bear the brunt of it. He may be accused of delayed diagnosis, misdiagnosis, even malpractice. He may even be threatened physically. Be patient. The rage will abate. Insistence on more communication, a second or third opinion, referral to another physician or to a medical or cancer center, a written report. Don't respond angrily. Wouldn't you want to be sure if you received a diagnosis of cancer in a member of your family? An obsessive desire to know everything that is going to happen, and exactly how and when. A physician's wife with such an obsession made herself so disliked by the nursing and medical staff that eventually the floor nurses refused to have her husband admitted as a patient to their floor. They took her unsatisfied curiosity as obnoxious testiness. * * * In the foregoing article I have focused on physician-patientfamily communication at the initial diagnosis of cancer, the onset of treatment and throughout a relatively satisfactory course. I have avoided the "how" of communicating with the family of the patient facing impending or imminent death. I could have discussed this from personal experience. As a patient, I took a turn for the worse on February 19 at the institute. I remained semi-conscious - comatose with failing BP vital signs for some time. The attending physicians informed my wife that I might not pull through the day. She immediately telephoned my brother and sister. In 16 hours I rallied and recovered. If I live long enough, if my physical condition permits and if The Buffalo Physician is still publishing my articles, I shall write about the "how" of communication during this apparent terminal episode, of course based on my wife's observation and experience.c Acknowledgments and bibliography for Articles VI will follow the upcoming article. SUMMER, 1978 21 �Dr. Ge isle r condu cts preliminary testing on th e ne w servo ve ntilator. Cardia-Respiratory Function Dr. John H. Siegel, professor and head of the department of surgery at The Buffalo General Hospital, and senior medical student, Fred H. Geisler (Ph.D.) have developed a new, safer technique for the determination of cardio-respiratory function in critically ill patients. This technique, believed to be the first of its kind in the country, has been investigated in canine experiments in our Surgical Research Laboratories. The advantage of the technique is that it does not require the withdrawal of blood or the introduction of additional catheters into the circulatory system. To make it possible to carry this out in its clinical phase, the method requires two servo ventilator respirator units. This ventilator affords much greater control of the therapy available to the patient than standard respirators because it is electronically controlled. Thus, the patient's ventilator therapy can be specified with greater range and accuracy. Also two of these ventilators can be linked together so that the patient can be switched from one type of gas mixture to another containing some trace inert gasses, which make it possible to measure the respiratory functions, cardiac output, and pulmonary ventilation. Both units will send respiratory function information to be analyzed by the research computer facility in our Special ICU. Clinical application is expected to begin soon.O 22 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Medical Ethics What is medical ethics? It's about how to act in certain medical dilemmas, according to Dr. Robert L. Dickman, assistant professor of medicine and social and preventive medicine. "It's no different from moral philosophy, but it's applied to health care." Dr. Dickman's concern with medical ethics is as a physician and educator. He recently completed a four-week seminar in medical ethics at Georgetown University. "Medical ethics is based on a feeling that doctors are going to be faced with making these decisions and that some grounding in how to make them can serve them in good stead. Some physicians have made the decisions based on the approach we would like everybody to use in the future, but there was no guarantee," he explained. "Now we would like to make this kind of grounding part of the developing process of medical students," Dr. Dickman said. "To understand medical ethics," he said, "I think that it's important to understand in some ways what it's not. It's not just putting humanism in health care. It's not family medicine. It's not medical sociology. Rather, in the sense most people use it, it's an approach, a way of negotiating or talking about various moral intuitions we may have which refer to specific dilemmas we have in the health care field." The emergence of medical ethics as an important issue is related to many factors, but most closely to rapid advances which have occurred in medical technology. "The rise in medical technology has placed before us a variety of ethical dilemmas which never existed - such as our ability to preserve life which also may entail considerable suffering," Dr. Dickman said. "The Hippocratic oath tells us we have to preserve life, prevent suffering and promote well being," he said of physicians. "But now with the expanding technological bases, the first two come into conflict and we have many ethical dilemmas involving them." He added: "It seems to indicate we'd better get a clearer idea of what we're talking about." The Karen Quinlan case has quickly become a classic example of a dilemma involving medical ethics. Others involve more intangible ideas, such as the use of limited "medical resources." For example, what does a physician do when he has three seriously-ill kidney patients who need a transplant, but only one donor kidney which is available? Which patient gets the transplant? How do you select that patient? Dr. Dickman said the advent of medical ethics also has come hand-in-hand with stress on humanism in health care and discussion of such issues as the rights of the patient, physician and society and how they relate to one another.D SUMMER, 1978 23 Dr. Dickman �were awarded to 134 residents and interns who completed all or part of their specialty training at the University participating hospitals - Buffalo General, Deaconess, Children's, E.J. Meyer Memorial, Millard Fillmore, Veterans, and Roswell Park Memorial Institute. Chairing the University Residency Program Committee is Dr. Eugene R. Mindell, professor and chairman of orthopedics. CERTIFICATES Residents, Interns Honored Dermatology Residents - Drs. Anthony Vincent Amoruso, Jr., Gerald F. Foster, Steven Alan Franks, Garry Bruce Gewirtzman, Geraldine Mary Stapleton Family Practice Residents - Drs. Alan G. Burstein, Edward A. Langford, Isaiah Meggett, Daniel J. Morelli, Cynthia P. Northup, Susan M. Ostrowski, Jaime M. Revollo, Donald W. Robinson, Renee Samuelson, Reginald M. Sutton, Jon R. Yerby, James M. Wetter, Dennis C. Whitehead Gynecology-0 bstetrics Residents - Drs. John M. Antkowiak, Hassan Azadpour, Frederick K. Beck, Selfa D. Martinez, Orlito A. Trias, Thelma J. Yambao Medicine Internships- (categorical medicine) Drs. Martin M. Barron, Paul B. Cotter, Douglas E. Faig, Laird A. Findlay, Theresa Jen, Linda A. Marchetta-Wild, Thomas F. Tse, Peter J. Wolk. (categorical medicine-primary care) JohnS. Clarke Residents - Drs. Leonard B. Berkowitz, Robert P. Gatewood, John C. Giacomini, Ellie J. Goldstein, Andrew W. Green, Mark C. Hamilton, Michael B. Heller, Howard Hoffman, Lucien N. Jassy, Kevin T. Kollar, Dennis S. Krauss, Rachel G. NxumaloMohapeloa, Usha Mathur, Marvin A. McMillen, Michael C. Moore, Kathleen M. Mylotte, Paul M. Passamonte, Sanford R. Pleskow, Harley S. Schultz, Arthur C. Sgalia, Henry T. Shenfield, Eddie Skipper, David K. Smith, Frederic A. Stelzer, David Taylor, Charles A. Wasicek Neurology Residents - Drs. Randolph S. Geslani, Antonio Rosich Pla Neurosurgery Resident- Dr. Leonard Strichman Orthopaedics Residents- Drs. Peter James VanGiesen, Paul John Vilardi Otolaryngology Residents - Drs. Samir E.G. Elias, Howard M. Kaplan Maria Cristina Zepeda ' Anatomical Pathology Residents- Drs. John E. Asirwatham, Daya Balu, George Eugene Boldu~, Jr., Usha Chopra, Roseanne Cullen, Anupa R. Dalal, Antomo Teng Dy, Danilo Medina Giron, Gerald Grossman ~arbjit. Singh Hundal, Claudio P. Juarez, Byung Kyoo Lee, Nisha~ IJaz Mtan, Orner A. Oruc, Somboon Thamtakerngkit Clinical Pathology Residents - Drs. Daya Balu, Byung Kyoo Lee, Somboon Tham takerngkit 24 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Pediatrics Residents - Drs. David E. Arond, John H. Bartley, Sharon Buckwald, Stephen Commins, Atiya B. Khan, Henry I. Levine, Ian Thomas Nathanson, Anthony A. Portale, Gilbert M. Rose, Carlos H. Schenck, Stanley J. Szefler, Gerald John Tiberio, Donald P. Younkin, David M. Walter Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Residents - Drs. Heung Chul Park, Hoon Kyou Whang Psychiatry Residents - Drs. Olga Cruz-Barrios, Balvinder S. Kang, Myong W. Kim, Mukhtar H. Shah, Sudha Krishna Swamy, Nageswara Rao Vallabhaneni Diagnostic Radiology Residents - Drs. Young D. Cho, Mitsuhiko Hirano, Lawrence D. Lubow, Ashok Nigam, Ronald Darcy Osgood, David Martin Wiechec Radiology Resident - Dr. Adel Mohammed Elkousy Surgery Residents (general surgery) Drs. Mohinder Paul Singh Ahluwalia, Robert Charles Brown, Jr., John R.N. Bulova, Joseph A. Caruana, Jr., Edward P. Dalton, Jose F.T. da Rosa, Luis Francisco Espaillat, Allen David Kemp, Jayesh Ramanial Modi, A. Mathew Philip, Syed Tasnim Raza, Marc D. Rudich, Paul P. Schwach, Michael Nicholas Skaredoff, Daniel R. Wild (plastic & reconstructive surgery) Dr. Gabriel 0 . Mooney (cardio-tboracic surgery) Drs. Bashir Ahmad Chowdhry, F. Mora Jara (colon & rectal surgery) Dr. Ghassan Khani Urology Residents - Drs. Peter E. Fujiwara, Gregory F. Kondray, Steven Warren Ross, Sami Kirollos Salib 0 Dr. Fogel Drs. Sander Fogel, M'53, and Spencer Raab, M'54, were nat identified correctly on page 54 of Vol. 12, No . 1, Spring 1978. We regret the error. SUMMER, 1978 25 �Health Care Plan A 1970 Medical School graduate is director of the Health Care Plan Inc. that will probably be open in late summer or early fall. Dr. Arthur Goshin, former assistant commissioner of the Erie County Health Department, has received a $999,606 grant from HEW for a pre-paid group insurance program which would cover physician and hospital services for subscribers. The clinic will be located at French and Union Roads, Cheektowaga. Dr. Goshin laid the ground work for the Health Care Plan several years ago before he left the county. Originally, plans called for the insurance program to be closely tied to the county government, by operating out of the county's network of clinics which are mostly in the inner city areas of Buffalo. " Because of the county's financial situation, we decided to move from the county government to the suburbs. Despite the site switch there will be a good mixture of people enrolled in the plan. We have a 'wide-open market' for picking up subscribers from all of Erie County, " the clinical assistant professor of social and preventive medicine at the Medical School, said.D W.N. Y. Group Health Plan Western New York Group Health Plan Inc. has received a $75,000 HEW grant to study the feasibility of establishing a form of health maintenance organization different from that proposed by Health Care Plan Inc. which received a grant of nearly $1 million recently. This grant may lead to offering services to the public in 1979. The involvement of an 'independent practitioners association' is a possibility under this plan, according to Mary E. Lundberg, executive director of Western New York Group H e alth Plan. Under this plan, physicians who have a contract with the program to provide services to members continue to practice independently in their established offices. "This approach broadens the physician base. It is similar to the Blue Shield organization in that independent physicians are participants and remain in their offices. Depending on the structure of the organization, it may or may not be attractive to physicians," Ms. Lundberg said. The executive director noted there is a 'guarantee' that subscribers will receive medical care, eliminating the problem which now exists when ill persons have difficulty finding a doctor who will accept new patients. The target population for the organization is Erie and Niagara Counties.D 26 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Red Rose in Blue Droplet is the 1975 Stereo Division Contemporary Medal winner from the PSA International Exhibition of Photography. The smallest droplet and most globular that Dr. Stell achieved. A. reproduction of Dr. Stell's original sl!de. Photographic Hobby A 1936 Medical School graduate is enjoying his photography hobby in Sun City, Arizona (16029 Meadow Park Dr.). Dr. Bernard S. Stell is involved in stereo, specifically stereomacrography. He has developed the technique of photographing droplets of water that refracted light the same as another lens on a camera. The color slides that he submitted to local and international photo contests earned him several silver and gold medals in slide competitions and stereo salons. Dr. Stell is author of an article, "Water Droplet Lens" that appeared with illustrations in the May, 1976 Photographic Society of America Journal. His color slide was reproduced on the front cover. Dr. Stell moved to Sun City in July 1975. He has been an officer and program chairman in the local photo club for two consecutive years. He said his teaching experiences at U/B and Canisius have been a great help. He has judged international stereo competitions in Prescott, Arizona and San Bernardino, California. At the PSA International Convention in Detroit in September of 1977 he presented a program, "Stereomacrography: Inferences and Calculations for Slide Bar and Flash." Dr. Stell had a severe myocardial infarction in May of 1972 while practicing in Eggertsville, New York. "Thanks to Dr. Walter Zimdahl, who took care of me and still examines and guides me, I am just as busy now as I was in my private practice and feeling fine, too." Dr. Zimdahl is a clinical associate professor of medicine at the Medical School. D SUMMER, 1978 27 Dr. Stell �President's Associates Dinner Several medical alumni attended the third annual President's Associates Dinner May 3. Convened annually each spring, this formal dinner acknowledges the tremendous efforts made by President's Associates in support of excellence at the University. To date, members of the President's Associates have donated over $5 million to assist the University in its continuing mission to provide outstanding education and research capabilities to faculty and students. A distinguished group of alumni and friends of U/B, the President's Associates have through their support assured the academic excellence of the University. Individuals become members of the President's Associates by outright cash gifts or by utilizing the appropriate deferred giving instruments. Further information may be obtained by contacting: Mr. Jonathan A. Dandes Director, The President's Associates University at Buffalo Foundation, Inc. 250 Winspear Avenue Buffalo, New York 14215 (716) 831-4234 Dr. and Mrs. Pasquale A . Greco, M'41, and Dr. and Mrs. Grant T. Fisher, M '25, at President's Associates Dinner. 28 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Announcing the creation of the Bernhardt S. & Sophie B. Gottlieb Collection in the Behavioral Sciences are: (seated} -Dr. Bernhardt S. Gottlieb, M'21, and President Robert L. Ketter. (standing from left}- John M. Carter, President, U!B Foundation, Dean John Naughton, and Saktidas Roy, Director, University Libraries. BERNHARDT S. AND SOPHIE B. GOTTLIEB COLLECTION IN THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES The Bernhardt S. and Sophie B. Gottlieb Collection in the Behavioral Sciences was dedicated on May 2. Made available through an endowment provided by Dr. Bernhardt S. Gottlieb M'21, through the University at Buffalo Foundation, the Collection will be housed in the Health Sciences Library. Dr. Gottlieb, a semi-retired psychiatrist, now does consulting work in New York City and Fort Myers, Florida. The Gottlieb family has a long and distinguished history at U/B. Dr. Gottlieb's son, Solon, graduated from U/B Medical School in 1952, and his grandson, Dr. Steven Weinstein, graduated in 1970 and is a practicing allergist in California.D SUMMER, 1978 29 �Health Sciences Library Report of the Annual Meeting of the Friends of the Health Sciences Library, 1977, by the President, John M. Hodson, M.D. The Friends of the Health Sciences Library marked their second anniversary on Wednesday, October 19th, 1977, at the Buffalo Academy of Medicine Room, at the library. The well attended meeting heard Dr. Hodson's report on the year's activities and accomplishments. There are now 160 members and four honorary members. During 1977, Dr. Oliver P. Jones, Dr. Robert L. Brown, Mrs. Stockton Kimball and Dr. Archibald Dean were made honorary members. This category of membership is restricted to individuals who in addition to having recognition for service in their profession have also demonstrated an active interest in the various activities of the Health Sciences Library. Perhaps the outstanding achievement of 1977 was the establishment of a student essay contest on any topic in the history of medical sciences, sponsored in memory of Dr. Rudolph E. Siegel. Dr. Siegel, a notable medical historian, was Emeritus Assistant Professor of Medicine at UB until his death in 1975. This contest is open to students currently enrolled in the pre-professional and professional health sciences programs at the University. The first winner of the $200 prize will be announced in May, 1978. During the year many gifts were made to the Friends of the Health Sciences Library for the History of Medicine Collection. Outstanding gifts were offered by the Craig Developmental School which transferred 750 volumes accepted into the collection. Other substantial donations were made by Dr. Martin J. Littlefield, Drs. Bernhard S. & Sophie B. Gottlieb, and by Dr. Berkeley Zinn. An interesting and informative program followed the Presidential address. Guest speakers for the evening were Susan Chamberlain, Assistant Health Sciences Librarian, who spoke on the Information Dissemination Services of the Health Sciences Library, citing interesting case examples, and Dr. Ronald Batt. Dr. Batt's subject was Mitchell Rubin, notable pediatrician, and the Buffalo Children's Hospital; this presentation was based on an oral history interview between Drs. Batt and Rubin. Discussion and questions followed each speaker's talk.O Officers re-elected for 1978. They are President, Dr. John M. Hodson; Vice-President, Dr. Oliver P. Jones; Treasurer, Dr. James D. Ritzenthaler; Secretary, Mildred F. Hallowitz. Admission Film "Admission Possible" is a 15-minute film strip about the Medical School. It gives potential students a birds-eye view of the academic life at UB. It shows several labs and classes in the basic sciences as well as the clinical activities of the several affiliated hospitals. It also shows some of the recreational and cultural and sporting activities available in Western New York. Dr. Harry Metcalf, chairman of the admissions committee, noted that the film is shown by members of the admissions committee to potential students who have been invited to the campus for interviews for admission to the Medical School.D 30 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Dr. Lee L. Bernardis, research associate professor of pathology and research professor of surgery, has received a new $99,000 three-year grant from the National Science Foundation. Dr. Bernardis plans to conduct further studies on the "weanling rat ventromedial syndrome" and intends to extend these investigations to explore the role of the dorsomedial nucleus and other hypothalamic and mescencephalis structures. In his 17 years at U/B he has published 184 papers and attracted (directly or indirectly] $2,829,419 in research and training support funds. He has worked with Drs. J. David Schnatz, V.K. Vance, Werner K. Noell, Lawrence A. Frohman, A.C. Brownie, J. Goldman, and W.G. Schenk, Jr. Dr. Bernardis has sponsored several Ph.D. graduates and postdoctoral fellows . He has been invited to participate in several national and international conferences. He has been a guest lecturer in biochemistry, anatomy, medicine and nutrition. Dr. Bernardis was born in Austria, educated there and in Canada. In 1945 at Franzens Universitat in Graz he worked under Karl von Fisch (Nobel Laureate, 1973) Wilhelm Goetsch and Karl Umrath. Dr. Bernardis received his Ph.D. in 1949. Two years later he emigrated to Canada and in 1961 he received another Ph.D. from the University of Western Ontario. The same year he joined the Urban Maes Research Foundation at the Louisiana State University where he worked with Dr. Floyd Skelton in experimental hypertension. When Dr. Skelton came to U/B in 1961 as chairman of pathology, Dr. Bernardis was invited to join the faculty. The educator-researcher is a member of 14 scientific societies; holds a Canadian private pilot license; and is a licensed glider pilot in Germany, Canada and the United States. Dr. Bernardis is also a boxing enthusiast, having coached and participated in the sport.O Dr. Bernardis As director of educational programs for the anesthesiology department and attending anesthesiologist at the Buffalo General Hospital, Dr. Richard Ament, M'42, clinical professor, has arranged a series of Visiting Professor Programs in the University affiliated hospitals. June 5,6 - at the VA Hospital: Dr. Stanley Deutsch, chairman, department of anesthesiology, University of Oklahoma. Nov. 27, 28 - at the E.J. Meyer Memorial Hospital: Dr. Howard Zaunder, chairman, department of anesthesiology, State University of New York at Syracuse. Dr. Ament also announced a continuing education program on September 16 at the Sheraton Inn-East on Obstetrical Anesthesia and Perinatology. Guest speakers will include Drs. Jess Weiss and Gerard Ostheimer from the Boston Hospital for Women and Dr. Mieczyslaw Finster, from the Obstetrical Anesthesia Service at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center.O Anesthesiology Programs SUMMER, 1978 31 Dr. Bernardis �Korean Volunteer • l -:::!!II From left to right, Drs. John R. Fisk, Duk, Y. Lee, Thomas E. Whitesides, Jr., professor of Orthopedics Emory University, and Y. Park. Dr. Lee and Dr. Park are participating Korean orthopedic surgeons assisting in the Children's Program. Dr. Fisk assisted by area Korean orthopedic surgeons at the operating table. A 1969 Me.dical School graduate, who is assistant professor of orthopedic surgery at Emory University in Atlanta, is treating handicapped Korean children. Dr. John Fisk was with the United States Army in Korea from 1974 to 1976 and during his off-duty time he performed corrective surgery on 67 children and examined 375 other crippled children at various clinics. Dr. Fisk worked with the Holt Adoption Agency of Eugene, Oregon and Seoul to organize a program that has continued to function in his absence. A year ago he returned to Seoul for 10 days with Dr. Thomas Whitesides, chairman of the section of orthopedic surgery at Emory University. Dr. Fisk performed surgery on six children with spinal deformities caused by polio at the Sam Yook Children's Rehabilitation Center. The American team saw 150 other children in outpost clinics. The two surgeons also presented lectures and participated in educational program sponsored by the Korean Orthopedic Society. Dr. Fisk plans to return to Korea at least once a year to perform surgery, lecture and examine children. "At the heart of the program are four hospitals in Seoul, which are donating physician time and space for the care of the children," Dr. Fisk said. The Korean orthopedic surgeons in these institutions, many who are United States trained, don't charge for their services and the hospitals keep costs at a minimum. "It costs about $250 to treat each child," Dr. Fisk said. These medical expenses are met through donations. In 1975 and 1976 the program was supported by contributions from multi-national industries in Korea and by the Officers Wives Club of the United States Army in Korea. "This year we expect to meet approximately 60 per cent of our annual $35,000 budget through donations made by the Korean Chamber of Commerce and Industry. It is encouraging to see able Koreans striving to support social service programs in their own 32 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �country, but outside support is still needed. The Depuy Surgical Supply Company has donated $1,400 worth of surgical tools for spinal operations," Dr. Fisk said. Within the last 10 years, polio in certain regions of Korea has been epidemic. It is estimated that in one province there are 5,000 children with crippling deformities resulting from polio. There are active vaccination programs, but these have often been ineffective because of the absence of regulations requiring vaccination and the remoteness of some communities. Crippled children are frequently abandoned to institutions in hopes that the children will receive better care than their families can provide. The Holt office in Seoul suggested that if care could be provided for these children before they were abandoned the orphan situation would be assisted, according to Dr. Fisk. "There are 44,000 crippled children in the public schools of Korea. This does not include those not able to go to school. The crippled children in Korea have a much tougher time than in the United States. To get into college, a child has to take an examination. Part of the examination, about 20 points, is in physical fitness. Crippled children can waive this part, but are given only 10 points. So academically, they have to do much better from the very beginning," Dr. Fisk said. Through Holt's social service contacts around Korea, children from indigent families are brought together for screening clinics. To date 450 have been examined and 75 received corrective surgery. The Holt Children's Service was established by an Oregon farmer after the three-and one-half year war. The Emory University Clinic has initiated a fellowship program for Korean orthopedic surgeons to study for one year in the Atlanta clinic. In 1975 Dr. Fisk met a Korean crippled orphan and took him to the American Army hospital for surgical treatment and eventually adopted him. He and his wife adopted another Korean child during his military service.O Clinic crew for a ru ral visit to the island of Cheju Do, including the governor of the province, spring 1976. SUMMER, 1978 33 The first clinic crew on the rural island of Cheju Do, fa ll1 975. �Nutrition Seminars "If you have a drug-induced nutritional problem you better look for signs of nutritional deficiencies in your patient." This is what Dr. Daphne Roe, nutrition professor at Cornell University, told Medical School students and faculty at the first lecture sponsored by the biochemistry department and the Medical School. The educator went on to say that studies of 200 years ago showed many drugs and reduced food intake had caused malnutrition. "Today when you see malnutrition associated with drug intake, it is often difficult to solve the problem. Symptoms of many drug-induced nutritional deficiencies can mimic those associated with other conditions." Dr. Roe said, "sore throat and tongue and cracks appearing at the corners of the mouth can indicate a riboflavin deficiency. But these symptoms are also indicative of other conditions." Some drugs create deficiency through decrease in food intake, while others cause malabsorption, hyperexcretion, or impaired utilization of nutrients. "Amphetamines initially decrease the amount of food intake while cathartics decrease nutrients' absorption. Diuretics and digitalis glycocides increase fluid loss while thyroid hormones increase the metabolic rate," the nutrition professor said. "Very few labs are set up to do nutrition tests. Quality control is often poor or lacking when a nutrition profile is required of a patient," Dr. Roe said. "Many cancer patients suffer from food intake loss because certain drugs cause loss of appetite. This results in weight loss. But if the drug is controlling the disease this may be more important than the weight loss," Dr. Roe said. The nutrition professor urged the students to learn about drugs that are to be used on a short term basis. Many other drugs can be used day after day, month after month, without harming the patient. In conclusion Dr. Roe touched briefly on the interplay of alcohol, diet and drugs. "The worse off the patient is to begin with the worse off he will be nutritionally." A Vanderbilt University nutrition professor reviewed the process of nitrogen fixation in the second nutrition conference. "It all starts down on the farm with food." Dr. Harry P. Broquist described the function of amino acids in the plant world and how this relates to our food supply. Dr. Broquist reminded the medical students and faculty in an illustrated lecture that nitrogen comes from the atmosphere and from fertilizers. "To feed the masses we must have cheaper fertilizers," he said. "There is a huge gap in calorie intake between people in the developed and developing countries. People in developed countries consume 2,941 calories per day as compared with 2,033 per day for the developing nations. Animal protein per person, per day is 84.1 in developed countries and 52.4 per day in developing nations," the educator-scientist said. 34 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �The nutritionist noted that strides are being made to provide more food for people of the world. "Scientists have developed a shorter growing cycle for wheat and Purdue University has developed a strain of corn that has a higher amino acid content. And the mixture of soybeans and wheat grains make a complete nutritional supplement. " Dr. Broquist is hopeful that we will soon be producing animal food in such quantities that we will be able to keep grain for people . The nutrition professor recommended two new books on the subject: Present Knowledge of Nutrition by the Nutrition Foundation and Biochemical Concepts by McGilvrey. He plans to use both textbooks in his classes at Vanderbilt. A lower protein diet is important if osteoporosis is to be controlled or cured, according to Dr. Nelson Westmoreland of the Harvard School of Public Health. "It is important that we try to maintain as close to a one-to-one ratio of calcium and phosphate in our bodies. But we are only achieving a one-to-two ratio in our everyday diets in the Western World." In his address to Medical School students and faculty Dr. Westmoreland noted that soon after people reach the age of 21 a slow bone deterioration begins. "There is no prevention at hand, but we hope through proper diet this situation can be reversed." The Harvard nutrition expert said, "studies show when people grow up in high fluoride areas their teeth and bones are tough and there is less chance of osteoporosis. If we would allow fluoride to be in all our drinking water we would have no osteoporosis. When animals are fed a high phosphorus diet, bone deterioration is greater." Dr. Westmoreland suggested that people over the age of 25 should take a calcium supplement to get the calcium-phosphate ratio normal. He also noted that vegetarians have less osteoporosis than people who eat proteins. "Meat is high in phosphate and low in calcium, and this is bad for us," he said. More exercise will also keep the bones and muscles 'toned up,' he said. People should stay away from processed foods because many times phosphates are added. These include soft drinks, processed cheese, potato chips and frozen bakery goods. "The amount of calcium is not important but the ratio between calcium and phosphate is. The best foods to maintain a balanced ratio are dairy products, vegetables, pancake syrup and seaweed," Dr. Westmoreland said. Osteoporosis causes bones to become less dense, thinner and more susceptible to breakage. An elderly person who thinks he or she broke a hip in a fall may be suffering from a break which occurred a few seconds before the fall, the Harvard nutritionist concluded. d- SUMMER, 1978 35 �Testing the patient rather than predicting from his diet how much folate is absorbed was urged by Dr. Neville Colman, the Bronx Veterans Hospital hematologist and nutritionist. In his review of the biochemical background of folate deficiency - since it may lead to megaloblastic anemia - the South African educated physician/researcher showed that what is now known of food absorption has been based on false premises. So unpredictable are the factors involved, he added, that we are unable to determine how much folate one will get from a specific diet. Prompting megaloblastic anemia is defective DNA synthesis, he said. "We know that high folate deficiency correlates with a defect in DNA synthesis. While we can initiate DNA chains we cannot elongate them. This may well be the defect in DNA synthesis." Among possible causes for folate deficiency, he noted were inadequate ingestion, absorption and utilization along with an increase in requirement, excretion loss or destruction. Folate that is destroyed in the body increases body requirements as does the loss of natural folate in food through cooking and canning, he said. Alcohol may also play a role. That alcoholics with poor diets have poor folate absorption has been proven by measuring folate absorption at various points in the intestine, he added. In Dr. Colman's review of two varying aspects of folic acid, he pointed to polyglutamate that is poorly absorbed in the gut. Monoglutamate, on the other hand, is absorbed. Therefore put to rest was the belief that orange juice is a readily absorbed form of folate. "Not so," he says. Only one-third of it is monoglutamate. The remaining, that of polyglutamate, inhibits folate absorption. Reaffirming the urgency of folic acid in the diet were studies of rural/urban groups in South Africa. Most cases of megaloblastic anemia seen were from the countryside, he said. A third of the women of child-bearing age as well as increasing numbers of both sexes from ages 40 to 80 had it. Unable to change their traditional diet, their staple - maize - was fortified with 500 micrograms of the tasteless B vitamin. "We were thus able to prevent folate deficiency and cure megablolastic anemia," he concluded. A University of Wisconsin nutrition expert noted that people all over the world have become more conscious of nutritional deficiencies in the last two decades. "Nutritional standards are important if we are to improve the health of people," Dr. Alfred E. Harper, professor and chairman of the department of nutritional sciences at Wisconsin said. "But setting standards is a very complex problem and good judgement is essential. If there were no health problems we would not need nutritional standards. The quantity and quality of nutrients is very important to people of all ages. It is important to the pregnant woman if her child is to be born healthy. In medical practice prognosis is improved if you can maintain nutritional standards." 36 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). formulated by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Science/National Research Council of the U.S., indicated the amount of essential nutrients each person in a healthy population needs in order to maintain reasonable health. Although the RDA estimates are generally higher than the Minimum Daily Requirement (MDR). they are not intended to be therapeutic dosages. RDA is established for children, pregnant women and adults since nutrient requirements differ among these groups. Dr. Harper, who served on the Food and Nutrition Board for ten years, reported that rigorous testing by one or more of three methods is used to determine the appropriate nutrients' allowances. Blood levels of the nutrients can be studied to see at what level deficiency occurs and another test can determine how much of the nutrient is lost in the body through metabolism. But if there's no way to accurately measure the loss, adults with a known deficiency are given supplements to see how much must be taken to remove the deficiency. While Dr. Harper pointed out that the RDA estimates aren't absolute, he added they're as accurate as possible with some leeway on the 'high' side. Adjustments in RDA are made if evidence later warrants. "One has to know what is and is not known about nutrition so the diet and the potential need for nutritional supplements can be adequately assessed. But more importantly to patients, we need to know how to apply all this information appropriately on an individual basis. "Nutrition inadequacy is even a problem in the Unite? States. Surveys show that hospital patients suffer from ma~nut~I­ tion and some people die from it. Obesity and other chrome diseases have triggered a world-wide interest in nutrition," the Wisconsin professor said. "People realize that there are many things about the environment that they can't control, but they know they can control food intake. There are many skeptical, critical people." Dr. Harper suggested that "we must modify our diets if we are to manage our health problems." He also spoke of the role of nutrition in the management of surgical patients. . "We can be proud of our achievements in nutrition durmg the last 50 years, but we must not become complacent. Scurvy and goiter were among the earliest public health problems. Our knowledge of the use of protein, calcium and iron proved effective," Dr. Harper concluded. Providing enriched diets for alcoholics will not prevent cirrhosis. Abstinence will. That is exactly what Dr. Charles S. Lieber proved through an elegant array of research and clinical .investigations. "Of the patients 1 see three out of four are excessive drinkers. Most have developed some form of liver disease. These range from hepatitis to cirrhosis, the third most common cause of death in large urban areas among the 35 to 55-age group." SUMMER, 1978 37 The commanding officer of Clark Air Base in the Philippines has invited Medical School fa cult y members to visit th e base hospital near Manila and give talks to the staff. In a letter to Dean John Naughton, Colonel Robert R. Smith said, "because of our distance from the states it is very difficult, and at times impossible to maintain satisfactor y l e vels of continuing education among members of our professional staff. If some members of your teaching staff are planning a vacation in the Orient this year, we would be pleased to act as host during their stay at Clark Air Base. We would also offer transportation to our base from the Manila International Airport. " 0 �Continuing, Dr. Lieber noted alcohol to be unlike other drugs. It has high caloric value, it impairs the appetite, and its calories are empty ones. He also cautioned on secondary deficiencies that it may trigger. These include nutritional loss, ethanol-induced GI damage, intellectual dysfunction, energy wastage, and increasing activity of toxic agents. Turning to treatment for alcoholism, Dr. Lieber showed why milk is no longer being used. So low have lactase values been found to be in man - among blacks they are even lower - that after alcohol ingestion these values are not even measurable. And in questioning whether an adequate diet maintains alcoholics, he said that while the standard model, that of the mouse, supported this claim, his clinical evidence did not. A restudy by Dr. Lieber revealed that, unlike man, mice have a natural revulsion for alcohol. They therefore avoid any fluid that contains it. By eliminating solids, and supplying mice with an all liquid diet - one that includes along with alcohol sufficient food intake for normal growth - Dr. Lieber found that after 12 to 24 days mice developed fatty livers. "We now had an experimental model to produce striking liver changes with an adequate diet," he said. "And we could once and for all forget about an enriched diet for the treatment of alcoholism.'' When treating alcoholics, Dr. Lieber cautioned on their increased capacity to rid themselves of drugs. "You must therefore adjust dosage accordingly. But development of liver injury may upset dosage as well. It may call for further readjustment." Among a host of complications reviewed by Dr. Lieber was that of alcoholic hepatitis. He wondered whether the water retained by protein causing the liver to swell may not be the missing link between a fatty liver and necrosis. And he implicated malnutrition- promoted by alcohol consumption- in cirrhosis. Speculating on how injury occurs to the liver, he pointed to the possibility of the ballooning of hepatocytes, an early lesion, and noted central sclerosis as a marker to predict cirrhosis patients. With ten million alcoholics in this country, he called for the need of a biologic marker to compare their differing levels of treatment. Dr. Lieber is now trying to validate this marker in a number of populations. "Because we have developed all of these complications in an experimental animal, we may have a better handle to prevent and treat cirrhosis. It is the most serious form of alcoholism," the Mt. Sinai School of Medicine professor concluded. Engineered or fabricated foods can stretch the world food supply and provide good nutrition at low cost, according to Dr. Herbert Sarrett, vice president of Mead Johnson Company, which specializes in food supplements. "Most of these foods are uniform in quality, are palatable and stable." Engineered foods include infant formulas, meal replacements for those on weight loss or special diets, convenience dinners, imitation basic foods (such as egg and meat 38 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �substitutes) and minor ones as whipped toppings and imitation bacon chips and potato chips. Dr. Sarrett noted that these foods are fortified nutritionally to provide equivalent nutrients of basic foods they have replaced. "But they should not be counted upon entirely to supply the United States Recommended Daily Allowance (R.D.A.) of vitamins and minerals. More public education is necessary so consumers can more effectively determine whether or not they're getting the U.S.R.D.A. of essential vitamins and minerals in their diet," he said. "But there's a hazard in a lack of consumer education about these foods which means some may tend to overuse snack and imitation foods. By eating basic foods in combination with the engineered ones, there's less chance that these other, vital nutrients will be omitted from the diet," Dr. Sarrett concluded. When 18-year-old kids have a cholesterol count of 400 they have heart attacks, according to Dr. Robert S. Lees, director, arteriosclerosis center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "This is a real tragedy, but these young people can be treated successfully with a low fat diet. By controling the diet the kids will overcome the high cholesterol and grow out of the problem." Dr. Lees noted that often high cholesterol is prevalent at birth. "The earlier you start treatment the better. A diet low in saturated fats and high in protein does nothing for arteriosclerosis," Dr. Lees said. "People want to be fat, happy and long lived," the nutrition expert said. He warned that monkeying with a diet is dangerous. He would not recommend a certain calorie intake or a particular food for an entire population. "There is no evidence that changing a diet will prolong life. Scandinavian people have the longest life and have a high cholesterol diet. Changing their diet would not guarantee a longer life," Dr. Lees said. The MIT Professor pointed out that most diseases are inherited. "If your cholesterol is high, probably your parents had the same problem." Dr. Lees admitted that all the answers to arteriosclerosis are not known. But he did make these observations - "heavy smokers and sedentary people have the highest rate of arteriosclerosis while active people are less prone to the disease. And the older you are the higher the risk. Twenty years ago women were not troubled with arteriosclerosis, but in the last five years they have almost caught up to men because of their heavy smoking." Dr. Lees concluded by pointing out that no one knows for sure what is normal. "But if your cholesterol count is 220 or above your chances of a heart attack are good." "We are at a point where we can use blood substit~te preparations for transplant purposes," Dr. Robert P. Geyer said. He is acting chairman, department of nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health. d- SUMMER,1978 39 �In his illustrated lecture to medical students and faculty he noted that an oxygen transport system is needed. In his experiments with blood substitutes he emphasized that blood volume, metabolism and oxygenation must be maintained. The blood substitute, he says, passed all the appropriate criteria when exchanged for whole blood in rats via infusion. He pointed out the rats infused behaved normally, that regulation of oxygenation and metabolism was maintained and that new blood cells were manufactured. "The rats lived with no ill effects despite the fact the oxygen transport by red cells ceased during a 24-hour period," he added. One advantage of blood substitutes in the future could be that no blood typing would be necessary prior to use in emergency cases or cases of carbon monoxide poisoning. "Blood substitutes will not force blood banks out of business or make blood donors unnecessary," Dr. Geyer concluded. "Obesity is a very severe disease. Thirty per cent of us have it, and it should be treated," according to Dr. Robert Henkin, director of the center for molecular nutrition and sensory disorders at the Georgetown University Hospital. "It is possible by using a controlled zinc diet to reduce the appetite of obese people to the extent that they will lose weight. But the patients must be monitored very closely by a physician," the nutrition expert said. But Dr. Henkin pointed out that appetite is not the only factor of obesity. In his experiments Dr. Henkin noted that animals will stop eating and growing when they are on a zinc depleted diet. They will also drink more sodium chloride, while normal rats reject sodium chloride. "We don't know exactly how zinc effects the appetite, but we do know that histidine does effect the appetite, and causes people to lose weight. We also know there is some correlation between zinc, protein and taste buds." Dr. Henkin made several other observations: - many structures in our oral cavity need zinc; - zinc is very active in crossing the brain and is needed for nerve growth; - zinc can cause changes in the system - nausea and upset stomach; - smoking doesn't affect zinc intake; "Giving more zinc to cancer patients is very provocative and much more study is needed. How much and when to add zinc to food is not clear," Dr. Henkin said. In his illustrated lecture Dr. Henkin touched briefly on the several ways to increase and decrease appetite. "Appetite and taste are not directly related, but we see changes in both when zinc is depleted. One of the main characteristics of zinc is that it turns on and off the intake of food." "The eating habits of Americans has changed markedly in the last five years," according to Dr. Robert Nesheim, vice president for development and marketing for the Quaker Oats Company. One 40 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �simple statistic proved his point: "food dollars spent .in restaurants, and for fast foods and convenience foods has Increased considerably while tonnage sold in supermarkets has leveled off." The researcher cited a change in employment. "There are more working women and they demand convenience foods when they return home in late afternoon." Dr. Nesheim said "the food industry responds to nutritional needs of people when the consumer understands what is going on. The industry is not one company, but many small companies with different problems and limitations." The Quaker Oats executive pointed out that fiber is a very popular issue today, "but it is not a cure-all for all health problems. Often people don't know whom to believe, especially when scientists don't agree on a particular issue. People have overreacted and claim benefits that have not been proven. The crude fiber analysis we use now comes from the late 1800s and is based on measurement of fiber in animal feed. This may not be related to the physiological benefits of fiber in the human diet. After we are able to measure dietary fiber correctly, we can start examining some of its claimed popularized benefits. We thought it was important that consumers have a good quality bran product available and they have complete instructions for its use." In his illustrated lecture Dr. Nesheim showed that fats in our diet have increased since 1909 while carbohydrates have declined. Protein and food energy have remained about the same. Many more fruits and vegetables, meat, poultry and fish are consumed today, according to several surveys. "We in the food industry must make every effort to increase consumer awareness about nutrition. The food industry is responsive to nutritional issues. We must relate to individuals as well as population groups. A product must satisfy consumer taste and be economical. Then repeat sales will come. No amount of advertising can change this." Dr. Nesheim spoke briefly of the regulatory implications imposed on the food industry by the Food and Drug Administration and how the Federal Trade Commission controls advertising claims. The scientist doesn't believe the American diet is changing. "Even when it comes to sugar consumption, there is misunderstanding. Despite claims to the contrary, consumption of sucrose per capita has not changed much in the last 40 years. The difference is in the form it takes. My mother used to bring home 100-pound bags of sugar. Today we eat sugar in convenience foods." Dr. Nesheim said. Vitamin E has been considered an essential nutrient for about 20 years, according to Dr. J.G. Bieri, chief of the Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory at the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic and Digestive Diseases. This was the 12th and final nutrition lecture. "In recent years there have been 'fads' focusing on Vitamin E and claims about its effectiveness in treating medical probl~~s. It is an essential nutrient of the human diet, but it has no abihty d- SUMMER, 1978 41 �prolong life, treat heart disease or improve sexual performance," Dr. Bieri said. "Many of the claims made for Vitamin E by manufacturers are without basis in fact. They take a little bit of fact and magnify it, trying to give a little scientific credence to the claim," the government scientist said. Dr. Bieri noted that "there is a lot more misinformation than information coming out about Vitamin E. The public finds it an interesting topic. Some of the misinformation has been based on animal studies of Vitamin E deficiency. Scientists know they can't extrapolate from those tests to humans. Some of these claims are in no way related to any scientific work." Synthetic Vitamin E is a hot item in the stores with white middle class women taking large amounts of the vitamin each day. Dr. Bieri said "about 90 per cent of the Vitamin E consumed as a supplement passes through the body. It's money down the drain." The scientist-educator explained that Vitamin E is a plant product. "It is probably the most widely distributed of all vitamins and it is almost impossible to have a diet deficient in it. Vegetable oils are the main sources of Vitamin E, but there are significant amounts in all nuts, whole wheat and eggs." Meats and vegetables, while low in Vitamin E, probably account for 15-20 percent of the Vitamin E in the average American diet. "Our diet is higher in Vitamin E than Canada, Japan or England." In conclusion Dr. Bieri said "there have been reports of Vitamin E toxicity, but the phenomenon is not well documented by any scientific studies."O $58,532 Grant The School of Medicine has received a two-year $58,532 grant from the National Fund for Medical Education to support an innovative project "Medical Education in Cost Effectiveness; A Longitudinal Approach." Dr. Harry A. Sultz, professor and acting chairman of the department of social and preventive medicine, is the principal investigator. The study will develop and test a sequence of competencybased learning modules specifically designed to prepare physicians to make cost-effective patient management decisions. The longitudinal instructional model will expand upon existing content and develop new content related to health care costs and quality assurance as part of a cross-curricular, multi-departmental effort. Problem-oriented written clinical simulations and other instructional materials will be developed for use in the learning modules. The project director is Jane S. Mathews, clinical assistant professor and research associate in the department of social and preventive medicine. Other faculty members involved in the study are - Drs. Leonard Katz, John Richert, Frank Schimpfhauser, Thomas Burford, Stanley Levin, Evan Calkins, Raymond P. Bissonette, and Frances S. Sherwin. 0 42 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �- .~ Th e new wing. VA Hospital Expansion The Veterans Administration Hospital broke ground for a new outpatient wing last year. The $7.1 million addition will be located on the south side of the hospital to the right of the main entrance on Bailey Avenue, according to Joseph Paris, hospital director. There will be 53,000 square feet in the three-story building. The addition will have no windows, because its diagnostic and treatment functions do not require any and also as an energy conservation measure. In addition to treatment areas the new facility will have space for radiographic laboratory and pharmacy services. Mr. Paris indicated that there would be some renovation in the existing hospital near the new addition. "We have reached the point where we need more space to treat the 150,000 out-patients," Mr. Paris said. Sometime in 1979 the new addition will be completed.D SUMMER, 1978 43 �Seven st udents who participated in the MECO p rogram last summer talk informally about their experiences. They are all membe rs of the 1980 class. From left- Mary Driscoll, Eva Klonowski, Ma rk Borer, Harvey Arbesman, Lynn S teinbrenner, Jim Conway and John Shayne. MECO Program During the summer 22 first and second year medical students received an early introduction to primary care. The Medical Education Community Orientation (MECO) program, sponsored by the American Medical Student Association, is in its second year. Two second year medical students, James Bracikowski and Peter Condra, started working on the project in October, 1976. They had to raise enough money locally to pay $85.00 weekly stipends to the students for six or eight weeks. Among the contributors were - the Annual Participating Fund for Medical Education (APFME), Medical Alumni Association, Erie County Medical Society, New York State Academy of Family Physicians, Lamb Foundation, and several private contributors . The 18 physicians participated voluntarily. The students worked out of the physicians' offices or community hospitals. Three new hospitals - DeGraff, Columbus, Mount St. Mary's were in the program for the first time this year. According to the student coordinators, Dr. Harry Sultz , professor and acting chairman of the department of social and preventive medicine, and Dr. Robert M. O'Shea , associate professor of sociology, are working on a statistical anal ysis for the final report. The student participants agreed that " it was a great experience in clinical medicine . We learned a lot about the problems of the patient. " 44 THE BUFFALO PHYSI CIAN �Participating in the MECO program: FIELD STUDENT PRECEPTOR Arbesman, Harvey Medicine Dr. David Dickman (Ambulatory Care) Buffalo General Hospital Medicine Dr. Anthony Merlino Buffalo Columbus Hospital Pediatric Nephrology Dr. Tadla Baliah Children's Hospital Medicine Dr. Morton Lipsitz 860 W. Ferry St. Dr. Frederic Hirsh Family Practice 3435 Bailey Avenue Dr . Avrom Greenberg Medicine Delaware Avenue Medical Center, 1275 Delaware Avenue Dr. Dennis A. Nadler Out-patient Pediatrics E.J. Meyer Hospital Medicine Dr. Syed Haq 2121 Main Street Dr. Samuel Galeota Medicine 1388 E. Delavan Ave. Dr. Semen Doroszczak Family Practice 919 Kenmore Avenue Dr. Robert Corretore Family Practice 350 Alberta Drive Dr. Peter Vlad Pediatric Cardiology Children's Hospital Pediatrics Dr. Robert Warner 962 Delaware Dr. Salvatore Latona Medicine Mount St. Mary's Hospital, Lewiston Dr. Salvatore Latona Medicine Mount St. Mary's Hospital, Lewiston Medicine Dr. David Carlson DeGraff Memorial Hospital, North Tonawanda Dr. David Carlson Medicine DeGraff Memorial Hospital, North Tonawanda Dr. Melvin Oyster Family Practice Niagara Falls Memorial Hospital Family Practice Dr. John McMahon 1616 Kensington Avenue Family Practice Dr. Herbert Wittkugel 71 Kenmore Avenue Dr. Ulrich Bauer Pediatrics 2618 Union Road Family Practice Dr. Ian Frankfort 1825 Maple Road Balon, Walter Bertini , Nicholas Borer, Mark Buran, Joseph Conway, James Denne , Scott Driscoll, Mary Gold, Andrea Klonowski, Eva Koenig, Paul Masten, Tom Ninos, John Parker, William Paroski, John Picano, Dennis Rose, Robert Shayne, John Silberstein, Peter Sporn, Lawrence Steinbrenner, Lynn Sze-tu, Duncan SUMMER, 1978 45 �Dr. Dunn Dr. Qunn "The Buffalo winters are too much," said Dr. James C. Dunn. The physician-educator is now teaching anatomy at the University of Arizona Medical School in Tucson. Dr. Dunn is the first clinician hired to work with the full time faculty in the anatomy department there. The U/ A Medical School graduated its first class in 1973. Born in Lackawanna in 1928, Dr. Dunn has been on the U/ B Medical School faculty for 20 years. He is a 1950 graduate. Dr. Dunn served on the admissions committee from 1967 to 1970, under the chairmanship of Dr. Philip Wels. Dr. Dunn, on his own time, visited 18 negro colleges in the south and recruited 28 minority students for the Medical School. Most of these students graduated from U/B and are doing well, according to Dr. Dunn. From 1950 to 1967 only 12 negro students were accepted. Medical education has always been one of Dr. Dunn's chief interests. He has visited medical schools in Europe, England, Australia and Israel. "Our medical education is superior. Even though students complain, our selection policies are better. We select the students in the beginning. By contrast most foreign countries admit several thousand medical students and only a small percentage finish ." As an educator Dr. Dunn has tried to emphasize the clinical application of the cadaver. "I believe in taking students on hospital rounds in their first year in medical school. Often these visit my office, and observe while I am performing surgery. Observing surgery is a great help to them when they are dissecting a cadaver." When Dr. Dunn entered the medical school in 1946 he was the first black since Dr. W. Yerby Jones was graduated in 1924. "Dr. Jones was one of my idols, a great inspiration to me in my formative years. He emphasized scholarship." Dr. O.P. Jones, now an emeritus professor, was a member of the admissions committee when Dr. Dunn was accepted at U/ B. Dr. Jones was one of Dr. Dunn's professors and 20 years later he joined Dr. Jones' department as a clinical associate professor of anatomy. He is also a clinical assistant professor of surgery. Dr. Dunn took his internship and one year of his residency at the Bellevue Hospital, Columbia Division, New York City. He returned to Buffalo and took three more years of his residency (he was chief resident, general surgery) at the Veterans Administration Hospital under Dr. William Chardack, associate professor of surgery. In 1955 Dr. Dunn served in the Army Medical Corps as captain for two years. While in Buffalo Dr. Dunn was affiliated with three hospitalsOur Lady of Victory in Lackawanna, Buffalo Mercy and Children's (until 1970) . He is a Diplomate, American Board of General Surgery and National Board of Medical Examiners. He is also active in several other professional societies. Dr. Dunn's wife, Dr. Imogene G. Johnson, received her M.D. in 1949 from Howard University. She has been on the U/ B faculty for 15 years as a clinical assistant professor of pathology. She is also a pathologist at Columbus Hospital. The Dunn's have four childrenJames Clarence II, a pre-med student at Allegheny College; Gina, a junior at Houghton College; Gregory, a junior at Baker Victory High school; and Guy, a sophomore at Orchard Park Central. Dr. Dunn's hobbies include photography and playing the violin. He performs regularly with the Mercy String ensemble.D 46 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �$166,607 Multiple Sclerosis Grant professor and chairman, department of microbiology at the Medical School, received a $166,607 three-year grant from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, effective in January. Since 1973 Dr. Milgram has received $378,426 from the Society for his research. He will continue his immunologic and serologic studies of neurological diseases including multiple sclerosis. In one experiment, Dr. Milgram compared reactions of lymphocytes, the white blood cells governing the body's immune responses, from MS patients and from non-MS persons, when they were exposed to basic protein. He observed that MS lymphocytes were stimulated to a lesser degree than were those from other donors. (Basic protein, BP, is a component of myelin, the fatty and protein material ensheathing certain nerve fibers. Myelin loss in the central nervous system produces the symptoms associated with MS.) Dr. Milgram thinks this lack of response occurs because BP might induce stimulation of suppressor cells, a subset of lymphocytes that "turns off" other lymphocytes. He hopes to confirm these preliminary observations and to recover, if possible, the suppressing factor from BP-stimulated lymphocyte cultures. For this research, he will compare lymphocyte activity in cells taken from MS patients with those from normal donors and from persons with other neurological diseases. Lymphocytes from each donor will be divided. One portion will be cultured with BP; the other, without BP. After the incubation period, the supernatant fluid will be separated from the cells which will be washed and cultured with fresh lymphocytes from the same donors. These mixed cultures will be exposed to plant substances (lectins) known to stimulate cell proliferation. To measure the degree of lectin-induced cellular activity, a radioactive "tracer" (thymidine) will be added to the lymphocytes precultured with and without BP. In related research, Dr. Milgram plans to expose the supernatant fluids to the same varieties of lectins and to other lymphocytes that have been treated previously with a drug that "turns off" cellular activity. The activity measured in these supernatant cultures will be compared to determine whether a soluble inhibitory factor is produced by BP-stimulated cells. In addition, Dr. Milgram's study of reactions of MS sera to preparations of human brain tissue will be extended. Earlier work in his laboratory has indicated that brain tissue fractions appear to exert an antigenic effect on MS and non-MS sera. Dr. Milgram plans to purify this active fraction and, if successful, he will attempt to increase the sensitivity of the sera to brain fractions with the aim of establishing a sensitive diagnostic blood test for MS.D DR. FELIX MILGROM, SUMMER, 1978 47 Dr. Milgrom �Dr. Solomon Dr. Solomon Let us walk with utmost delicacy, Away from life's hellish road, through grassy Trails that guard Nature's fecund floor, past trees, Ancient oaks, elms, and pines, that shade the leas From Apollo's ire, The orbiting fire, To the flowing stream of our infancy. Let us walk with lightened step, hand in hand, Across sterile beaches and sunburnt sand That harbor no life except empty shells Of men and snails and funereal bells. Let us trod with light Step past all this blight And joyously swim in our mother's hand. Let us walk with our spirits while we may, Past Ulro's asphalt land where others stay To rot and decay, immersed in mem'ries Of life's infections and infirmities. Let us fly with haste From this snowcapped waste, For we, with Love, in Eden's rains shall play. A 1971 Medical School graduate, Dr. Kenneth Solomon, is a psychiatrist and a poet. His first book, Journey to Hygeia , was recently released by Vantage Press. It is a collection of poems written between 1964 and 1973, covering the doctor's late adolescent and early adult years. There are selected free verse, rhyming works, sonnets, couplets and quatrains. Hygeia is the Greek word for health. The 30-year-old psychiatrist has published many poems in magazines and anthologies. His poems range from 17 syllables to 17 pages. "The Hadj," an Arabic word pronounced "hodge," is a 17-page poem about an allegorical pilgrimage to Mecca. Dr. Solomon credits his NYU English professor, Byrne Reginald Spenser Fone, "as opening up the world of poetry to me." The book is dedicated to Professor Fane (wherever he may be). "All of my friends at NYU were writing poetry or folk singing or both and we gave each other support and mutual admiration." Dr. Solomon says his poetry has undergone changes since 1964 when he began writing. ''I'm writing less about Swahili mythology and events that happened in Russia 200 years ago. A lot of my early poems dealt with the big city. I adopted the subway as a symbol of all that was wrong with man and technology. My poetry has gotten shorter as my time gets shorter. Now I say in three words what I used to say in 20 lines." Dr. Solomon's newest love is haiku, the Japanese form in which thoughts are expressed in 17-syllable poems. He says he enjoys toying with different rhythms and he credits his musical background for this. Dr. Solomon used to be a professional jazz musician and still plays as a hobby. The jacket cover of the book says Solomon's "personal dream is to unite C.P. Snow's two cultures and be a Renaissance Man." As part of this unity, he uses Shakespeare in teaching his classes at the Medical College of Virginia where he is an assistant professor. "I tell my students if they want to study senile dementia they should read 'King Lear.' If they want to study paranoia, 'Othello' is perfect." The reaction to the book has been, "Gee I didn't know you did. that!" He knows a few of his friends have purchased the book, but he doesn't know how many of the first printing of 4,000 have been sold. Dr. Solomon is realistic about the plight of poetry in today's society. "We're just not a poetry-reading people . The only reason Shakespeare sells is that it's required reading in high school. My first love has always been poetry. But I was realistic enough to know that I couldn't earn a daily living writing poetry.'' Poetry and psychiatry are not such strange companions. "While psychiatry is very analytical it is also very intuitive. The two are quite close together," Dr. Solomon said. Dr. Solomon does not limit his writing talent to poetry. He has had nine professional papers published in psychiatric and medical journals. He is also turning to prose, working on what he hopes will be his first novel and several short stories. His wife Mona and children- Dori and David- are quite excited about the book and family hobbies - reading, music and people. Dr. and 48 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Mrs. Solomon are also car-rally enthusiasts and they h~ve trophies to prove it. Dr. Solomon, who grew up in New ~ork C~ty, didn't have a driver's license until he was 20. Now he IS makmg . up for the time he spent on the subways. Dr. Solomon's goal: "to live life to the fullest and to touch, m an existential sense, as many human beings as I possibly can."O New Modes of Reproduction New modes of reproduction in the future will improve the quality of the newborn, according to Dr. Joseph Fletcher. He cited artificial insemination as one of these "new modes" of reproducing and indicated that 1.5 million persons in the United States are already products of this process. Dr. Fletcher is a visiting professor of medical ethics at the University of Virginia. The Harrington lecturer suggested other future alternatives to reproduction - a fetus delivered from a glass womb; women delivering infants who have other genetic mothers; and the reproduction of youngsters who are identical to their one parent. Dr. Fletcher said, "women with sterility and ovulation problems might find the transfer of the ovum of another woman to themselves to be another alternative mode in the future. For the woman who can't or doesn't wish to carry her child, relief is in sight. Her fertilized ovum might be transferred to another woman's uterus for the nine-month period." Dr. Fletcher also predicted that when artificial placenta is perfected, fertilized eggs will be brought to term in glass wombs. This possibility would permit fetal development to be observed, he said, thus leading to further knowledge which could save many infants. "We've become used to putting premature infants in mechanical incubators, so the glass womb would only expand the time the fetus would spend in a carefully controlled environment," he pointed out. He also foresees: "in vitro" fertilization of the ovum and its subsequent implantation, cloning, and parthenogenesis (development of an egg without fertilization). "Given our new and growing medical capabilities to control human conditions, it's irresponsible to continue to reproduce by 'sexual roulette' as these options become available," Dr. Fletcher said. He noted that each person carries seven to ten deleterious genes which can, in some situations, lead to conditions or diseases in offspring which are undesirable. He added that the presence of these genes in the general gene pool will more than double in 100 years. Dr. Fletcher suggested that in the future sex will be used for lovemaking, with other modalities of reproduction used for babymaking. Though some view this as tampering with nature, he reminded the audience that medicine interferes with nature for clinical reasons of well-being. "While people aren't obliged to have children, they are ethically obliged to have the healthiest ones possible," he added. "I believe sexual roulette often produces victims. In the future, this need not be," he concluded.O SUMMER, 1978 49 Dr. Fletcher The Harrington lecturer was selected by a student-faculty committee of the Medical School. The lectures were created in 1896 by the will of the late Dr. Devillo W. Harrington, professor of genital and urinary diseases at the School of Medicine. �Associate dermatology professors Drs. John Maize, Thomas Provost; Dr. Dobson; Drs. Harvey Banker (England), Stephanie ]ablonska (Poland), Rudi Cormane (The Netherlands), Ted Chorzelski (Poland). Second Annual Westwood Conference on Clinical Dermatology Approximately 300 jammed each session of the second annual Westwood Conference on Clinical Dermatology. Some practicing dermatologists came from Hawaii and Vienna, while others came from Canada and Buffalo. And joining a distinguished national panel of speakers were participants from Poland, Holland and England. Sprinkled amid four-crammed days of diagnostic/treatment sessions on some major skin diseases were social events. These included a reception/cocktails at the beautiful Albright Knox Gallery, a surprise speaker (comedian Henny Youngman) whose one-line anecdotes highlighted the banquet. And a special women's program that featured a visit to Niagara Falls, Our Lady of Victory Basilica!, the horticultural gardens, and a tour of the Westwood Pharmaceutical plant. Learning however was not confined to the eight technical sessions. There was also an opportunity to turn lunch hours into round-table discussions or into individual consultations. These ranged from pathology, psoriasis, bullous diseases, immunology, vasculitis, 50 ichthyosis, clinical dermatology to therapy, melanoma, cancer, therapy, pediatric dermatology and pigmentation. Starting off the Conference was a session on diagnosis/treatment of pigmented tumors. In his overview on the basic structure/ form of melanocytes, Yale's Dr. Joseph J. McGuire noted that pigmented cells do not vary in number rather they vary in function in the various races. U/ B's Dr. John Maize followed with a review of the critical features and histological patterns of various acquired melanocytic lesions as well as those that often simulate them. Mostly benign, he pointed to reliable methods of disgnosis and treatment. But he cautioned on the need for a complete, careful examination of a patient's entire skin for there has been a steady rise in the incidence of malignant melanomas during the past 30 years. The halo phenomenon/its clinical and pathologic implications as well as clinical diagnosis of malignant melanoma were the topics of Harvard's Dr. Martin C. Mihm, Jr. THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �He cautioned that although physicians appear to have greater awareness of the clinical features of early melanomas, diagnostic accuracy based on clinical features alone is unreliable. According to an NYU Skin and Cancer study, the clinical accuracy of differentiating malignant melanomas from other pigmented lesions was only 64.4 per cent. He went on to stress the importance of proper biopsy technique for diagnosis and as a guide to therapy. Turning to the intricacies of histologic diagnosis, Dr. A. Bernard Ackerman of New York University stressed patterns of growth rather than cytologic minutiae. "Architecture," he reiterated, "is the most important thing for diagnosis." Early diagnosis as well as improved prognosis with early effective surgical treatment was the message from NYU's Dr. Matthew Harris who works closely with the department of dermatology's skin and cancer unit. He also urged complete and careful preoperative evaluation before any type of definitive surgery. And he noted that specific tests for immunologic competence and melanoma antibodies are now underway at NYU. In a special lecture on skin diseases in black patients, Brown University's Dr. Charles J. McDonald stressed the management of pigmentary problems. In some patients with vitiligo it is preferable to depigment than to attempt repigmentation he noted. On therapy, Scripps Clinic Dr. Richard B. Stoughton noted the effects of topical an- Frank Nero, presr'd ent, W es tw oo d Pharmaceuticals; I Dr. Richard Dobson, professor and chairman, dermat~ ~gy department; Dr. John Naughton, Dean, School of Medrcrne. d- SUMMER, 1978 51 �The evening banquet. tibiotics when treating acne. He also discussed properties of various topical steroids and guidelines for their use in treating specific inflammatory diseases. Arkansas' Dr. G. Thomas Jansen presented a practical guide to treatment of precancerous lesions, urging office management of these common disorders. What is true about what is new? In the treatment of acne and use of topical steroids, U/B's Dr. Richard L. Dobson pointed to inconsistencies in the literature on therapy. Next on the program were the clinical challenges of those disorders that often are perplexing both in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Albert Einstein's Dr. Michael Fisher classified the causes of purpura due to Dr. ]ames E. Rasmussen, assistant professor of dermatology, visits with a participant. 52 disorders of coagulation, platelets, vessels and extra-vascular tissue. Mayo Clinic's Dr. Harold 0. Perry, in his presentation of a practical guide to diagnosis/management of chronic vasculitis and panniculitis, noted clinical findings to be often nonspecific, and etiologies diverse. In his discussion of immunodeficiency, Wisconsin's Dr. Richard Hong noted the wide variety of associated cutaneous lesions. Pediatric dermatology. In his exhaustive differentiated diagnosis of exanthems, Dr. Fisher emphasized their varying chemical patterns. A simplified classification/approach to the diagnosis and treatment of ichthyosis was reviewed by Harvard's Dr. Irwin M. Freedberg. U/B's Dr. James E. Rasmussen reported that children with kerion have delayed hypersensitivity to Trichophyton while those with chronic inflammatory ttinea capitis were lacking these responses. Turning to atopic dermatitis, Dr. Dobson emphasized its pathogenetic mechanisms. He noted that despite the large amount of research being done on this disorder, "It still remains a puzzling one." The practical role of immunofluorescence in diagnosis and as a guide to therapy was presented by U/B's Dr. Thomas T. Provost. Medical College of Virginia's Dr. William P. Jordan then turned to guidelines for patch testing. He noted that the standard screening series is of great value provided there is an awareness of the multiple sources of the basic chemicals. THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Eleven visiting faculty members will be featured on the program at the third annual Westwood Conference on Clinical Dermatology May 21-24 at the Sheraton-East Inn, Buffalo. Dr. Richard L. Dobson will again direct the fourday meeting. Eight U! B faculty members from the d.ermatology department will also be conference participants. The confe.rence JS ~pproved for 27 h~urs of Category I, Continuing Medical Educatwn cred1t by the Amencan Academy of Dermatology and the AMA.D In his review of cutaneous/systemic varieties of collagen vascular diseases, U/B's Dr. Sean O'Loughlin emphasized laboratory evaluation of these patients to diagnose and monitor effective treatment. In his discussion on what is new in immunology, Wisconsin's Dr. Richard Hong aired some exciting developments. "Immunologic competence can be reconstituted in both animals and man by thymus transplants," he said. Apparently, the thymus loses its antigencity and is not rejected after only a few days of culture in vitro. Leading a distinguished panel on psoriasis was London's Dr. Harvey Baker. In his review of its various clinical patterns, he noted some of its unusual features. Miami's Dr. Kenneth Halprin turned to its pathogenesis, suggesting that a single abnormal protein in the epidermal cell membrane may well be the basic defect. Reviewing chemotherapy of psoriasis was Brown's Dr. Charles J. McDonald. He noted the newest star on the horizon to be mycophenolic acid. Reasonably effective, it may soon be available for general use, he said. St. John's Dr. Harvey Baker then pointed to extensive studies that indicated a single weekly dose of methotrexate minimizes hepatic damage. Daily therapy is hazardous and is not recommended, he added. Concluding with an update on the results of photochemotherapy was Cleveland Clinic's Dr. Henry H. Roenigk. He noted the PUV A appears to be effective and complications few. Still in the experimental stage, he advised against general use of this modality before FDA approval. SUMMER, 1978 From Amsterdam, Holland's Dr. Rudi Cormane, a report on exciting results wh.en treating ichthyosis and Darier's disease With an oral vitamin A derivative. "A virtual complete clearance is achieved in all patients,." he said. This treatment is now under study m this country. Culled from their clinics in Warsaw were a variety of rare but fascinating cases by Dr~. Stephanie Jablonska and Tadeusz Chorzelsh Dr. Alexander Berman (Milwaukee) reported several cases of depigmentation surrounding flat warts that were produced after treatment with a keralytic agent.D Drs. Sean O 'Loughlin, Thomas Provost. 53 �The Classes The Classes of the 1920's Dr. Raphael M. Baratta, M'24, is a retired Family Practitioner. He has received certificates of appreciation from every president from Franklin Delano Roosevelt to Lyndon Johnson for uncompensated service to the Selective Service System. He is justly proud of his 27 years of service to the nation. Dr. Baratta lives at 291 Avenue W, Brooklyn, New York 11223.0 The Classes of the 1930'S Dr. Thomas S. Bumbalo, M'31, retired as Medical Director of the E.J. Meyer Memorial Hospital in February, having reached mandatory age of 70. Dr. Bumbalo is also a clinical professor of pediatrics at the Medical School. He is a Diplomate of the American Board of Pediatrics and served on the staffs of the Meyer, Children's, DeGraff, Brooks Memorial and Tricounty Hospitals. Dr. Bumbalo won national recognition some years ago for his research in diagnosis on pin worms in children.D Dr. Carl E. Arbesman, M'35, received the Distinguished Service Award of the American Academy of Allergy in Phoenix recently. The clinical professor of medicine and microbiology has been a member of the Academy since 1938 and a Fellow since 1941.0 Dr. Richard C. Batt, M'36, has been named a Fellow of the American College of Radiology. He is affiliated with hospitals in Glens Falls, Corinth, Ticonderoga and Wilton, all in New York State.D Dr. Harold F. Wherley, M'36, writes that he is "semi-retired" from his specialty of ophthalmology/otolaryngology. His son, Dr. Ben Wherley, M'65, also an ophthalmologist, is in practice with him at the Boulevard Medical Building, Dover, Ohio.D 54 Dr. Charles Becker, M'38, retired as chief of pathology at Sisters Hospital in December, 1977. He had been on the staff since 1946. He is clinical associate professor of pathology at the Medical School.D The Classes of the 1940's Dr. Kevin M. O'Gorman, M'43, has been appointed to the Board of Trustees of Hilbert College, Hamburg, New York.D Dr. Joseph J. Ricotta, M'43, of Buffalo, is the president-elect of the National Federation of Catholic Physicians' Guild.D Dr. George H . Selkirk, M'43, clinical associate professor of medicine, has joined the Sisters Hospital medical staff. He interned at Buffalo General Hospital and did his residency at Children's Hospital.D Dr. John L. Smith, M'46, has been named a Fellow of the American College of Radiology. He is affiliated with Green Hospital of Scripps Clinic Medical Institutions, LaJolla, Ca. and the University Hospital of San Diego.D Dr. Arthur J. Schaefer, M'47, of Snyder, New York, has been giving lectures and speeches at the Will's Eye Hospital in Philadelphia, the annual Oculo-Plastic Ptosis dinner meeting at the Union League in Philadelphia and at the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology in Dallas. He is a clinical associate professor of ophthalmology at the Medical School.D Dr. John B. Sheffer, M'47, has joined the pathology department at Sisters Hospital, after nearly 20 years as chief of pathology at Deaconess Hospital. He is also a clinical professor of pathology at the Medical School. At one time he was chief of laboratory services at the VA Hospital.D THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Dr. George L. Collins, Jr., M'48, clinical assistant professor of medicine, was named one of nine "Outstanding Citizens for 1977" by the BUFFALO EVENING NEWS. The President of the New York State Medical Society was cited for his work at "resolving what he terms crises over the state's costly medicaid program and the malpractice insurance issue." The newspaper annually names persons who have contributed strongly to the well-being or progress of the Buffalo area and the Niagara Frontier.D Dr. Robert J. Hall, M'48, has been appointed chairman, section of cardiovascular diseases, Pan American Medical Association Inc. He has been elected to membership in the Association of University Cardiologists. Dr. Hall is medical director of the Texas Heart Institute, Houston. The Institute is operated jointly with St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital in the Texas Medical Center.D Dr. Harold Bernhard, M'49, clinical associate professor of medicine at the Medical School, has been elected Governor for Northern New York of the American College of Gastroenterology. He is also the new president of the G.I. Liver Society of Western New York.D The Classes of the 1950's Dr. Laurence T. Beahan, M'53, is a backgammon enthusiast. It's a game for all ages. There is skill involved, percentages to consider and a choice of moves. It is also a good family game to play. Dr. Beahan is a clinical assistant professor psychiatry at the Medical School.D Dr. John B. Fenger, M'53, whose specialty is physical medicine and rehabilitation, is practicing in Phoenix, Arizona. He lives at 1901 East Thomas Road.D Dr. PaulL. Weinmann, M'54, has been appointed Chief of the Department of DerSUMMER, 1978 matology at Sisters Hospital. He is a clinical assistant professor of dermatology at the Medical School.D Dr. Richard R. Gacek, M'56, has been appointed professor and chairman of the department of otolaryngology and communication sciences at SUNY/Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse, New York. Dr. Gacek was formerly chairman of the department of otolaryngology at the University of Massachus.etts Medical School, Worcester. Dr. Gacek IS a member of numerous professional societies and serves as editor-librarian of the American Otological Society. He is also chairman of the Scientific Review Committee of the Deafness Research Foundation. He is the author or co-author of more than 50 professional articles and publications in addition to seven book reviews published in the New England Journal of Medicine.O Dr. Oliver P. Jones, M'56, Distinguished Professor Emeritus, was a guest lecturer at the University of Michigan Center for Continuing Medical Education, in March. He spoke about " Morphologic Hematology: Historical , Aspects."D Dr. Bernard H. Sklar, M'56, is President of the medical staff of Fair Lawn Memorial Hospital, Fairlawn, New Jersey. He is also Medical Director of the Ridgewood Nursing Home in Ridgewood, New Jersey.D Dr. Samuel Shatkin, M'58, is president of the New York State Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillofacial Surgeons. He is clinical associate professor in surgery at U/B and an attending physician at Buff~lo General Children's, E.J. Meyer Memonal, and St. J~seph's Intercommunity h~spitals. He is chief of Plastic and Reconstructive surgery at Buffalo Veteran's Administration Hospital. In addition, he is a consultant in Plastic Surgery to the State Health Dep~rtment. . Dr. Shatkin is currently servmg ~s pre~I­ dent of the American Society of Maxi~lofacial Surgeons. He is immediate past president of the Society of Plastic Surgeons of Upstate d55 Dr. Shatkin �New York and immediate past president of the Phi Lambda Kappa Medical Fraternity. He is a past chairman of the New York State Medical Society Section on Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillofacial Surgery. Dr. Shatkin has also held numerous other offices in several other Societies and he is a member of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons, American Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons, Head and Neck Society, American Cleft Palate Society, Buffalo Plastic Surgery Society, Fellow, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association and the Erie County Medical Society. 0 Dr. Frank A. Perlroth, M'67, has been practicing internal medicine/nephrology in Palo Alto, California for the past three years. He is also an instructor in medicine at Stanford University. He lives at 95 Joaquin Road, Portola Valley, California 94025.0 Dr. S. K. Bosu, M'69, practices pediatrics/neonatology in Long Beach, California. He is Associate Director of Newborn Services, Earl and Loraine Miller Children's Hospital Medical Center in Long Beach. Dr. Bosu is also an assistant clinical professor of pediatrics at the University of California at Irvine School of Medicine.D The Classes of the 1960's Dr. Kenneth E. Burstein, M'65, of Los Gatos, California, is practicing medicine in San Jose. He married the only female rabbi who serves as chief rabbi of her own congregation in the United States and the world, he claims.O Dr. Barry Feinblatt, M'65, clinical associate professor of pediatrics, has joined the Sisters Hospital medical staff. He interned at Buffalo General Hospital and took his residency at Children's Hospital.O Dr. Daniel Schubert, M'65, is an assistant resident in the department of psychiatry at Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. He will be entering a Family Practice Residency in July, 1978 at Howard University in Washington, D.C. (a three-year program).D Dr. David Wallack, M'66, is chairman of the department of internal medicine, Littleton Medical Clinic, Littleton, Colorado. He is also associated part-time with the University of Colorado School of Medicine. Dr. Wallack writes, "a third daughter (Marissa Beth) was born to my wife Bonnie and myself on 26 August 1977."0 Dr. David L. Larson, M'67, is medical director of the Gulf Coast Regional Mental Health-Medical Rehabilitation Center in Galveston, Texas and is working in conjunction with the University of Texas.O 56 The Classes of the 1970's Dr. Michael L. Lippmann, M'70, is with the Pulmonary Disease Section of Albert Einstein Medical Center's Northern Division, York and Tabor Roads, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He writes that he has moved at least five or six times up and down the East coast over the eight years since graduation. He also says that he is "eagerly looking forward to our tenth reunion in 1980."0 Dr. Bruce M. Prenner, M'70, practices pediatric/adult allergy in San Diego, California. He was recently board certified in Pediatrics (1976) and Allergy/Immunology (1977). His articles have appeared in the "American Journal of Diseases of Childhood" and "Annals of Allergy." Dr. Prenner is also an assistant clinical professor of pediatrics at the University of California (San Diego) School of Medicine. He lives at 11702 Shadowglen Road, El Cajon, California 92020.0 Dr. Jeffrey Rothman, M'70, is a Diplomate of the American Board of Internal Medicine in the subspecialty of endocrinology and metabolism. He was recently appointed to the faculty of SUNY /Downstate Medical Center as clinical assistant professor of medicine. Dr. Rothman lives at 489 Maine Avenue, Staten Island, New York 10314.0 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �People Dr. James K. Smolev, M'70, is chief resident in urology at The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore. As of July, 1978 he will be chief of urology, Baltimore City Hospitals and assistant professor of urology at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Dr. Smolev, his wife, Linda, and daughters, Jennifer and Melanie live at 203 Stanmore Road Baltimore, Maryland 21212.0 ' Dr. Martin Brecher, M'72, reports the case of a small boy who apparently had been successfully treated for pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma, without surgery. The research assistant professor of pediatrics at the Medical School made the report in an article for the Journal of Surgical Oncology. The case Dr. Brecher reports on involved a boy admitted to Roswell Park Memorial Institute when he was two and one-half years old. The parents rejected surgery and the boy was placed on a treatment of regimen combining radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The residual tumor mass disappeared approximately one year after treatment began.D Dr. Ismil Ismael, M'72, is practicing pulmonary medicine in San Jose, California. He is also a clinical associate at Stanford Medical School. Dr. Ismael lives at 2201 McLaughlin No. 3, San Jose, California 95122.0 Dr. Joel H. Block, M'75, will be starting his Chief Residency in Radiology at Sinai Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland in July. Dr. Block and his wife, Mary Anne, are expecting a child in August. They live at 129 Maybin Circle, Owings Mills, Maryland 21117.0 A third year medical student, Peter Shields, has been elected national president of the Organization of Student Representatives. The organization is associated with AAMC.D SUMMER, 1978 Dr. Walter Grand is the new chairman of the department of neurosurgery at Millard Fillmore Hospital. He is a clinical assistant professor of neurosurgery at the Medical School. Dr. Grand received his M.D. from Albert Einstein College of Medicine.D Dr. Emma K. Harrod has been elected to a second term as president of the YWCA of Buffalo and Erie County. She is a clinical associate professor of pediatrics an? ~lin~cal assistant instructor in rehabilitatiOn medicine. Dr. Harrod is also medical director of the United Cerebral Palsy Association, and former Erie County Deputy Commissioner of Health.D Dr. Philip K. Li is the new directo~ of clinical laboratories at Children's Hospital. He is assistant professor of pediatrics. ~nd pathology at the Medical School. Dr. LI IS a laboratory director of the American Board of Bioanalysis, and a charter Fellow of the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry.O Dr. Elliott Middleton, professor of medicine and pediatrics, will speak on "Drug Development for Asthma" at the sixth International Symposium on Medicinal Chemistry in Brighton, England (University of Sussex) in September. In April he spoke on Asthma at the Jones Memorial Hospital, Wellsville, at the Ellis Hospital, Schenectady. In May Dr. Middleton addressed the annual meeting of the American Thoracic Society in Boston. His topic: "Methods in Epidemiology Research: Studies of Anti-Asthma Drugs." He also addressed the Cleveland Allergy Society on "Pathogenesis and Drug Therapy of Asthma," in May. Recently Dr. Middleton co-authored a chapter for a text book and two articles for professional journals.D Mrs. Esther Eddy is the new director of pharmacy services at Children's Hospital. She is a graduate of the U/B School of Pharmacy.D 57 �People Four faculty members are the new officers of the Millard Fillmore Hospital medical staff. Dr. Gerald Swartz, clinical instructor in ophthalmology, is the new president. President-elect is Dr. Frank J. Bolgan, M'51, clinical associate professor of surgery; secretary and treasurer are Drs. Victor C. Lazarus, M'45, clinical instructor in urology, and Henry P. Carls, clinical associate in surgery.O Six Buswell Fellows presented their scientific work at the third annual Buswell Research Day in April. The participants were: Drs. Arthur E. Orlick, Rocco C. Venuto, M'67, Robert C. Welliver, Alan I. Leibowitz, M'70, Masahiko Nishikai and Ulrich K. Schubart. All are research assistant professors of medicine. At the dinner that followed the afternoon session, Dr. Robert Klocke addressed the group as "guest Buswell honoree." He is associate professor of medicine and assistant professor of physiology.O Dr. Robert Warner, clinical associate professor of rehabilitation medicine, has been named by Governor Carey to the New York State Advisory Council on the Disabled. Dr. Warner is also associate professor of pediatrics.O Dr. Michael F. Noe, clinical assistant professor of medicine, is the new medical director for ambulatory care at the Buffalo General Hospital. He came to Buffalo in 1975. Dr. Noe received his M.D. from SUNY Upstate Medical Center in Syracuse in 1969, and a Master of Public Health from Tulane University in 1973. He served four years of residency in clinical preventive medicine and internal medicine at the Tulane Medical Center.D Dr. John A. Edwards, associate professor of medicine and pediatrics, is the new chief of the department of medicine at Sisters Hospital. He has been on the U/B faculty since 1967 and at the Buffalo General Hospital. He received his medical degree from the University of Liverpool in 1959.0 58 Dr. Rose Ruth Ellison, professor of medicine, has been elected to a third term as vice president of the Leukemia Society of America Inc. She is chief of oncology at the E.J. Meyer Memorial Hospital and chairman of the Cancer Education Committee at the Medical School. Dr. Ellison is chairman of the society's Medical and Scientific Advisory Committee.O Dr. Joseph P. Gambacorta, M'48, is the new president of the Sheehan Memorial Emergency Hospital. Dr. Joseph J. Ricotta, M'43, is vice president. Dr. Joseph M. Anain is secretary and Dr. Jeremiah O'Sullivan is treasurer.O Three Medical School faculty members are newly elected officers of the executive committee of the Medical Board of Children's Hospital. President - Dr. Bernard Eisenberg, clinical associate professor of pediatrics and clinical assistant professor of social and preventive medicine; president-elect - Dr. Theodore Schulman, clinical assistant professor of Gyn/Ob; vice-president - Dr. Theodore Putnam, clinical assistant professor of pediatrics; secretary-treasurer- Dr. John E. Fisher.O Several Medical School faculty members are members of the Singing Doctors at Sisters Hospital. They are Drs. John M. Benny, M'40, clinical assistant professor of medicine; Ivan L. Bunnell, M'43, clinical professor of medicine; Jose F. Cunanan, clinical assistant professor of Gyn/Ob; William H. Merrilees, clinical instructor of Gyn/Ob; and William W. Meissner, M'27.0 Dr. Daphne Hare believes the federal government is short-changing working women in both Social Security and income tax. The associate professor medicine said, "ideally, people should be taxed as adult human beings and not as appendages." The longtime advocate of equal rights for women was interviewed recently by Sue Buyer of the Buffalo Evening News. Dr. Hare is also an assistant professor of biophysical sciences at the Medical School.D THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Dr. Norman Solkoff contends that violence and crime are the price a democracy pays for the freedom it offers its citizens. "Any democracy must take the risk of violence," the professor of psychology in the department of psychiatry said. He believes that research may uncover the reasons and perhaps even the remedy for violence, which is a little understood form of behavior.O Dr. Arthur Lee, professor of surgery, recently piloted Lady Marmalade to 18th place in Division II, Class C at St. Petersburg, Florida. He also participated in the Southern Ocean Racing Association Regatta in Ft. Lauderdale.O Drs. Joseph R. Gerbasi, M'62, and Morris Reichlin, professor of medicine and research professor of biochemistry, have been named associate editors of the Journal of Immunopharmacology, a new international scientific publication.O In Memoriam Dr. Josef Bleichfeld, M'51, died February 16 in Millard Fillmore Hospital. The general practitioner was a former school physician for the Cleveland Hill School District. He served on the medical staffs of Millard Fillmore and St. Joseph Intercommunity Hospitals, and was a member of several professional associations.O Dr. Chauncey Lapp, M'21, died May 17, 1977 in Boca Raton, Florida of congestive heart failure. The 80-year-old physician had prac.ticed in Corning, N.Y. Before moving to Flonda he was on the staff of the Corning Hospital and district health officer.O Dr. Roswell P. Keyes, M'26, died November 20, 1976 in Bellingham, Wash. His age was 75.0 SUMMER, 1978 Dr. J. R. Borzilleri, M'34, died January 20. The 70-year-old physician was the first president of Blue Shield of Western New York and a former president of Columbus Hospital (1945-1953). He was also on the staffs of Children's and St. Francis Hospitals and headed the Worthington Corporation Clinic. He was a past-president of the Western New York Hospital Council. After graduating from U/B Dr. Borzilleri continued his studies in neurosurgery at Bellevue Hospital, New York City. He served four years with the Army's Surgical Auxiliary Unit in Europe during World War II, and took part in the Normandy invasion. He was a Major when discharged. He had been in retirement since 1972. He was active in several professional associations.O Dr. Herbert S. Coe, M'41, died January 22. His age was 71. A specialist in internal medicine, Dr. Coe was involved in the Manhattan Project, a World War II nuclear research effort by scientists that led to production of the first American atomic bomb. He established and owned the former Memorial Medical Center in Cheektowaga. He retired two years ago. Dr. Coe was born in Salamanca, N.Y. and did his undergraduate work at Alfred University. He was a Fellow, American College of Family Physicians.O Dr. Symon H.C. deZeeuw, clinical assistant professor of psychiatry, died January 30. The 53-year-old physician was chief psychiatrist in charge of liaison service at the E.J. Meyer Memorial Hospital's Psychiatric Department. He was a staff psychiatrist at Buffalo General Hospital and at Brothers of Mercy Nursing Home. Dr. deZeeuw was born in the Netherlands and graduated from the University of Leyden. He serv~d his i~­ ternship at Buffalo General Hospita~ and his residency at the Meyer. He was a Diplomate of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology and a Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association.O 59 �U/B ALUMNI ASSOCIATION 1978 Travel Program ORIENT August 3-17 Three cities - Tokyo, Hong Kong, Kyoto $1095.00 plus 15 % tax/service from Buffalo $ 995.00 plus 15 % tax/service from San Francisco Deluxe hotels/ American breakfasts daily, plus two gala dinners, sightseeing. Japan Airlines - 747 (355 seats). New Otani Hotel, Tokyo - 6 nights, Mirimar Hotel, Hong Kong - 4 nights, Kyoto International Hotel, Kyoto - 4 nights - American breakfast daily two dinners (optional meal plan available). *Commercial flight to San Francisco, Japan Airlines direct to Tokyo . OPTION : Continuing Education Program for Dental Alumni at Gifu College of Dentistry is $149.00 including transportation to Gifu and accommodations at the Gifu Grand Hotel. INNSBRUCK/ ST. MORITZ/ MUNICH October 11 - 26 Niagara Falls departure $746 (Capitol Airlines, DC-8 stretch jet -four nights Holiday Inn in Innsbruck, four nights Hotel Albana in St. Moritz, Arabellahaus in Munich - deluxe hotel option and dinearound meal option available). The General Alumni Board- PHYLLIS M. KELLY, B.A. '42, President; ERNEST J. KIEFER, B.S. '55, President-elect; JOHN R. VONA, D.D.S. '61, Vice President for Activities; WILLIE R. EVANS, Ed.B. '60, Vice President for AdiT1inistration; MICHAEL F. GUERCIO, A.S.C. '52, Vice President for Athletics; M. DOLORES DENMAN, J.D. '65, Vice President for Constituent Alumni; SUSAN D. CARREL, Ph.D . '76, Vice President for Continuing Education; CHARLES S. TIRONE, M.D. '63, Vice President for Development and.Membership; ROBERT E. LIPP, J.D. '68, Vice President for Legislative Relations; STEPHEN C. TOWNSEND, J.D. '74, Vice President for Young Alumni; JAMES J. O'BRIEN, J.D. '68, Treasurer; Past Presidents, GIRARD A. GUGINO, D.D.S. '61; GEORGE VOSKERCHIAN, B.A. '54; MORLEY C. TOWNSEND, J.D. '68; EDMOND J. GICEWICZ, M.D . '56; M. ROBERT KOREN, L.L.D. '44; WELLS E. KNIBLOE, J.D. '50. Medical Alumni Association Officers: DRS. MICHAEL A. SULLIVAN, M'53, President; W. YERBY JONES, M'24, Vice President; EDMOND J. GICEWICZ, M'56, Treasurer; JAMES F. PHILLIPS, M'47, Immediate Past President. Board Members- CARMELO S. ARMENIA, M'49; GEORGE W. FUGITT, M'45; ROBERT W. SCHULTZ, M'65; EUGENE SULLIVAN, M'63; CHARLES TANNER, M'43; LAWRENCE M. CARDEN, M'49, Program Committee Chairman; NORMAN CHASSIN, M'45, Exhibits Chairman; MILFORD C. MALONEY, M'53, Past President. 60 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �A Message from Michael A. Sullivan, M'53 President, Medical Alumni Association Dear Fellow Alumni . It is with great pieasure that I invite you to personally participate In the affairs of the Medical Alumni Organization. Your individual efforts specifically contribute to the success of your · · . org amzatwn and I urge you to send in your d ues as tang1'bl e · ev1dence o f your much needed and apprec1ated support. Dr. Sul/ivan ---- ------------------------------------------------------First Class Permit No. 2210 Buffalo, N.Y. BUSINESS REPLY MAIL NO POSTAGE STAMP NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY- Buffalo Physician 28 Diefendorf Annex 3435 Main Street Buffalo, New York 14214 �THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO 3435 MAIN STREET, BUFFALO, NEW YORK 14214 ·----------------------------------------------------------------- ...... THE HAPPY MEDIUM Fill out this card; spread some happiness; spread some news; no postage needed. (Please print or type all entries.) Name - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Year MD Received _ _ __ OfficeAddress------------------------------------------HomeAddress------------------------------------------IfnotUB,MDreceivedfrom-------------------------------------fuPrivatePractice: Yes D NoD In Academic Medicine: Yes D Speci~~----------------------------~­ No D Part Time D Full Time D School----------------------------Title ---------------------------------------'-- Other: Medical Society Memberships:----------------------------------~~ NEWS: Have you changed positions, published, been involved in civic activities, had honors bestowed, etc.? _ _ _ __ Please send copies of any publications, research or other original work. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Buffalo Physician Magazine Description An account of the resource <em>The Buffalo Physician</em> (formerly the <em>Buffalo Medical Review</em>) was published quarterly by the State University at New York at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and the Office of Publications. The magazine informed its alumni, friends and community about the school’s pivotal role in medical education, research and advanced patient care in our region. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-HSL008 Subject The topic of the resource State University of New York at Buffalo. School of Medicine--Periodicals Medical colleges--New York (State)--Buffalo--Periodicals Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. School of Medicine Robert L. Brown History of Medicine Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Still Image Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Buffalo medical review Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalo Physician Magazine LIB-HSL008 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Buffalo physician, Summer 1978 Subject The topic of the resource State University of New York at Buffalo. School of Medicine -- Periodicals Medical colleges -- New York (State) -- Buffalo -- Periodicals Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. School of Medicine Robert L. Brown History of Medicine Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978-Summer Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource State University of New York at Buffalo. School of Medicine Relation A related resource MicFilm LD701 .B42 M5 no.268-271, Buffalo physician and biomedical scientist Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Still Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-HSL008_1978-02-Summer Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Dean Naughton's Message Postgraduate Matching Continuing Medical Education/Primary Care Immunopathology of the Skin Family Practice A Physician Faces Disseminated Reticulum Cell Sarcoma in Himself (Part VI-F). Cancer: Its Effects on the Family of the Patient: Communication Between Physician and Patient's Family. by Samuel Sanes, M.D. Cardio-Respiratory Function Medical Ethics Residents, Interns Health Care Plan/WNY Group Health Plan Photographic Hobby President's Associates Dinner The Gottlieb's Collection Health Sciences Library/ Admission Film Dr. Bernardis/ Anesthesiology Programs Korean Volunteer Nutrition Seminars $58,532 Grant VA Hospital Expansion MECO Program Dr. Dunn $166,607 M/S Grant Dr. Solomon Harrington Lecture Dermatology Conference The Classes People In Memoriam Alumni Tours Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Buffalo medical review Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2017-12-12 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalo Physician Magazine LIB-HSL008 Is Version Of A related resource of which the described resource is a version, edition, or adaptation. Changes in version imply substantive changes in content rather than differences in format. v12n02 Extent The size or duration of the resource. 64 p. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. New York (State) -- Buffalo Is Format Of A related resource that is substantially the same as the described resource, but in another format. Journals and magazines (periodicals) Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Available for use. Source material in the public domain. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/e0233b57f12a0fea7675c53c57bb15d0.pdf d700de301c7a092e962a8da180233a53 PDF Text Text 111eB Ia Physician Spring 1978 Volume 12 Number I School of Medicine State University of New York at Buffalo �Dean Naughton From the desk of: John P. Naughton, M.D. Dean, School of Medicine Dear Alumni and Alumnae One of the ongoing, yet great, challenges for any faculty is to respond to the need for change without suffering from tremendous turmoil and loss of critical curricular content that today's medical students will require in future years. I am certain each of you is aware of the tremendous pressures that are brought to bear on Schools of Medicine to revise their course offerings in areas such as alcoholism, oncology, preventive medicine, geriatrics, and humanism and ethics to list just a few. There is little doubt in rriy mind that we have an obligation to prepare today's medical students to meet the perceived needs of society. The question for the Dean's office, the curriculum committee and faculty is how best to accomplish the task with minimal disruption and optimal preservation of those elements considered essential to ensuring an excellent medical education. I am pleased to report that Associate Dean Leonard Katz, working in consort with his staff and the curriculum committee have initiated some innovative and creative concepts which appear to be meeting these needs. Each area of emphasis listed above is or soon will be receiving the attention of a multidisciplinary and interdepartmental committee. The committees through their chairmen will advise the Curriculum Committee and the administration on how best to address the needs of each particular area. We have been elated by the success and enthusiasm which has resulted from the work of committee dealing with the problems of alcoholism and with ethics and human values. The former has initiated coordination and intergration of the curricular offerings in alcoholism taught by six different departments; the result is that the six departments will teach their material on alcoholism during a single two-week period this year. Dr. Peter Gessner, Professor of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, has been instrumental in bringing this program together. Seminars and special lectures in Humanistic Medicine are being developed and administered under the presence and leadership of the Committee on Ethics and Humanistic Values. The latter group's success has been acknowledged and rewarded by the Alumni Association requesting participation by the coordinators in helping to devise the program for Spring Clinical Days on April 28 and 29, 1978. While it is too early to speculate on how effective we will be in meeting our responsibilities in the other areas, I am reassured that we have a faculty responsive to student and societal needs, and that SUNY /Buffalo offers the flexibility that any institution requires to adapt to the need for change. As always, I hope that you as alumni are supportive of these steps and that you will feel free to offer advice in any areas of concern that you might have. . Sincerely, JOHN NAUGHTON, M.D. Dean �Spring 1978 Volume 12, Number 1 TI-IE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN Published by the School of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo EDITORIAL BOARD Editor ROBERTS. MCGRA AHA Dean, School of Medicine DR. jOHN NAUGHTON Photography HUGO H. UNGER EDWARD NOWAK Visual Designers RICHARD MACAKAN)A DONALD E. WATKINS Associate Editor FLORENCE MEYER CONSULT ANTS President, Medical Alumni Association DR. MICHAEL SULLIVAN Vice President, Faculty of Health Sciences DR. F. CARTER PANNILL President, University Foundation JOHN M. CARTER Director of Public Affairs }AMES DESANTIS The Buffalo Physician IN THIS ISSUE Dean Naughton's Message (inside front cover) 2 Class Reunions 3 Dr. Nolan/Gerontology Division 4 History, Department of Medicine by Evan Calkins, M.D. 6 Dr. Small 7 Continuing Education 8 A Physician Faces Disseminated Reticulum Cell Sarcoma in Himself (Part VI-E). Cancer: Its Effects on the Family of the Patient: Communication Between Physician and Patient's Family by Samuel Sanes, M.D. 19 Health Problems 20 Alumni Contributors, 1977 23 Dr. Knox 24 Neonatal Medicine 28 Neighborhood Health Care 29 National Medical Fellowships 30 41st annual Spring Clinical Days 32 New Department Chairmen 34 Mel Diedrick 36 Seven Faculty Retire 37 Dr. Quick 38 Children's Hospital Appointments 39 Today's Student 40 Endowment Fund/Dr. Shapiro 41 Dr. Anderson 42 Medical Ethics 48 Historical Society 49 Genetic Clinic 50 Tennis Tournament 51 People 52 The Classes 57 In Memoriam 60 Alumni Tours The cover by Donald Watkins focuses on the 41st annual Spring Clinical Days, pages 2, 30, and 31. THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN, Spring, 1978 - Volume 12, Number 1, published quarterly Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter - by the School of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, New York 14214. Second class postage paid at Buffalo, New York. Please notify us of change of address. Copyright 1978 by The Buffalo Physician. SPRING, 1978 1 �Dr. Thelma Brock, M'28 Dr. Clarence Stroubinger, M'38 Dr. William Georgi, M'43 Dr. Michael Sullivan, M'53 Eleven Class Reunions, April28, 29 Dr. J. Curtis HelJriegel, M'33 Dr. Anthony Foti, M'63 (co-chairman with Dr. Charles S. Tirone, chairman, whose picture was not available]. Eleven classes will have reunions during the 41st annual Spring Clinical Days, April 28 and 29. Approximately 650 physicians and their wives are expected to attend the reunion dinners. Several of the class reunion chairmen are pictured here. Dr. Thelma Brock of Buffalo is chairman of the 50 year class reunion. Other members of this class: (from Buffalo) Drs. Edmond A. Biniszkiewicz; Richard M. Gardner; Martin L. Gerstner; Vincent A. Hawro; Walter F. King; Robert E. O'Connor; Bruno Schutkeker; Joseph A. Schutz; George L. Sheehan; Harry Spigelman; Albert J. Voelkle; Helen G. Walker. (From New York State) Floyd C. Bratt, Rochester; Eugenia F. Bukowska, Hamburg; John B. Burns, Binghamton; Warren G. Cross, Albany; L. Barrett Davis, Westhampton Beach; John D. Noto, Garden City; Edward F. Dodge, Niagara Falls; George N. Guthiel, Rochester; Glenn C. Hatch, Penn Yan; Frederick A. Lowe, Niagara Falls; Donald G. Purple, Corning; Howard L. Stoll, Little Valley. (From out of state) Drs. Harry L. Chant, Baltimore, Maryland; George F. Etling, Hackettstown, New Jersey; Joseph M. Hill, Dallas, Texas; Howard C. Keyes, Bellingham, Washington; Julius T. Markovitz, Pompano Beach, Florida; Bernard A. Mazur, Fallsbrook, California; Benjamin J. Ollodart, Hollywood, Florida; Raymond J. Rickloff, Naples, Florida. 0 Pictures were not available for Drs. Kevin O'Gorman, M'43, Lester Schiff, M'48, Gary Cohen, M'58, Robert Milch, M'68, and Michael Sansone, M'73. 2 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Dr. James P. Nolan has been named acting chairman of the Medical School's department of medicine. He succeeds Dr. Evan Calkins who resigned in January. Dr. Nolan, professor of medicine at the University, will continue as chairman of the department of medicine at the Buffalo General Hospital. A cum laude medical graduate of Yale in 1955 Dr. Nolan completed his internship and residency in medicine at the Grace-New Haven Hospital after serving two years as Lt. Commander with the U.S. Navy Medical Corps. He is a Fellow of the American College of Physicians; a Diplomate of the American Board of Internal Medicine; on the editorial advisory board of Journal of Medicine: Experimental and Clinical, and is a member of numerous professional societies. He came to Buffalo in 1963 as assistant professor of medicine from Yale University where he was instructor in medicine and associate physician at Grace-New Haven Hospital. D Dr. Nolan DR. Gerontology Division EVAN CALKINS, who has been chairman of the Medical School's department of medicine for the last 17 years, will head a new division of gerontology within the department. The division will focus on medical care of the aging. Dr. Calkins said the new division would work closely with U/B's Multidisciplinary Center for the Aging, headed by Dr. Harold Brody, which is involved with other aspects of aging. Dr. Brody is professor and chairman of anatomical sciences. Dr. Calkins noted that only a handful of U.S. medical schools currently offer a clinical geriatric program in medicine similar to the one to begin at U/B, but believes the area of geriatric medicine/gerontology to be one of great need in Western New York and one which inevitably will constitute a major national priority in the future. After studying the relationship between geriatric programs and university centers- in England, where geriatric medicine has developed as an independent specialty, comparable to those of internal medicine, or family medicine, Dr. Calkins has concluded that this is too narrow an approach to the medical problems of the aged for direct application here. Therefore, the U/B program will seek to coordinate and develop a more total care approach through cooperation from established medical specialties, as appropriate, as well as other health disciplines such as Dentistry, Nursing, Pharmacy and the Health Related Professions. "Fortunately, there are a number of U/B faculty interested in gerontology who have achieved national reputation in the field, so the interest and talent is already here," Dr. Calkins points out. A portion of the Division's program will concentrate on patient care as well as evaluation of various modes of care for the elderly. But it will also provide excellent opportunities for clinical and basic science research in gerontology and geriatric medicine. D SPRING, 1978 3 Dr. Nolan Dr. Calkins �A Brief Personal History of The Department of Medicine, SUNY - Buffalo Under the Leadership of Dr. Evan Calkins, 1961-1977 It is now 17 years, almost to the day, since Dr. Calkins accepted the position of Head, Department of Medicine, at the Buffalo General Hospital and Co-chairman of Medicine at what was then known as the University of Buffalo. Here are Dr. Calkins' comments about the initial philosophy, goals and growth of the department during his tenure as chairman: I was particularly excited about this opportunity for two reasons. First, Buffalo had then, as it does now, a strong group of basic science departments. (These, in turn, had been stabilized during the hard years of the late 1950s through the vision and efforts of the Annual Participating Fund for Medical Education). Second, the Department of Medicine was relatively small and unstructured. The number of full-time faculty was perhaps 20. There were no organized subspecialty divisions; commitment to research was focused in only three areas (cardiology, renal physiology, and uric acid metabolism). headed by Drs. David Green, John Boylan, and Charles Bishop, respectively. With the anticipated "merge" of U/B into the SUNY system, it seemed clear that there would be significant opportunities for growth. I was excited by the prospect of playing a key role in the development of the goals for this venture, and in seeing how it all turned out. Our plan was simple. A. Develop a program of house staff education whose quality would be second to none, but which would establish as its goal the achievement of a broad base of experience in general Internal Medicine rather than the subspecialties. Although the importance of this goal is now widely recognized, at that time it ran distinctly counter to the fashion of most university medical centers. B. Establish as our major goal a program of "faculty development." Faculty recruitment efforts would be focused primarily on young people right out of fellowship training. 4 The Buswell endowment program, one of our School's unique assets, should provide a sound basis for permitting these young people to get off to a good start. As the department grew in size, we should be able to develop opportunities for continued appointments for many of the best of these young faculty members so that they could become integral parts of our department. In order to be sure that this faculty development program was placed on a sound basis when viewed from the national perspective, we elected to focus our attention on areas in which our School was already strong, in the basic sciences-Immunology, Physiology, and Experimental Pathology. Insofar as possible we have fostered the development of a program of joint recruitment and appointments with these departments. In addition, to provide a small group of academic leaders within the department, we attempted to identify a few distinguished academic physicians who would be willing to join us, and whose major commitments clearly lay in the areas of faculty development, teaching, and research. The third goal we had before us was the amalgamation of the then-separate house staff and faculty programs at the three major affiliated hospitals (Buffalo General, Meyer and Veterans Administration) into a single multi-faceted University department. When I first came to Buffalo, I thought that these objectives might be accomplished in perhaps 6 or 7 years. As it turned out, it has taken us the full span of 17 years to make reasonable progress. As is often the situation, we have experienced a mixture of successes and failures. In September of 1965, following the resignation of Dr. Miller as Co-chairman of the department, I was asked to serve as the Chairman of the "combined department," with a mandate to develop the inter-hospital program described above. On March 3, 1968, following Dr. Miller's retirement as Director THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �of Medicine at the Meyer, I accepted the position, in order to devote my efforts to building up that portion of the program. Dr. James Nolan, one of the young faculty members whose initial independent academic program had been established in Buffalo in accordance with the policies outlined above, was appointed Chief of Medicine at the Buffalo General, and Vice Chairman of the Department. This was a "big step" for the department, and it was accompanied by a significant loss in the competitive position, in the recruitment of house staff, which had been achieved by the single-hospital program at the Buffalo General. Nevertheless, in about three years, the program was once again attracting excellent graduates from many medical schools throughout the country. In 1971, the house staff program was further expanded to incorporate the independent internship and residency training activities at the V.A. Hospital. In 1976 Dr. Joseph Aquilina, Chief of Medicine at that hospital, indicated his desire to withdraw from that office, and Dr. Richard Lee, of Yale University, was appointed Chief of Medicine there and Vice Chairman of the Department. At the present time the department includes a total of 350 faculty members, approximately 70 of whom are either full-time or "geographic full-time." It incorporates 12 semi-autonomous subspecialty divisions, each of which maintains academic as well as patient-care programs at two or, at times, three of the affiliated hospitals. The department currently provides training for 84 interns and residents in general medicine, and an additional group of approximately 30 subspecialty residents or fellows. Graduates of the program, both at house staff and faculty levels, have had no difficulty in achieving excellent appointments in other medical schools throughout the country. Alumni of the house staff program include over 60 people who now hold full-time faculty appointments at this or other Schools of Medicine - a few have become Department Chairmen, and a number of others have been promoted to the rank of Full Professor. While most of these people hold faculty appointments in Medicine, others hold their ranks in Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Radiology and especially, various aspects of Community Medicine. Most of the SPRING, 1978 alumni have entered private practice, in association with Medical Schools. Over 30 of the alumni currently serve as members of the volunteer faculty in our Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry, Radiology, and Family Medicine. In addition, approximately 35 fulltime faculty members whose initial faculty appointment following fellowship training, was in this department have gone on to earn tenured appointments in this and other medical schools. Dr. Calkins comments on the future It is clear that Buffalo medicine is now on the road to major changes in conjunction with the proposed merger of the medical staffs of several hospitals, and occupancy of the new Grider Street facility. Although he is stepping down as Chairman, Dr. Calkins has indicated his desire to continue as a full professor within the department, and to participate actively in the affairs of the department and school. In selecting the next area for focus of attention, Dr. Calkins has identified the field of geriatrics and gerontology as an area of great need in our community, and an area which, inevitably, must constitute a major national priority in the future. "I predict that all medical schools will, in time, sense a need to develop academic programs in this area," Dr. Calkins said. Two and one-half years ago, Dr. Calkins spent a brief "mini sabbatical" in England, primarily for the purpose of studying the relationship between the geriatric programs and university centers which had been developed in that country. In England, the field of geriatrics has been developed as an independent specialty comparable to the fields of Internal Medicine, Family Medicine, Pediatrics, and the like. Dr. Calkins emphasized that he did not believe that this represented a sound avenue for development in our University or probably in our country. "Instead," he stated, "I think that representatives of the various subspecialties that now exist, Medicine, Family Medicine, Neurology, Psychiatry, and the various surgical specialties, together with the other health disciplines, including Nursing, Dentistry, Pharmacy, and the Health Related Professions, should consider ways in which individual members of these departments and schools can work together for the 5 d-- �development of coordinated programs of care and study. "Fortunately," Dr. Calkins pointed out, "There are a number of faculty members here in Buffalo who are interested in this area and have already achieved national reputations. What seems to be missing is a focused clinical commitment to this field." Dr. Calkins is looking forward to working closely with Dr. Harold Brody, Acting Director of the Center for Aging, and other faculty members interested in this field so that together they may achieve a coordinated University-wide program. Dr. Calkins has not yet developed detailed plans concerning where individual "models," as he calls it, can be established. He emphasizes that while a portion of this program should be focused toward patient Dr. Small Dr. Small care, and in evaluation of modalities of care, this field also represents outstanding opportunities for research. "As our department has grown larger, and the complexities have multiplied, I have been increasingly disturbed by the fact that my own scholarly efforts have had to be placed on the back burner," Dr. Calkins stated. "I am looking forward, to resuming, as actively as I can, my individual research efforts, as well as attempting to serve as catalyst for this new cooperative program." Dr. Calkins, who lives in Hamburg, is the father of 9 children, including one physician, one medical student, and one pre medical student. His wife, also a physician, currently serves as a member of the Hamburg School Board. 0 Dr. S. Mouchly Small has retired as director of psychiatry at the E.J. Meyer Memorial Hospital ending an administrative association of 27 years. He will continue his teaching and research activities as professor of psychiatry at the School of Medicine and as an official of various national, professional and scholarly organizations. Dr. Small, who is 64 years old, received his medical education at Cornell University Medical College and then taught psychiatry at Yale, Cornell and Columbia Universities. He came to Buffalo as chairman of the department of psychiatry and director of psychiatry at the Meyer Hospital in January 1951. Under his leadership, the University department achieved rapid growth and national renown while the department at the Meyer Hospital underwent successive advances as it was transformed from a receiving hospital into its current status as an 80-bed acute treatment center providing high quality care for approximately 1,800 inpatients and 20,000 outpatient visits a year. Dr. Small spearheaded the establishment of the Erie County Mental Health Board and served as its first part-time director in addition to his other duties and subsequently as a member of the Board. Presently Dr. Small is a director of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, a Regent of both the American College of Psychiatrists and the American College of Psychoanalysts, Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Muscular Dystrophy Association as well as holding Fellowships or Memberships in 27 professional societies and associations. 0 6 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �The following Continuing Medical Education programs are scheduled for March, April, May and June 1978, according to Mr. Charles Hall, director of the programs. The dates, titles and chairmen of the programs are: Continuing Education Programs Two High Risk Obstetrics Problems: The Prevention of Neurologic Deficits and Teenage Pregnancy. Dr. Martin B. Wingate, professor of gynecology/obstetrics. March 22 - Hyper-Lipidemia Updated, Dr. Jules Constant, clinical associate professor of medicine. April13- Newer Non-invasive Imaging, Dr. George J. Alker, Jr., clinical associate professor of nuclear medicine. April 15 - Leukemia, Dr. Ehsan K. Afshani, clinical assistant professor of pediatrics and radiology. April 22 - Neuromuscular Diseases, Dr. Reinhold E. Schlagenhauf£, associate professor of neurology. April 28-29- 41st Annual Spring Clinical Days, "Ethical Problems in Medicine." Dr. Lawrence M. Carden, clinical assistant professor of urology. April 8 - Geriatric Medicine, Center for Study of Aging (CME cooperating), Dr. Harold Brody, professor and chairman, department of anatomical sciences. May 11 - Annual Meeting American College of Surgeons, WNY Chapter (CME cooperating). May 13-14 - Hypertension, Niagara County Medical Society & CIBA (CME cooperating) Dr. James T. Moore, chairman. May 18-20 - Emergency Pediatrics, Dr. Norman S. Ellerstein, assistant professor of pediatrics, Children's Hospital. May 21-25 - Dermatology, Westwood Pharmaceuticals, (CME cooperating), Dr. Richard L. Dobson, professor and chairman, department of dermatology. May 4 - Allergy & Respiratory Diseases, Dr. Elliot F. Ellis, professor and chairman, department of pediatrics and Dr. Elliott Middleton, professor of medicine and pediatrics, Children's Hospital. June 1, 2 - Coronary Artery Disease. Dr. David Dean, clinical associate professor of medicine and Dr. J. Bhayana, associate professor of surgery, Sheraton East. June 1-3 - The Aneurysm Patient: Pre-operative and Postoperative Care. Dr. Walter Grand, clinical assistant professor of neurosurgery. June 12-16 - Advances in Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Dr. Elliot F. Ellis, professor and chairman, department of pediatrics, and Dr. Stanley Levin, professor of pediatrics. June 21 - Gynecologic Laparoscopy, Dr. Norman S. Courey, clinical professor of gynecology I obstetrics.D June 10-11 - SPRING, 1978 7 �A PHYSICIAN FACES DISSEMINATED RETICULUM CELL SARCOMA IN HIMSELF Part VIE Cancer: Its Effect on the Family of the Patient Communication Between Physician and Patient's Family By Samuel Sanes, M.D. Editor's Note: In his current article, Dr. Sanes gives his answer to the fourth of six questions relating to communication between the physician and the cancer patient and the family. In Article VI C he answered the first three of the "five Ws and the H" Why, When and Where. In Article VID he discussed Who. Now he continues with answers to What. In Article VI F he will discuss How. WHAT? Following radiation therapy and during chemotherapy, Dr. Sones developed a chronic pancytopenia. For about four years the hematocrit stood at 35. The white blood count averaged from 3000-4000 per cu/mm and the platelet count from 70,000-80,000. In SeptemberOctober, 1976, cellular components of the blood began to decrease progressively. Maintenance chemotherapy was discontinued. The bone marrow was hypocellular. With the hematocrit dropping to 25 (hemoglobin 8.5 grams) during the next eight months, symptomatic effects included pallor of skin, Jack of physical strength and energy, dyspnea on exertion and edema of the legs. At all times the physician should tell the responsible family member or members the truth as far as it is known. That means during the initial work-up, at diagnosis and throughout the entire course of the illness. My wife has always wanted such communication. Indeed, she has insisted upon it, not only from my physicians but also from me as a physician-patient. She has also kept abreast of developments in the field of lymphoma by reading medical textbooks and journals and talking to other patients with the disease. It is true that my wife's background and knowledge are different from those of the average family member of a cancer patient. She is the wife of a physician and has been a medical reporter for 36 years. But what she wants in communication is what the responsible family members of most cancer patients want. This is true even if they cannot bring themselves to question the physician because they feel in awe of him or think he is too busy to be bothered, or because they are in a state of psychologic shock or depression. Last week a former neighbor, the wife of a public high school teacher who had been a high school teacher herself before the birth of her three children, telephoned my wife and me. (She knew that I had cancer.) Her 75-year old mother, an alert, active widow living alone on the other side of the city, had consulted a rheumatologist about pain in the back and ribs. He admitted her to the hospital for diagnostic tests, then told the daughter - but not the mother -that he had discovered "cancer of the bone with anemia." The daughter was so overcome that she couldn't collect her wits enough to ask for further explanation. The rheumatologist immediately referred the mother to a medical oncologist in a group practice on the staff of another hospital. From the daughter on the phone came all of the questions she had failed to ask the rheumatologist and had had no chance, as yet, to ask the medical oncologist. What kind of bone cancer was it - the specific type? How long did her mother have to live? What quality of life could she 8 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �expect? Would there be pain? Could she continue to live alone in her house? How would the disease be treated- chemotherapytransfusion? What side effects and complications might the mother suffer? How much would the treatment cost? What were the advantages and disadvantages of treatment by a private physician and in a cancer center? How long and how often would the mother have to be in the hospital? Should she be told of the diagnosis and outlook? ... "Wait a minute," we told her. "Make a list of all of your questions. Ask your mother's present physician, the oncologist, to answer them to the best of his knowledge. Telephone his office. Maybe he'll answer the questions over the phone. If he's busy, perhaps he'll call you back. Or his secretary will make an appointment for him to see you in his office or at the hospital." In a few days the daughter telephoned us again. Her mother's disease, she said, had been diagnosed as "multiple myeloma." "I did as you advised," she said. "I made my list and called the physician's office. He was busy, but he called me back. He answered my questions frankly and honestly on the phone - except that he was unable to make any estimate of what the drugs for chemotherapy might cost. He will tell my mother the diagnosis so that she can participate intelligently in all decision making." In some patients it is not only desirable but imperative that family members be given all of the answers. This was true of the 90-year-old father referred to in Article 6D who was too confused and upset to understand the diagnosis of metastatic cancer of the neck, source undetermined, and the options open to him. Even with a young, seemingly well-adjusted cancer patient, capable of understanding and making personal decisions at the time of diagnosis, and· along the course of illness, a situation may arise which requires the physician to communicate with a family member. This was true of a 40-year-old wife and mother who suddenly developed a visual defect in one eye after she had been under treatment for lymphoma for some time. She drove with her husband the 50 miles to the cancer institute. It was not the day of her regular appointment and they had to wait while someone located her physician. She sat silently beside her husband. Neither spoke. When the physician arrived, the visibly distraught wife went into the examining room with him. "What did the doctor say?" her husband asked when she reappeared. "He said that the eye ... Oh, I don't know what he said ... Why didn't you come into the room when he examined me?" she wailed. In his relationship with a family member or members, a physician ought not be just a scientific diagnostician and therapist. He should also be an all-around compassionate communicator. He should supply factual information, educate, advise, counsel, make arrangements and referrals, support the family psychologically. SPRING, 1978 9 On July 27, 1977, Dr. Sones, as an outpatient, received his first transfusion of 2 units of packed red blood cells. (Needle in vein of right forearm . Inflow of 2 units of r.b.c.s. takes 4-5 hours .) Symptoms were slightly relieved for a few days. Hematologic findings did not improve appreciably. On Aug. 8, 1977, Dr. Sones entered the Roswell Park Memorial Institute for a splenectomy on the gamble that "hypersplenism " might be a causative factor for his pancytopenia. The spleen was enlarged in a plan X-ray film of the abdomen. It measured twice normal size on regular scan. In total body gallium scan there was no evidence of cancer. Splenectomy had been considered for several months previously by Dr. Sones' physicians, but he had resisted having the operation in the hope that the hypocellular bone marrow, with sufficient time, would recover. �~ l -* - -...::._ On Aug. 10, 1977, Dr. Sones had a laparotomy. The enlarged spleen was removed. Biopsies were made of liver, periaortic lymph nodes and crest of iliac bane. On the night before surgery Dr. Sones received a transfusion of 2 units of packed red blood cells; during the operation 3 more units of red blood cells and 8 units of platelets were administered. He should never forget that the etymological derivation of the word "doctor" is from the Latin word meaning "teacher." The doctor should be prepared to answer the questions the family asks (no question is unimportant to them) and also the ones it does not ask. His answers will help the family care for and support the patient, anticipate problems and cope with them, look after and preserve its own well-being and integrity. Here is a list of "what" questions. (You will note that it includes most of those asked by the daughter of the mother with multiple myeloma.) Not all will come up during the course of every physician-patient-family relationship. Those that do come up may come up at different times. The list doesn't include all possible questions. I have implied, raised or answered others in previous articles and will do so in the next article on the "how" of physician-patient-family communication. * * * 1. What examinations and laboratory tests will be done dur- ing the initial workup? Why? If the diagnosis turns out to be "cancer," the family has been prepared to some extent. The psychologic shock will not be so great. * * * 2. What is the diagnosis? I believe that the family should be told the specific name and character of the cancer in terms that it can understand. It should know, for example, that it is dealing with "multiple myeloma," not simply "bone cancer." Family members often gain considerable satisfaction from "researching" what has been written about the disease in Merck's Manual, the public or medical school library, NCI-ACS pamphlets or from one of the public information services set up by NCI-ACS or a cancer center. If they have been given too broad a diagnostic category they may be confused and even angered by discrepancies between what they have been told by the physician and what they have learned elsewhere. * * * 3. What are the options regarding consultation and management of the disease? What other physicians and institutions might be considered? While the final decision rests with the patient, if he is capable of making it, the family often has considerable input in arriving at that decision. * * * 4. What, if anything, is known about the cause of the disease? If industrial or agricultural factors are or may be involved, the answer to this question may be important to the family financially and in terms of its own health. The family of an asbestos worker with carcinoma of the lung, mesothelioma or GI cancer may be entitled to financial redress. And because asbestos particles are known to cling to workers' clothes when they leave the plant, persons exposed to those particles in the home may want to undergo physical examination themselves. 10 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �If there is a possibility that a genetic or familial factor plays a part in the cause and development of the disease, others in the family should be alerted. This is true of close relatives of a patient with cancer of the colon due to heredo-familial polyposis, or the daughter or sister of a patient with carcinoma of the breast. (I often wonder about the possible etiologic or pathogenetic factor(s) in the reticulum cell sarcoma (histiocytic lymphoma) and the hairy-cell leukemia (leukemic reticulo-endotheliosis) diagnosed in myself and my brother respectively when we were the same age.) If the cause of a specific type of cancer is not known or proved, it is equally important to communicate this to the family of the patient. A husband may be worried that his fondling of his wife's breasts in love play caused her mammary cancer. The wife of a 65-year-old patient with carcinoma of the colon who reads somewhere in the recent popular press of high fiber cereals being touted as preventives for such cancers may blame herself for not having fed her husband any bran during their 40-year marriage. These seem like silly examples, but I have run into both of them, and even sillier ones. Fearful of being confirmed in their guilt feeling, family members may hesitate to ask the question that is troubling them. The physician should recognize their anxiety, determine the cause and answer the unasked question. * * * 5. What does the physician propose as primary and adjunctive treatment for the cancer - surgery, radiation, chemo-, hormonal, immunotherapy, a combination of these, or experimental therapy? What about reconstructive and rehabilitative, supportive and palliative treatment? The family should understand that the management of cancer, even the same type of cancer, may differ in different patients. * * * 6. What are the possible frequent, temporary or permanent, tolerable or serious side effects, complications or sequelae of the proposed type of treatment? In some instances these factors may cause more problems than the disease itself. Patients undergoing radiation therapy, chemotherapy or both may experience side effects ranging from nausea, alopecia and fatigue to infections, pancytopenia or hemorrhages. During chemotherapy there is the danger of incompatabilities between drugs prescribed for the cancer and those which the patient may buy over the counter or another physician may prescribe for another condition. Think also of patients undergoing surgical procedures such as mastectomy, radical head and neck or gynecologic operations, or abdominal-perineal resection with colostomy. The colorectal service at a cancer institute has a check list of items to be carried out before performing abdominal-perineal resections with colostomy. d- SPRING, 1978 11 The pathologic report on the spleen was ... "Congestion of the red pulp. Except for few scattered megakaryocytes no evidence of extramedullary hematopoiesis. No malignant tumor cells." Biopsies of liver, periaortic nodes and ilac bone showed no evidence of reticulum cell sarcoma. Dr. Sanes Micros spleen I~~ ~- ... ~ :::" )J )J )J liver I~ ... node ~~ •t • marrow ~.j ~ ., ~ • �One of these is to talk with the family. A sequela for the male, they indicate, may be impotence . Even such a relatively trivial thing as a stitch abscess can be alarming to the patient and family who have not been told that it may occur. (There's nothing "trivial" to an uninformed cancer patient and his family.] An elderly man living in a small town underwent a laparotomy at a cancer center about 250 miles away. One night - several weeks after he returned home - he noticed as he was getting ready for bed that his undershirt was stained red and yellow. The stain overlay the inferior end of his healed incision at the umbilicus where he couldn't see clearly. So he asked his wife to look at it. She saw an opening in the incision through which blood and pus oozed and a couple of "black things" that she couldn't identify. Instead of waiting for morning to see the local family practitione r or to telephone the surgeon at the cancer center, she got her husband up in the middle of the night and hustled him off by automobile to the cancer center where a surgical resident without ado cleaned up the perforated abcess, removed two loose black sutures and sent the couple home with the assurance that all was well. In the immediate postoperative period, the chief complication Dr. Sones suffered was paralytic ileus. He retained a nasogastric tube for 9 days postoperatively. He had intravenous fluid for 11 days. A Foley catheter was kept in for 15 days. The oncologist who treated the 75-year-old widow with multiple myeloma referred to earlier could have spared her, and her daughter, much concern and agitation if he had warned them that there can be side effects to a supportive treatment such as a blood transfusion. The patient had a transfusion in a teaching hospital affiliated with a medical school, then went home. Within a short time she felt feverish and developed chills which made her shake . She called her married daughter in considerable alarm , not knowing what was happening to her. She didn 't associate the symptoms with the transfusion but with her disease . The daughter, leaving her children, drove over posthaste. When she saw her mother shaking, she telephoned me . I asked her if her mother had a fever. She said that her forehead felt hot, but there was no thermometer in the house. I told her that her mother was probably having a transfusion reaction. (I could speak from personal experience. I had had such a reaction myself.] I suggested that she call her mother's oncologist and check. She 'phoned me back and told me that she had called the office of the group with which the oncologist practiced and been informed that since it was Thursday, he had the day off and wasn' t available. Meanwhile she had gone out and bought a thermometer and taken her mother's temperature. It was 101' orally, and she was still having chills. I told her that the oncologist must have someone taking his calls on his day off and suggested that she call the group again. In a short time she was on the line to me . She had telephoned the group and found that the oncologist did have a regular back-up physician, in fact, an associate, but he was unavailable because it was a religious holiday for him. This time the daughter explained her problem and the receptionist said that she would get in touch with another physician in the group who could prescribe Benadryl. In several hours the mother's temperature came down and she was soon feeling herself again. * * * 7. What will management and treatment cost, in the beginning and throughout the course of the disease? To my knowlege few physicians have any clear idea of the actual cost of the drugs and tests they order. A medical student, himself a victim of lymphoma, confirmed this for me by routinely asking the interns and residents with whom he worked the cost, to the patient or a third-party payer, of the treatments they prescribed or the operations in which they participated. None had any idea. Some were openly irritated at being questioned. 12 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �I can cite a personal example of the value of having an idea beforehand of the cost of a drug. My physician at the cancer institute prescribed a five-day course of Carbenicillin, explaining that the drug was "rather expensive. " The information saved shock and the embarrassment of mind and purse that might have otherwise occurred when my wife went to a cut-rate drugstore to pick up the drug and found that even with my senior citizen's discount the cost of the prescription was $41.50. * * * 8. What is the importance of follow-up examinations? The family should be impressed with the fact that the threat of cancer never ends, even with a supposed "cure," and that it is good insurance to have periodic checkups. A particular cancer, supposedly in complete remission, may recur, even after five years. Some, like those of the colon or breast, may be multiple, appearing at successive times, or clinically mestastasize late. There are indications that in some patients radiation therapy or chemotherapy for cancer may, years later, cause leukemia or other cancers. It is for these reasons that cancer institutes make a real effort to keep in contact with patients and their families long after they have undergone treatment, encouraging them to return at regular intervals for examination. A woman whom I met at the institute didn't look as if she had ever been sick a day in her life. But she told me: ''I'm like you. I have cancer. Mine is in the urinary bladder [non-invasive papillary carcinoma Grade I). I feel fine and I wouldn't know that I had cancer from the way I feel. But I come to my urologist every three months anyway for cystoscopic examination. He has impressed me and my husband with the need to keep an eye on things. " Patients with unexpected complaints following surgery and those on radiation-chemotherapy predisposing them to infections, etc. should be encouraged to make emergency telephone calls and visits if problems arise, without waiting for their regular follow-up visits. * * * 9. What changes and limitations will the patient's disease and treatment impose upon his appearance, personality, physical functioning, working at his occupation or profession, school and university attendance, daily habits of living, diet, exercise, sports, sex, travel, social activities, interaction with family members and others? What can family members do in the face of these changes and limitations? For just one extreme example, think of what it means to a patient who has undergone radical head and neck surgery, and to his family, to be hospitalized 300 miles from his home for several months while undergoing reconstruction and rehabilitation. * * * 10. What problems may arise in the family as a result of the patient's disease and treatment? I have mentioned them before, but let me repeat. They may be physical, mental, emotional, sexual, social, legal, economic, religious, philosophic, etc. In Dr. Shirley Salmon's study of laryngectomees (cancer patients), spouses were asked to indicate, in order of descendid SPRING, 1978 13 Two days postoperatively Dr. Sones' blood picture was hematocrit 36, white blood co unt up to 12,000 per cu/ mm and platelets to 112,000. �On Aug. 27, 1977 - 17 days postoperatively Dr. Sones, with all "tubes" out, eating a soft diet and voiding urine on his own, wos ready for discharge from the Institute. importance, problems for themselves and their mates which they saw to be a direct result of laryngectomy. (Remember that the overall 5-year survival-"cure" rate for cancer of the intrinsic larynx runs 70-85%.) The spouses ranked speech communication the first problem, followed by social, psychological, employment, alcohol, sexual and financial problems. There was no indication that any of these problems would have existed if it had not been for the cancer and laryngectomy. * * * 11. What source can the patient and family turn to for advice and help with such problems, in the medical care system or in the community? The physician should be familiar with persons and agencies outside his own area of expertise or professional interest and should make that information available to the patient or family if or as the need arises. A printed form or brochure that lists addresses, phone numbers and persons to contact in the area can be most helpful. Roswell Park Memorial Institute and the State Health Department have prepared such a brochure for Western New York. The list includes State and County Departments of Health and Social Service, the Visiting Nurse Association, the County Unit of the American Cancer Society, the Leukemia Society, the State Rehabilitation Department, New Voice Club, Reach for Recovery and Ostomy groups, other cancer patients and their relatives, a number of voluntary community, family service and religious organizations, the Red Cross, Salvation Army, labor unions, private companies, et al. For a number of years I served as chairman of the Committee on Services to Patients in my county unit of the American Cancer Society. All requests for service were referred to me for personal check with the patients' physicians before they were granted. Nearly all requests came from family members, on their own or through non-medical persons. Only a few (actually I can't remember more than two or three) were prompted by the patient's physician. * * * 12. What about the prognosis? The physician's relationship with the patient and the family throughout the course of the disease may depend to a large extent upon how he answers this question. (In any disease most physicians are primarily interested in diagnosis and treatment. Patients and families are chiefly concerned with prognosis.) A physician must tell the truth derived from scientific evidence and clinical experience. At no time should he destroy hope by projecting personal feelings, fears and hangups. He should not make unjustified predictions based on his own lack of up-to-date knowledge and experience in oncology. * * * Many physicians are altogether pessimistic and defeatist about cancer even before the lesion is thoroughly evaluated from an oncologic standpoint. 14 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �You can see this when a physician is confronted with cancer in a family member. I can cite two instances from personal experience. In the early years of the use of the "Pap" smear and the concept of preinvasive uterine cancer, I reported to a young physician that his wife had squamous cell carcinoma-in-situ of the cervix (previous Class III smears.) The physician, who worked in a highly specialized field far removed from gynecologic oncology, threw up his hands in despair. Yet this cancer approaches a 5-year cure rate of 100o/o. Today the American Cancer Society omits carcinoma-in-situ of the cervix from its statistics of incidence and death. Years ago a middle-aged urologist broke down in tears when he came to the laboratory to check a report of focal intra-epithelial carcinoma with slight superficial invasion noted accidentally in one microscopic section of the gall bladder which had been removed from his wife for chronic cholecystitis and choleliathiasis. The wife was not informed of the cancer. There was no further treatment. At that time the overall survival rate for carcinoma of the gall bladder was 2%. But for focal superficial carcinoma with micro-invasion the survival rate was at least 50%. The wife outlived her husband by years. He died unexpectedly from an acute hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage. * * * The two physicians mentioned above heard only the words "carcinoma" and "cancer." They reacted emotionally to the pathology of semantics rather than responding rationally to the semantics of pathology-oncology. To them "carcinoma" or "cancer" had the too-often popular connotation of an always progressive fatal disease with a short course. They failed to recognize that each carcinoma-cancer is a particular disease process in a particular patient in a particular medical setting with its own particular course and outcome. There are many measurable variables which can and should be considered in arriving at a possible prognosis - duration of symptoms and signs, manner of detection or diagnosis, location (organ, site in organ, region]. rate of growth, size, gross appearance, histo-cytopathologic type and grade, stage, kind of border microscopically, local and general effects-anatomical and functional, available methods of treatment, response to treatment, side effects, complications and sequelae of treatment, age and sex of patient, patient's physical and physiologic state - immunity, pregnancy, pre- or post-menopause, etc. Further, in considering prognosis, the physician must also remember the still unidentified variables which we may classify under the term "luck." On the day of my 4-year survival from disseminated reticulum cell sarcoma I teased my clinic oncologist, "What do you think - the result of your scientific treatment or of luck?" A patient himself, with a 9-year history of Hodgkin's Disease, he replied smilingly, "Let's not exclude luck." Metastatic cancer cells may lie dormant for prolonged periods. A certain percentage of cancer patients who refuse treatment survive 5 years. The medical literature contains reports of "spontaneous cures" of pathologically verified cancers. * * * d- Some physicians go so far as to translate their pessimism and defeatism into specific chronologie terms, perhaps in response SPRING, 1978 15 After discharge . . . at home, Dr. Sones showed a pseudomonas urinary tract infection. This cleared up with Carbenicillin therapy. There remained, however, three main problems: 1. Anemia (within 2-3 months the hematocrit dropped from the postoperative 36 to 27-24.) 2. Agglutination of blood platelets with venous thromboses of veins in fingers. 3. Daily fever of unknown origin up to 100101' at night. Three transfusions of packed red blood cells (2 units each) were given Oct. 21, Nov. 16 and Nov. 30, 1977. (Should a patient - particularly a physicianpathologist - with agglutinating platelets and venous thromboses, even though on aspirin therapy, sit with his legs crossed?) �the exasperating demands of the patient and family for a categorical answer. If such a prediction doesn't come true, the cancer patient and his family may make cynical and derisive jokes or vent anger and resentment about the physician's "dead in 3 years" or "6 months to live" verdict. (In his 1977 novel, "Madder Music," Peter De Vries has a satirical passage in which his healthy "hero," imagining himself dying and wondering how long he has (to live) ponders "the timehonored six-months-to-a-year.) Hopelessness and helplessness may disorganize family life. They can send patients and families to other physicians or even lead them to consult quacks or to use scientifically unproven methods at a time when cancers may still be in controllable form. * * * Let me cite the experience of a fellow patient at the cancer institute-a 47-year-old man. The photograph depicts one day's allotment of pills and capsules for Dr. Sones - aspirin {vs. platelet agglutination], isoniazidpyridoxine and Keflex {vs. infection-fever}, Losix {vs. edema of legs}. Any drugs prescribed p.r.n. do not appeqr in the photograph. A surgeon in his home town in a neighboring state did an exploratory laparotomy on him and found a hepatoma. The condition was inoperable, he told the patient and his wife, advising him to "quit work, stay home and be comfortable as long as you can" since "you'll be dead in six months." The patient had been in seeming good health. It just didn't seem possible. He was the head of a household of six persons. What would they do without him? He and his wife were desperate. They considered Laetrile but finally decided, instead, to seek a second opinion at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. "What can they do for you there?" his surgeon chided him. "They'll just experiment on you." The surgeons at the Institute were less gloomy. They removed the hepatoma with the left lobe of the liver. There was no additional treatment. Only follow-up visits were scheduled. The patient returned to his home and job. He engaged in his favorite sports of fishing, target shooting, and motorcycling. _ When, 3 years later, he complained of upper abdominal pain, he underwent a second laparotomy at the Institute during which metastases were noted. He was placed on experimental chemotherapy. To date - five months after laparotomyhe continues a fairly active home and sports life. He has given up his job but he periodically drops into his previous place of employment to help out. Every month he comes with his wife the 300 miles from his home to the cancer institute. He takes his turn in driving the automobile. In Buffalo he and his wife telephone or visit my wife and me at our home. A physician may feel that a given cancer patient may not live more than a short time after diagnosis. He has a right to express his opinion. But actually he is sticking his neck far out if he thinks that he can make an absolute chronologie prediction at the initial diagnosis and onset of treatment of what an individual patient will do with an individual cancer. Dr. Roger Terry, professor of pathology, USC Medical Center, puts it aphoristically: "Each patient is unique and each cancer that may develop is also unique." (False optimism in prognosis may be accepted more tolerantly by patient and family than rank pessimism and defeatism, but the physician who is falsely optimistic may lose credibility especially if the patient or a member of his family is knowledgeable about medicine-a doctor or nurse, for example.) Within the limits of available oncologic knowledge and practice, the physician, after considering the measurable and unidentified variables, can only predict statistically, on the basis of percentages and averages. He can only give odds. The individual 16 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �cancer patient may surprise him. There have been inaccuracies in prognosis even in patients referred to hospices for end-stage care. * * * Here are two points in regard to prognosis which I picked up as a physician-patient in the adult leukemia-lymphoma clinic. (They would not have come to my attention in clinics for carcinoma of the lung, esophagus or pancreas, with constant overall5year survival rates through the years of 5-10 o/o , less than 5o/o and 1 o/o respectively. Most patients with these cancers die within 6 months-2 years of diagnosis.) 1. Prognosis for cancer patients may change for the better with the passage of time - even over a relatively short period, e.g. 5-30 years. There has been a definite change in the overall 5-year survival rates of chronic forms of leukemia from the 1940s to the 1970s. For men the rate has risen from 14o/o to 30%, for women from 17% to 34%. In Hodgkin's Disease, during the same years, the overall 5-year survival rate for both men and women has risen from 25% to 54%. In estimating prognosis for cancer, physicians must keep in mind the possibility of future progress against the disease. 2. Control in the management of a cancer at a certain time in the history of Oncology is a more realistic goal than cure. This point can be emphasized in stating the prognosis for patients with leukemia and lymphoma and will contribute to their understanding and composure and to that of their families . A long-term fellow lymphoma patient expressed it better than I when he said to a husband waiting for his wife- a newly-admitted patient- to return from the examining room: "Maybe they won't cure you here .. . but they'll keep you living as long as possible." * * * So let's summarize the answer to our final question, "What about prognosis?" Tell the truth as far as it is known from a scientific-clinical basis. Beware of personal, emotional influences which project pessimism and defeatism or false optimism. Preserve hope if possible. Take all measurable and still unidentified variables into consideration. Avoid specific chronologie predictions. Keep in mind the possibility offuture progress in diagnosis and treatment. Set up control as a more realistic goal than cure at a certain limit of oncologic knowledge and practice. Never forget you're dealing with an individual cancer and caring for an individual patient and his family. * * * Now let's see how the foregoing points were reflected in the prognosis of my own cancer. In Feb. 1973, on my first visit to the Roswell Park Memorial Institute, I asked the oncologist who examined me about the outlook for a patient with disseminated reticulum cell sarcoma [of the diffuse histologic type]. He described his informal prognostic classification of the lymphomas as "good" and "bad." Disseminated histologically diffuse reticulum cell sarcoma (histiocytic lymphoma), he said, was not just a "bad" one; it was "the worst." He couldn't give me an absolute prognosis, but he would check the Institute's computer for the most up-to-date percentages of survival with the latest therapy. The next time I saw him he had the percentages of survival for 1, 2 and 5 years. He didn't know whether he ought to disclose them to me. The overall 5-year survival rate on the basis of the Institute's experience, he said, was 5%. Reports in the literature, however, were appearing with more hopeful results - 5-year survival rates up to 10o/o. (My wife shared this information.) C) SPRING, 1978 17 The hematocrit, after the Nov. 30, 1977 transfusion, reached 29. On Dec. 2 Dr. Sones complained of hoarseness and sore throat. The next morning he awoke with difficult swallowing and breathing. His private otolaryngologist found non-inflammatory edema of the extrinsic laryngeal folds, marked on the le f t side (cause ?}. Arrangements were made for a tracheostomy if it became necessary. Telephone consultation between Dr. Sones' otolaryngologist and his RPMI oncologist led to the prescribing of prednisone. Fever disappeared. In two days the extrinsic laryngeal edma subsided. Hematocrit went to 32. The prednisone was continued daily. With a reduced dosage of prednisone the hematocrit dropped to 28. Dyspnea on exertion was severe. On Jan . 6, 1978, Dr. Sones had a transfusion of 2 units of r . b.c.s. with improvement in breathing. The daily dosage of prednisone was increased. On Jan. 11 the hematocrit was 29. �On Feb. 22, 1978, Dr. Sones marked his five-year survival from disseminated reticulum cell sarcoma . During the past five years he encountered physical and psychologic difficulties which he faced day by day as best he could with the help and support of his physicians, other health personnel , family members, friends and fellow patients . In March, 1973, at the start of treatment for his cancer, Dr. Sones on the basis of the most optimistic scientific information available was informed that his chance of surviving five years was 5-10 %. Not only has Dr. Sones attained a five-year survival, but today as far as can be determined medically, his cancer is also in remission. His chief complaints stem from the side effects of therapy. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS M.D. Diedrick (drawings) ; H. Moayeri, M.D. (check of captions for photographs); J. W. Pickren, M.D. (microscopic slides and surgical pathology report); M.D. Spencer (photographs); SUNYAB- D. Atkinson (photographs). I have now gone 5 years with my disseminated-diffuse reticulum cell sarcoma. It is in remission as far as can be determined medically. (There is no guarantee against relapse .) Living, especially in the past year, has not always been easy, confortable, happy or desirable. But until recently I remained fairly active and productive. From 1973-1977 my wife and I spent 3 months during each winter in Guadalajara, Mexico. I have never missed a Buffalo Physician press deadline for one of my articles. I am sure that some of my physician friends, when they first learned of my diagnosis, gave me "6 months-1 year to live. " I could read the prognosis in their faces and in their manner to me. Actually in 1973 the computer's percentage for my 6 month-1 year survival was 50 %. At the end of my second year of survival I ran into a physician on the street who hadn't seen me since my initial diagnosis. He greeted me in wide-eyed amazement, blurting out, "Gee , ... you look great for a guy who is supposed to be half dead!" I didn't bristle at his remark. In fact, it cheered me. Originally the computer had estimated that in two years I would be three-quarters dead. It had prognosticated a 25 % 2-year survival rate. The patient with reticulum cell sarcoma (histiocytic lymphoma) first diagnosed in 1978 - only 5 years after the diagnosis of my disease - can hope for an altogether different prognosis from the one I received in 1973. The contrast is made in the opening paragraph of a May 30, 1977, article in the JAMA. The first sentence abstracts an article in Cancer 30: 31-38 1972: "The (histologically) diffuse histiocytic lymphoma is the most virulent histologic form of lymphoma and few patients achieve remission with single-agent chemotherapy." The second sentence abstracts 3 articles published in 1974-1975 (Lancet 1:248-250; Blood 43:181-189; Cancer 35:1050): "It has recently been shown that patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (even in advanced stage) who achieve complete biopsyproven remission (with combination chemotherapy) often sustain prolonged disease-free survivals and perhaps cure." The American Cancer Society iiJ. its 1978 "Facts and Figures" under "Treatment Trends" lists histiocytic lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma) among eleven tumors that formerly were considered incurable but that now are frequently controlled. (To be continued with Article VIF on How). 0 BIBLIOGRAPH Y To appear with Article VI F on "How." 18 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �M'25, heads a special physicians committee established by the State Medical Society in 1975 to help doctors with health problems relating to alcohol, drugs and mental illness. "We are a committee of physicians intent on helping our fellow physicians without any coercive or punitive approach. Our concern is with the physician's health. It doesn't necessarily mean that a physician's patients are suffering because he has an illness. But, on the other hand, that's possible and that's what we are trying to obviate," Dr. Block said. The percentage of the physician population with alcoholism and mental health problems, Dr. Block said, is judged to be similar to that of the general public. Drug dependence is probably more common because of physicians' easy access to drugs. In some cases physicians suffer from one of the three problems while in others, there may be multiple afflictions. Alcoholism is thought to be the most prevalent of the three. If six per cent of the adult population are alcoholics, then about 2,000 of the state's 33,000 physicians have alcoholism problems, according to Dr. Block. There is no way of telling how many of the physicians are getting proper treatment. The sole purpose of the committee in contacting those with problems, Dr. Block said, is to deliver the simple message: "Please get yourself treated before something happens you'll regret." The committee (members are not made public) does not attempt to coerce a physician to get treatment, nor threaten punishment - such as loss of license - if he fails to do so. The committee will accept reports of physicians with problems from family members, patients or other doctors. When the information is from family or colleagues, the names of the informants are kept confidential. In the case of a patient report, the individual must identify himself and his name will be passed on to the physician in question. This precludes the possibility of patient harassment via the committee, Dr. Block said. When the name of a physician is received, two members of the committee are instructed to meet with him as a team. Those meeting with him, live in other areas of the state, do not know him personally and are specialists in his particular problem. While they encourage him to seek treatment and may refer him to a specialist, they may not take him on as a patient. They meet with him only once, unless he initiates future contact. Otherwise, there is no followup, no attempt to see if he seeks treatment and no records are kept. If the informants are physicians, they are told contact has been made. "We've been criticized because we don't take any punitive measures, but in my opinion our efficiency lies in our approach being non-punitive," Dr. Block conlcuded.D DR. MARVIN A. BLOCK, SPRING, 1978 19 Dr. Block Health Problems Dr. Block served 15 years as chairman of the state medical society's Committee on Alcoholism and was a member 17 years and chairman 10 years of the AMA's Committee on Alcoholism. He is a clinical associate professor of medicine (emeritus) at the Medical School. �Alumni Contributors, 1977 The number of dues-paying medical alumni increased again last year. A special thanks to this group as well as to those who give annually. And to the nine reunion classes - 1927, 1932, 1937, 1942, 1947, 1952, 1957, 1962 and 1967 - who contributed $23,010 to the Medical School, a thank you. We at the School of Medicine appreciate your support and participation. 0 1917 Atkins, Leslie J. Thompson, Myron A. Tillou, Donald J. 1919 Crage, Frances M. Goldstein, Henry N. Pech, Henry L. 1920 Graczyk, Stephen A. Schultz, Cecil L. Walker, Irwin M. 1928 Brock, Thelma Bukowski, Eugene F. Burns, John B. Etling, George F. Gardner, Richard M. Hill, Joseph M. Markowitz, Julius T. Schultz, Robert W. Schutkeker, Bruno Stoll, Howard L., Jr. Walker, Helen G. 1929 Burwig, W. Herbert Koch, Caryl A. Cohen, Victor L. Evans, Jay I. George, Clyde W. Heilburn, Norman Lockie, L. Maxwell Thorn, George W. Tyner, James D. 1924 1930 Sanborn, Lee R. Bonafede, Vincent I. Feldman, Raymond L. Heyden, Clarence F. Kanski, James G. 1921 Morgana, Dante J. Reimann, Hobart A. 1923 1925 Culver, Claire H. Linton, Mary D. Hogben, Margaret Loder Unrath-Zick, Clara 1926 Brown, Henry Sullivan, Eugene M. 1927 Berwald, Herbert Chaikin, Nathan W. Criden, Frank M. Funk, Arthur L. Kij, Joseph L. Meissner, William W. Murphy, Gerald E. Palmer, Milton A. Riuchun, Meyer H. Saunders, R. L. Valone, J. Theodore Northrup, Robert R. Olzewski, Bronislaus S. Smolev, Joseph M. Stio, Rocco L. 1933 Anna, Wilfred M. Baube, John L. Hellriegel, J. Curtis Hobbie, Thomas C. Homakay, Ernest G. Huber, Franklyn A. Kolbrenner, Louis Masotti, George M. Mountain, John D. 1934 Alford, J. Edwin Anderson, John V. George, Alfred L. Kinzly, John C. May, Charles E. O'Connor, John D. Ridall, Earle G. Rosenbaum, Myron G. Slatkin, Edgar A. Weiner, Max B. 1935 Barone, Michael H. Bean, Richard B. Boeck, Virgil H.F. Bumbalo, Thomas S. Connelly, Gerald T. Glick, Arthur W. Godfrey, Joseph D. Heier, Ellwyn, E. Kuhl, John R. March, Thomas A. Oderkirk, Francis V. Schwartz, Jerome H. Walls, Walter Scott Ames, Wendell Arbesman, Carl E. Argue, John F. Bernhoft, Willard H. Coleman, Benjamin Drexler, Bernard Kelly, Miles W. Lampka, Victor B. Madsen, Niels, G. Mecklin, Bennie Moran, Charles E. Rosokoff, Solomon Ryan, Francis W. Weig, Clayton G. 1932 1936 Goodman, Carlton H. Leone, Angelo F. Leone, Frank G. McGee, Hugh J., Jr. Batt, Richard G. Burgeson, Paul A. Cherry, Alfred V. Crosby, John P. 1931 20 Eschner, Edward G. Greenberg, Avrom M. Hoak, Frank C., Jr . Houston, Thomas Kriegler, Joseph Leven, Eli A. Lipp, William F. 1937 Alford, Kenneth M. Ball, William L. Banas, Charles F. Challen, Alice A. Goodman, Sole Koepf, George F. Lenahan, Rose M. Lipsett, Robert W. MacCallum, James D. Musselman, M. Luther Nicholson, Ellen M. Tranella, Augustus J. White, William F. 1938 Catalano, Russell J. Doll, Leo J. Fait, Norman J. Gilson, Benjamin I. Law, Harry C. Mitchell, Alfred A. Phillies, Eustace G. Rosenblatt, Maxwell Straubinger, Clarence A. Terry, Richard N. Kaminski, Chester J. Lieberman, Samuel J. Oehler, H. Robert 1939 Alden, Carlos C. Bissell, Grosvenor W. Bleich, LaMoyne C. Burton, Ruth C. Caldwell, Milton V. Cammer, Leonard Dugan, William Feightner, Francis W. Gajewski, Matt A. Goldstein, Kenneth THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Harris, Harold M. Magi!, Marvin Olmstead, Elizabeth P. Postoloff, A.V. Riforgioto, Frank T. Seibel, Roy E. Storms, Robert E. Wesp, Everett H. Winer, Marvin 1943 Behling, Ralph T. Birtch, Paul K. Bloom, Marvin L. Bull, James R. Buckley, Richard J. Collins, Robert J. Evans, Alfred S. Galdys, B. Joseph Grayson, Thomas L. 1940 Haber, Norman Ascher, Julian J. Humphrey, Thomas R. Benny, John M. Kennan, WilliamS., Jr. Clinton, Marshall, Jr. Krauss, Ruth F. Eppers, Edward H. Marano, Anthony J. Hildebrand, William Jr. Martin, Ronald E. Montgomery, Warren R., Jr. Meyer, Franklin Palanker, Harold K. Minkel, Amos J., Jr. Reitz, Russell E. O'Gorman, Kevin M. Rekate, Albert C. Petersen, Walter R. Severson, Charles Henry Segel, Nathan P. Siegner, Allan W. Selkirk, George H. Trippe, Louis A. Sherrill, Gene D. Umiker, William 0. Smith, Ralph E., Jr. Urban, Stanley F. Swarthout, Gertrude S. White, John D. Tanner, Charles J. Jr. Zoll, John G. Trefts, Hazel J. Trovato, Louis A. 1941 Unher, Morris Cooper, Anthony J. Edmonds, Robert W. 1944 Gentner, George A. Boardman, Willard H. Gross, Arnold Bondi, Raymond G. Hanavan, Eugene J., Jr. Brown, Robert L. Henrich, Mary I. Edelberg, Eileen L. Hull, Bradley Edelberg, Herman Kidder, RussellS., Jr. Egan, Richard W. Fountain, Newland W. McCue, Daniel J. Frost, Frank T. McGrane, James L. Matt, Frederick E. Ginsberg, Irwin A. O'Brien, John J. Hudson, Raymond A. Pierce, Allen A. Kennedy, Sidney R., Jr. Radzimski, Eugene H. Major, William K. Schonher, Nancy M. Long, Frank H., Jr. Wels, Philip B. Perkins, Raymond C. Wolin, Leonard Pietraszek, Casimir F. Zaepfel, Floyd M. Prentice, Theodore Schaer, Sidney M. 1942 Shaver, Carrol J. Addessa, Albert J. Stafford, Walter F. Ament, Richard Strong, Clinton H. Axelrod, Sidney J. Wilkinson, Robert Battaglia, Horace L. Bauda, Charles A. 1945 Clarke, M. John Adler, Richard H. Cotronea, Vincent S. Adaloro, William S. Eckhert, George L. Chassin, Norman Follette, William J. Cotter, Paul B. Kibler, Diana D. Forgrove, Edward G. Marmalya, Boris L. Fugitt, George W., Jr. Milazzo, RichardT. Grabau, A. Arthur Parlante, Vincent J. Greenwald, Richard M. Smith, Martha L. Johnson, James H. Laglia, Vito P. Staubitz, William J. Yochelson, Leon Longstreth, H. Paul SPRING, 1978 Quinlivan, John K. Rogers, William J., II Rutecki, Joseph H. Shaheen, David J. Sheedy, K. Joseph Steinhart, Jacob M. Templer, Wayne C. Thorngate, George V. Tybring, Gilbert G. Valentine, Edward L. Wiles, Charles E. Wiles, Jane B. Ward, Robert B. 1946 Allen, John G. Bauer, Charles D. Cowper, Alexander R. Crissey, John T. Driver, Maier M. Golden, Lawrence H. Howard, Chester S. Irons, Annabel M. Levy, Harold J. Marks, Eugene M. Mires, Maynard Naples, R. Joseph Petzing, Harry Piccali, Amo John Tardif, Henry M. Tornou, Willard W. Walczak, Paul M. 1947 Bachman, David D. Curtin, Daniel E. Dennen, Philip C. Edgecomb, William S. Kipping, Hans F. Marchand, Richard J. Phillips, James F. Schaefer, Arthur J. Sheffer, John B. Stagg, James F. Todaro, Joseph C. Tokars, Jerome Whiting, Frederick D. Wildhock, Robert H. 1948 Bloom, William H. Borman, Col. James G. Fahey, Daniel J. Gordon, Myron Graff, Harold L. Hall, Robert J. Hanson, Warren H. Hollis, Warren L. Martin, Ansel R. Miller, Daniel G. Minde, Norman Moore, Darwin D. Regan, Cletus J. Regan, Thomas C. Shapiro, Alfred J. 21 Solomon, Irwin Stone, Edward R. Van Avery, Jasper L., Jr. Weinberg, Paul C. 1949 Armenia, Carmela S. Bradley, Aust Berl, Alfred Bernhard, Harold Carden, Lawrence M. Carlino, Lawrence L. Erickson, George M. Magerman, Arthur Paroski, Jacqueline L. Pfalzer, Frank A. Rosner, Edward W. Schneider, Max A. Shalwitz, Fred Wolfe, Charles J. 1950 Anthone, Roland Anthone, Sidney Benken, Lawrence D. Bisgerer, George P. Brody, Charles Busch, Grace B. Cecilia, Carl A. Dunghe, Adelmo P.J. Dunn, James C. Leberer, Richard J. Manders, Karl L. Meyer, Patricia A. Robinson, Roy W. Scamurra, Vincent Sikorski, Helen F. Solomon, Yale 1951 Barott, Theodore Bleichfeld, Joseph Bruno, August A. Danzig, Leonard S. Davis, Harvey D. Goldfarb, Allen L. Kaplan, Marvin Leslie, Eugene V. Munoz, Pilar Murphy, Thomas J. Pleskow, Marvin J. Secrist, Robert L. Smith, Adolph Smolens, Bernard Teich, Eugene M. Weigel, James W. 1952 Abo, Stanley Adams, Donald J. Baumer, Robert A. Davis, Bernie P. Dyster, Melvin B. Fuhr, Neal W. Genewich, Joseph E. �Gottlieb,·Solon H. Kelley, Donald J. Krohn, Melvin R. Lapp, Milton C. Loeser, Eugene W., Jr. MacLeod, Colin C. Miller, Roy D. Panaro, Victor A. Rohner, Richard Ranchoff, John Y. Robbins, Travers Schmitt, James N. Sheesley, Byron E. Simpson, S. Aaron Sprecker, Donald H. Stulberg, Burton Szabo, Imre Thurn, Roy J. Underwood, S. Jeffersc Wegner, Kurt J. Zeller, James F. 1953 Carlin, James W. Camerford, Thomas E .. Delerme, Felix A. Ehrenreich, Donald L. Fogel, Sander H. Georghegan, Thomas G Gold, Jack Handel, John W. Johnson, Curtis C. Lee, Herbert E. Maloney, Milford C. Maynard, Robert E'. Nagel, Richard J. Panner, Malley R. Partin, Bertram A. Rachow, Donald 0. Ruh, Joseph F. Simpkins, Herbert W. Sobocinski, Robert S. Strachan, John N., Jr. Sullivan, Michael A. Ullrich, Reinhold A. W adler, Marvin 1954 Beltrami, Eugene L. Campo, Joseph L. Cloutier, Louis C. Conboy, John L. Foley, Robert D. Genner, Byron A., III Hansen, Florence M. Hohensee, Edward W. Hoshino, Arthur Y. Howard, William J. Marino, Charles H. Hyzy, Eugene C. Jenkins, Benjamin C. Lemann, Jacob Lesswing, Allen L. Lester, Carra L. Lizlovs, Sylvia G. Meese, Ernest H. Miller, Robert H. Norman, N. Allen Olivier, Harry T. Pletman, Robert J. Royhill, Edward A. Tomaka, Edwin B. Weinmann, PaulL. Wilson, Donald M. 1955 Collins, James R. Dean, Robert T. Fagerstrom, Charles D. Franco, Albert A. Gazzo, Frank J. Hashim, Sami A. Mye, George Lai, Jr. Palmerton, David L. Peterson, John H. Schaer, Leonard Schiavi, Anthony B. Schiferle, Roy G., Jr. Weppner, David F. Whitney, Eugene B. Winter, John A. Wormer, Donald A. 1956 Alker, George J., Jr. Barnum, W.J. Ben-Asher, David M. Corretore, Robert B. Darlak, Joseph J. Dentinger, Mark A. Gicewicz, Edmond J. Goergen, Peter F. Goldstein, Frederick, P. Hodson, John M. Kunz, Joseph L. McCutcheon, Sue A. Mcintosh, Robert G. Nuessle, Frederick C. O'Neill, Hugh F. Popper, Jordan S. Reeber, Erick Reisman, Robert Sklar, Bernard H. 1957 Berghorn, Bronson M. Celniker, Benny Cusick, John K. Garseristein, Myron Gulino, Lorie A. Hetzer, Barbara J. Kanel, Harris H. Lowe, Charles E. Metsch, Herbert Meyers, Robert C. Shapiro, Bernard S. Sussman, Robert B. Thorsell, H. Gregory Waldman, Sherman 1958 Alessi, Edward C. 22 Armenia, John V. Boyle, Richard C. Brotherman, Melvin M. Diesfeld, Gerard Dischinger, Frederick W. Eisenberg, Benson L. Falsetti, Dominic F. Kane, Leo A. Kunz, Marie L. Murphy, John P. Stein, Alfred M. Tracy, Ann A. Waldman, Irving Wasson, Richard D. Wende, Reinhardt, W. Zeplowitz, Franklin Zimmerman, Harold B. 1959 Baeumler, George R. Brennen, Robert J. Graver, Seymour D. Houck, John E. Mongan, William J. Monte, Joseph F. Rock, Elton M. Spoto, Russell C. 1960 Abramson, William E. Antkowiak, Joseph G. Bond, A. Gordon Chazan, Joseph A. Graber, Edward J. Guttuso, Thomas J. Harrington, John H. Kanski, James R. Klocke, Francis J. Metcalf, Harry L. Patridge, Eugene T. Riveria, Eugene P. Sauer, Robert H. Steinberg, Irwin Saks, Gerald L. Shapiro, Marvin Steinberg, Irwin Tuyn, John A. 1961 Cimino, Eugene DeSantis, Carlo E. French, Paul D. Hatch, Richard C. Manning, Edwin J. Porrath, Saar A. Ronald, Roger A. Skarkin, Arthur T. Szuter, Carl F. Wilinsky, Howard C. 1962 Cowan, Martin Floccare, Anthony Graber, James E. Hilbrun, M. Peter Klein, Morton P. Loree, Paul J. Madden, Michael M. Morey, Philip D. Ney, Robert G. Oberkircher, Oscar R. Steinhart, Melvin J. Tzetzo, George R. 1963 Hermann, Max M. Carboy, David T. Ehrlich, Frank E. Fisher, Donald M. Foti, Anthony M. Joyce, Stephen T. Lessler, Paul A. Maggioli, Albert J. Narins, Richard B. Repicci, John A. Scheuermann, Henry A. Steiner, George L. Tirone, Charles S. Wadsworth, John M. 1964 DiPoala, Joseph A. Ferrari, Anthony V. Glowacki, George R. Ney, Lillian V. Rothfleisch, Sheldon Salton, William Schubert, Daniel Sterman, Irving Weinstein, David J. Williams, Richard W. Wolin, Richard E. 1965 Bucher, William C. Cardamone, Joseph G. Feinberg, Michael S. Grisanti, Anthony V. Hurwitz, Lawrence B. Jeffrey, Gary Kroll, Joseph I. Marantz, Calvin Steckelman, Joel Young, Ronald F. 1966 Althaus, Sean R. Antonucci, Louis J. Fricke, Wayne P. Klementowski, Kenneth Lindenbaum, Jeffrey E. Rappole, Bert W. Spoor, John E. 1967 Anderson, John R. Augustine, Thomas A. Bodner, Stanley J. Cohen, Arthur H. Daffner, Richard Gibbs, John W., Jr. Hoffman, Leon THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Josephson, Ronald P. LaGratta, Roger J. Robinson, Trevor Sheehan, Thomas P. Sosis, Arthur C. Starr, George Strasberg, James M. Young, Linda Young, Richard J. 1968 Carl, Marc Cumbo, Thomas J. Dobmeier, Lawrence J. Jewel, Kenneth L. Joseph, Brian S. Kaine, Richard F. Kaplan, Milton P. Kaplan, Z. Micah Karch, Gary D. Peck, Alan H. Rodner, Robert D. Sayres, Barbara A. Shields, John E., Jr. Sievenpiper, Timothy S. Spiegel, Stuart C. 1969 Cavalieri, James L. Gibson, Robert J. Hevizy, Louis Horwitz, Hanley M. Major, William Saab, Richard J. Scanlon, Thomas S. Smith, Wilbur L. Weinstein, Barry A. 1970 Copley, David P. Fishbein, Charles A. Fishbein, Ellen R. Forden, Roger A. Frankel, Lawrence S. Krauss, Dennis J. Lippman, Michael Massaro, Russell P. Ungerer, Robert Wirtzer, Allan 1971 Anscher, Richard M. Antkowiak, John M. Brothman, Barry G. Bullock, Alan H. Greenberg, Harvey Handlers, Mark S. Kirsch, Scott D. Mazeika, Denis G. Masijczuk, Askold D. Solomon, Kenneth Witter, Theodore 0. 1972 Berkson, Richard Bob, Harold B. Frankfort, Ian Ismael, Ismil Jackson, Stanley J. Toledano, Stuart R. Doldan, Federico G. Egri , George Elibol, Tarik 1973 Fisher, F. Craig Fisher, Frank Bone, Lawrence B. Dunn, Nancy L. Florsheim, Anne Hollac, Ralph R. Haque , Ikram U. Launer, Dana P. Helm, Frederick Orens, Paul Kmiecik, Tadeusz Levitt, Jacqueline R. Liang, Shin Yin 1974 Lloyd, Catherine Bukowski, Elaine M. McNeil, Dr. & Mrs. Crichton Burstein, Alan G. Meyer-Bahlburg, Dr. Heino F. L. Moore, Sarah E. Milkey, Gustave P. Morelli, Daniel Mindell , Eugene R. Rowlingson, John C. Mongia, Satish K. Stamierowski, Louise C. Mudaliar, Nirmala Munabi, Abraham K. 1975 Murphy, John P. Hendrich, David Nowakowski, Paul A. Fenzl, Robert E. Pappas, Harry J. Powell, Jeffrey P. Roehmholdt, Mary Elizabeth Potter, Paul H. Ronca, Paul Faculty-Non-Alumni Rovere, Raphael A. Anuntalabhochai, Boonchuay Sarac, Oguz K. Bernstein, Charles Schmidt, Barbara Von Besseghini, Italo Sullivan, Judith P. Calkins, Evan Taheri, Syde A. Corbett, Ms. Jeanette Winiecki, Joseph J. Daly, Joseph J. Yassa, Fayek G. Dean, David C. Zimdahl, Walter T. Diji, Augustine Dobson, Richard L. Dr. Knox, Mayo Clinic Physician A Mayo Clinic physician, who received the M.D. and Ph.D . degrees from U/B in 1965 through a combined program, has been named associate director for continuing education (research training and degree programs) in Mayo Foundation, division of education. Dr. Franklyn G. Knox, 40, is currently professor of physiology and medicine, Mayo Medical School and chairman of the department of physiology. As associate director for education: research training and degree programs (a new position). Dr. Knox will be responsible for research training programs of Mayo Foundation and degree programs offered through the Mayo Graduate School of Medicine. His duties will involve the coordination of training and funding, as well as liaison with the University of Minnesota Graduate School for degree programs. After serving as a staff associate at the National Heart Institute and a faculty member of the University of Missouri School of Medicine, Dr. Knox was appointed a Mayo consultant in 1971.0 SPRING, 1978 23 �"T he New Horizons . 1n Neonatal Medicine Conference participants came from 20 states, four Canadian provinces, Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia. Dr. George Giacoia, program chairman. gut is the limiting organ for survival and early malnutrition rather than hypoxic damage may be the main determining factor in quality of life in low birth weight infants." This is what Dr. Paul Swyer told the 302 physicians and nurses who attended the two-day symposium, "New Horizons in Neonatal Medicine." The associate professor of pediatrics at the University of Toronto discussed several aspects of energy metabolism in newborn infants, including his own research. The director of the division of Perinatology Hospital for Sick Children said, "on the average 50 days elapsed before a baby of 1000 gm. reached a weight of 2000 gm. The 20 gm. per day of weight gain is comprised by 3 gm. of protein, 1.8 gm. of fat and the remainder of water. The number of calories expended in synthesizing new tissue amount to about 15 cal/kg/day. This process seems to occur by two different mechanisms: a steady synthetic activity occurring in the muscles and comprising two-thirds of the metabolic cost of growth while the remainder one-third occurs in pulses after each meal and is related mostly to the incorporation of aminoacids into proteins. The latter process is responsible for the postprandial thermic effect. It is of interest that while in adults the thermic effect involves carbohydrates, aminoacids and lipids in newborns is mostly due to proteins metabolism." A Case Western Reserve University pediatrics professor spoke about the anti-infective properties of breast milk. Dr. Marshall Klauss said, "known resistant factors include a polysassacharide (bifidus factor) responsible for the selective growth of anaerobes in breast fed infants, an anti-staphylococcus factor and a protein, lactoferrin, which inhibits bacterial growth." The director of neonatal nurseries, University Hospitals, Cleveland, focused his attention on the role of cellular elements in breast milk: lymphocytes and macrocytes. The "magnificent" macrophytes, as Dr. Klauss termed it, has a number of important functions which include: interaction in some way with lymphocytes allowing these cells to produce secretory immunoglobin A, production of lyzozyne, which, together with a peroxidase, destroy bacteria and finally phagocytosis of bacteria. Milk lymphocytes produce a secretory immunoglobin A quite different from maternal IgA. Dr. Klauss' group has been able to demonstrate in breast milk an antibody against pathogenic E.coli present in the GI tract of the mother which is absent in her blood. His group was also able to demonstrate antitoxin against E. coli (presumably produced by milk lymphocytes under the influence of milk macrophages) which explains the rarity of E. coli enteritis in breast fed infants. In a panel discussion on neonatal nutrition Dr. Klauss said, "in the animal world there is marked correlation between the composition of breast milk and the frequency of breast feeding. Some animals whose breast milk have a high protein and fat content, such as the rabbit, fed infrequently (every 12 hours) while others whose breast milk have a low caloric content are almost continuous feeders. Man seems to belong to the lattar group which would indicate that the present practice of feeding newborns every 3-4 hours may need to be revised." 24 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Dr. Marshall Klauss addressing a session. Dr. Gordon Avery reviewed pertinent aspects of neonatal gastrointestinal physiology. He emphasized that the jejunum should be assimilated to a parynchemal organ. "In fact, there are mucosal transport systems similar to those present in the renal tubule." He is professor of child health and development, George Washington University and director of neonatology, Children's Hospital National Center, Washington, D.C. After summarizing the limitations in the absorption of fats, carbohydrates and protein seen in low birth weight infants, Dr. Avery reviewed aspects of intestinal motility. He described a gradient of activity between the proximal and distal ends of the bowel and characterized peristaltic activity in low birth weight infants as being "disorderly and disorganized." This was documented by balloon studies. Dr. Avery stressed the complexity of the regulation of intestinal motility as evidenced by the multitude of factors modulating such activity. In addition to neurological stimuli, a number of hormones are known to either stimulate (eg. gastrincholecystochynin) or depress (eg. secretin, glucagon) intestinal motility. Dr. Avery also referred to experiments which show how sucking and swallowing act as physiologic triggers of peristaltic activity through the secretion of enteric hormones. Dr. John Driscoll summarized the experience with parenteral nutrition in low birth weight infants at the Babies Hospital in New York. He reviewed metabolic studies performed in a group of 21 low birth weight infants receiving 100 cal/kg by the parenteral route. "The average weight gain was 11.8 gm/day. All were in positive nitrogen balance (avg..9 gm/kg/day) and undesirable effects were minimal." Dr. Driscoll cautioned against the routine use of parenteral nutrition (especially with indwelling catheters) in very low birth weight infants because of lack of data concerning the effect of the intravenous administration of an imbalanced aminoacid mixture. Dr. Driscoll is associate professor of clinical pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University and director of neonatal nursery and intensive care units, Babies Hospital, New York City. d- SPRING, 1978 25 During a coffee break Dr. Leo Stern {center), and Dr. Gordon Avery {right) chat with a colleague. �Drs. John Drisscoll , John Sinclair Bleeding disorders and thrombocytopenia in the newborn were discussed by Dr. William Hathaway, professor of pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver. He emphasized the difficulties in establishing the diagnosis of coagulopathy in babies of very low birth weight. A number of physiologic abnormalities were reviewed. Dr. Hathaway presented preliminary evidence of transient deficiences in Fletcher and Fitzgerald factors who are in part responsible for a prolonged, partial thromboplastin time in infants of low birth weight. He attributed thrombotic tendencies in some of these infants to a transient deficiency of antithrombin III. Dr. Hathaway also discussed the problem of disseminated intravascular coagulation in the neonatal period. He cautioned against utilizing platelet counts as the only screening parameter in DIC. He reported on a number of infants severely asphyxiated at birth who had severe DIC with normal platelet counts. Exchange transfusions were recommended in these patients in view of the high risk of intracranial bleeding. Dr. Hathaway told about his experience with platelet microthrombi disease, a condition occurring in newborns with respiratory distress syndrome in which platelets are primarily consumed. Dr. Hathaway also presented preliminary data of a work done in collaboration with Dr. Paul Calker revealing significant number of infants with idiopathic thrombocytopenia. Dr. John Freeman reviewed neonatal convulsions. His collaborative study of cerebral palsy included 50,000 babies. The incidence of neonatal seizures was 3/1,000 livebirths. Fifty percent of the seizures occurred on the first day of life. In this study, seizures occurring in the first 24 hours carried a mortality of 83 o/o and only 10 % of the survivors had an excellf!nt prognosis. The associate professor of neurology and pediatrics at Johns Hopkins University reviewed the different causes of neonatal seizures and focused on the importance of perinatal asphyxia. Because of the close correlation between severe perinatal asphyxia and poor outcome he elaborated on the vicious circle produced by brain asphyxia. "Asphyxia produces local changes in the brain circulation with consequent localized cerebral edema which in turn produces further compromise of cerebral circulation." Dr. Freeman suggested asphyxia may also cause impairment of glucose transport into the brain cells. Forms of therapy which deserved investigation in the future include early use of diuretics, steroids and even glucose despite normal blood sugar levels. Dr. Freeman is also director, Seizure Clinic, John F. Kennedy Institute at Johns Hopkins. Dr. Leo Stern reviewed acceleration of lung maturation with consequent increased production of lung surfactant produced by a number of substances such as betamethasone heroine, thyroxine and methylprogesterone. His experiments in rabbits has shown that aminophyline also increase surfactant production but by a different mechanism- inhibition of phosphodiesterase. The chief pediatrician at Rhode Island Hospital issued a strong warning against the use of these agents in pregnant women until more knowledge is accrued on the significance of the side effects (arrest in lung and brain development) reported in animal studies. 26 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Drs. William Hathaway, George Giacoio The Brown University professor of medical science talked about the treatment of neonatal jaundice with phototherapy. Although in vitro the energy spectrum of light at 450 armstrong activates the bilirubin molecule which breaks down into water soluble dipyrroles attempts to quantitatively recover these compounds in the urine in treated infants failed. "Recent evidence has been presented showing that the energy derived from light alter the steric configuration of the bilirubin molecule allowing to be transported into the bile without prior conjugation with glucuronic acid." Dr. Stern voiced the concern of photobiologists that other needed substances may be similarly affected and lost from the body. A Tufts University pediatrics professor stressed the importance of proper identification of syndromes to provide parents with an accurate prognosis, genetic counseling and possible therapy. Dr. Murray Feingold reviewed a number of syndromes from his vast personal experience and pointed out several important diagnostic tips. He mentioned that scleroderma in a neonate is very likely the harbinger of progeria. "Coarse facies in the neonate is almost never an indication of mucopolysaccharidoses. Instead, likely possibilities are mucolipidosis (I cell disease) or fucosidosis." Dr. Feingold also directs the Center for Genetic Counseling and Birth Defects Evaluation, Boston Floating Hospital for Infants and Children, Boston. In leading a panel discussion on neonatal nutrition, Dr. John Sinclair reviewed necrotizing entercolitis, a disease affecting primarily asphyctic infants of low birth weight. The McMaster University pediatrics professor said, "the state of knowledge on necrotizing enterocolitis in 1976 is no different than the understanding of retrolental fibroplasia in 1950 when about 12 different factors were listed as possible etiologies. It was not until 1952 when the critical role of oxygen in retrolental fibroplasia SPRING, 1978 27 Dr. Paul Swyer �was uncovered." Dr. Sinclair expressed hopes that in the near future a better understanding of the condition will allow for the prevention of this devastating disorder. Dr. Sinclair is the director of the Neonatal Unit, McMaster University. Dr. Philip Calcagno, professor and chairman of pediatrics, Georgetown University reviewed neonatal renal physiology and renal failure in the neonatal period. He was on the U/ B faculty from 1948 to 1962. Another former U/B pediatrics professor (1963-1975), Dr. Sumner Yaffe, discussed neonatal pharmacology. He presented results of his research in the distribution and elimination of digoxin in neonates. His findings of increased tissue binding of digoxin (erythrocytes, cardiac muscle) coupled with enhanced elimination by the kidney provides a reasonable explanation for the larger dosage needed in newborns when compared to older infants and adults. Dr. Yaffe is professor of pediatrics and pharmacology, the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia. Four other U/B Medical School faculty members participated in the two-day conference. Dr. Elliot F. Ellis, professor and chairman of pediatrics, welcomed the group. Others who contributed significantly to the program were- Dr. Mary Voorhess, director of endocrinology, Children's Hospital; Dr. Margaret MacGillivray, co-director of endocrinology, Children's Hospital; and Dr. Pearay Ogra. All are professors of pediatrics.D Neighborhood Health Care Dr. Staub Neighborhood health care must be strengthened in critical, lowincome areas in Buffalo to overcome pediatric car-e deficiency according to Dr. Henry P. Staub, associate professor of pediatrics. In a special report the pediatrician noted a distressing cycle of "poor nutrition, poor health, poverty and learning problems." Dr. Staub suggests 'well child' clinics, in which children receive free routine examinations to spot any developing health problems. These clinics, he said, should be closely associated with the Erie County Health Department's neighborhood health centers now operating in several inner city sites. "These centers," Dr. Staub explained, "could become responsible for the primary care that is provided by the Health Department in the neighborhood. That means that well child clinics should function as outreach for the health center. These well child clinics would function as a satellite and would remain or be placed in areas of greatest need, such as housing projects. A child who became ill would be seen by the same groups of health providers. At the present time, the family of a sick child has to shift for themselves to find a provider, usually a hospital emergency room. "D 28 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �National Medical Fellowships Twenty-seven first and second year minority medical students at U/B have National Medical Fellowships. Dr. and Mrs. William E. Cadbury, Jr. visited with many of these students in the fall to help them with their problems. It was their fifth visit to the Medical School. "We visit every medical school every other year to talk to the minority students in our program so we can make more intelligent decisions," Dr. Cadbury said. He is executive director of the scholarship program. Mrs. Cadbury, an attorney, is a staff associate. The Cadburys joined the organization in 1969. "The success of the program over the years has been gratifying. The minorities who have gained admission to medical schools have done well. And they have especially done well at U/B because the medical school is dedicated and committed to helping minorities. The success rate among minorities today is higher than it was among all students 10 years ago," Dr. Cadbury said. "Health care in the U.S. is worst among minorities. We believe most minority students are dedicated to helping minorities and will do so when they complete their medical education." Fellowships are granted to 95 per cent of minority students who apply. They are given only for the first two years. Fellowships are given to students who come from families with very modest incomes, according to Dr. Cadbury. NMF was founded in 1946 as Provident Medical Associates by Dr. Franklin C. McLean, a pioneer in the movement to increase opportunities in medicine for black Americans. The organization initially focused its aid on black physicians seeking specialty training. A few years later as NMF, Inc. its emphasis shifted to helping black students in medical schools. In 1970, NMF began to include members of other under-represented groups American Indians, Mexican-Americans, mainland Puerto Ricans and black Americans (both men and women). Because NMF's resources are limited, its awards are never enough to meet all of a student's needs, but are meant to supplement grants and loans from other sources. In 1976-77 NMF made 1,495 awards totaling $1,558,883 to minority medical students in 112 institutions. A non-profit taxexempt organization. NMF has no funds of its own, but relies on gifts from foundations, corporations and private donors. Dean John Naughton hosted an informal luncheon for the Cadburys. Richard Roy, second year student, and president of the Student National Medical Association, presented a plaque to the visitors. The citation: "In appreciation of your constant service and many contributions to medical education."D SPRING, 1978 Dr. and Mrs. Cadbury 29 . �41st An1 State University at Buffalo Medicc Theme: Ethical Dilemmas in the Practice of Medicine April 28, 29, 1978 Program STATLER HILTON HOTEL Embassy Room FRIDAY MORNING, APRIL 28 Registration 9:00 9:30 Welcome: Michael A. Sullivan, M.D. '53 President, Medical Alumni Association Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine 9:35 RELEVANCY OF MEDICAL ETHICS Moderator: Robert Dickman, M.D. Assistant Professor of Medicine Introduction "Role of Ethics and Human Values in Medical Education" John Naughton, M.D. Dean, School of Medicine 9:50 "Medical Student InterestActivity in Medical Ethics Margaret Werick Sophomore Student 10:00 "Bioethics- An Overview" Robert Dickman, M.D. 10:30 "Relevance of Ethics to Medical Decision Making and MD's Role in Society" H. T. Englehardt, Jr., M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Bioethics Rose Kennedy Center for Bioethics Georgetown University 11:15 "Ethical Concerns of a Practicing MD" David M. Klein, M.D. Associate Professor of Neurosurgery 11:35 Discussion "Relevancy of Medical Ethics to the Practice of Medicine" Moderator: Dr. Dickman 12:0012:15 Intermission 12:1512:45 Business Meeting 12:452:00 Luncheon FRIDAY AFTERNOON 2:00 DISTRIBUTION OF HEALTH SERVICES Moderator: Mila Aroskar, Ed.D. Associate Professor, Graduate Nurse Education "Justice in Health Robert M. Veatch, Ph.D. Care Delivery" Senior Associate Institute of Society Ethics and the Life Sciences The Hastings Center, New York City 30 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �.ual ~Alumni Spring Clinical Days 2:45 Audience Discussion 3:00 "Allocation of Scarce Resources" Howard M. Spiro, M.D. Professor of Medicine Yale University School of Medicine 3:45 "Comments from a Transplant Surgeon" Sidney Anthone, M.D. '50 Clinical Professor of Surgery 4:00 Audience Discussion FRIDAY EVENING, 6:30 Class of 1928 Reunion Reception and Dinner SATURDAY MORNING, APRIL 29 9:00 FACING DEATH IN THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE Moderator: Robert Dickman, M.D. I 1 "Overview of Ethical Considerations" H. T. Englehardt, Jr., M.D ., Ph.D. "Ethical Problems in the Newborn Nursery" Edmund Egan, M.D. Associate Professor, Chief of Neontaology 10:00 "Ethical Problems in the Care of Terminally Ill Adults" David M. Klein, M.D . 10:3011:45 Small Seminars 9:30 I. "Human Experimentation" Mila Aroskar, Ed.D. Howard M. Spiro, M.D. II. "Patient's RightsInformed Consent" Louis Swartz, Ph.D., LL.M. Associate Professor Law & Jurisprudence Norman Solkoff, Ph.D. Professor of Psychology Department of Psychiatry III. "Death & Dying" H. T. Englehardt, Jr., M.D., Ph.D. David M. Klein, M.D. IV. "Justice and National Robert Veatch, Ph.D . Health Insurance" Robert Dickman, M.D. SATURDAY AFTERNOON 1:00 UB MEDICAL ALUMNI Guest Speaker: George E. Miller, M.D. ANNUAL LUNCHEON Co-ordinator for International Activities; AND STOCKTON KIMBALL Professor of Medical Education, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago MEMORIAL LECTURE SATURDAY EVENING, 6:30 Class Reunions: 1933, 1938, 1943, (April), 1943, (December), 1948, 1953, 1958, 1963, 1968, 1973 SPRING, 1978 31 �New Department Chairman Dr. Anbar Four department chairman have been named in biophysical sciences, neurology, rehabilitation medicine and biochemistry by Dean John Naughton. Dr. Michael Anbar has been appointed professor and chairman of the biophysical sciences department. He comes to Buffalo from the Stanford Research Institute where he was director of the Mass Spectrometry Research Center. It was here that Dr. Anbar developed new instrumentation and methodologies using stable isotopes and mass spectrometry. Dr. Anbar did his undergraduate work in Tel Aviv. He received both his Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees from Hebrew University in Jerusalem in 1950 and 1953. He received a UNESCO Research Scholarship in 1954-55 and was a lecturer and research associate in the chemistry department at the University of Chicago. From 1956 to 1967 he was associated with the Weizmann Institute of Science as research and senior scientist; associate professor and head of the radiation research department, and director of the Radioisotopes Training Center. In 1963-64 Dr. Anbar was granted a sabbatical to do research at the Argonne National Laboratory. He was also a visiting professor at Stanford University. Dr. Anbar has been a consultant to the American Atomic Energy Commission. For six months in 1967-68 he was a researcher with NASA in California. He has published 176 articles in scientific journals. Dr. Jerry G. Chutkow has been named professor and chairman of the neurology department. He comes to Buffalo from the Mayo Clinic and Graduate School in Rochester, Minnesota where he has been associate professor of neurology and consultant since 1970. Dr. Chutkow Dr. Chutkow was educated at the University of Chicago bachelor of arts (with honors) 1952; bachelor of science in anatomy, 1955; doctor of medicine (with honors) 1958. He interned at the Presbyterian Hospital, New York City, and did his residency in internal medicine at the University of Chicago Hospitals and Clinics, 1959-1962. He also did a neurology residency from 1964-1967 and was a research assistant at the Argonne Cancer Research Hospital. The next two years he was in the U.S. Army Medical Corps as chief, neurology service and internist, department of medicine, Martin Army Hospital, Ft. Benning, Georgia. Before going to the Mayo Clinic he was on the faculty of the University of Chicago School of Medicine. Dr. Chutkow won several honors and scholarships at the University. He is a Fellow, American College of Physicians, American Academy of Neurology, American College of Nutrition. He has three American Board certifications: Medical Examiners, Internal Medicine, and Neurology and Psychiatry. Dr. Chutkow has published numerous articles for professional journals on his research interests. They are: metabolism of magnesium in the central nervous system; and regulation of copper transport into and out of the CSF, brain and spinal cord. 32 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Dr. Glen E. Gresham has been named professor and chairman of the department of rehabilitation medicine. He comes to Buffalo from Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston where he has been associate professor of physical medicine and director of outpatient and continuing care services, Rehabilitation Institute since 1970. He has also been on the medical school faculties at Yale and Ohio State Universities. Dr. Gresham received his A.B. degree (cum laude) from Harvard College in 1953; his M.D. in 1958 from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University. He had his clinical training at University Hospitals of Cleveland and Western Reserve University Medical School. In 1960-62 he was in Atlanta with the Communicable Disease Center. The physician-educator is a Fellow, American College of Physicians, and a Diplomate, National Board of Medical Examiners, Dr. Gresham is licensed in Ohio, Connecticut and Massachusetts. In Ohio he directed an arthritis clinic and a coronary prevention program and in Massachusetts he was a consultant in rheumatology and rehabilitation and in Connecticut he was chief, clinical epidemiology, Eastern Research Support Center, V.A. Hospital. He served on numerous other commissions and foundations in the three states. Dr. Gresham has authored or co-authored 21 scientific articles for professional journals. He received the Distinguished Service Award from the Massachusetts Council of Organizations of the Handicapped in 1972; and the National Foundation Fellowship in Rehabilitation (internal medicine) in 1962-64. Dr. Alexander C. Brownie is the new chairman of the department of biochemistry effective September 1. Dr. Brownie is professor of biochemistry and research professor of pathology. He joined the faculty in 1963. He has b een acting chairman the last year. Dr. Brownie received his Ph.D. in biochemistry from Edinburgh University, Scotland in 1955. He was a research trust Fellow in clinical chemistry at the Royal Infirmary in Edinburgh the following year. From 1956 to 1962 he was a research Fellow in pharmacology and therapeutics at Queen's College, University of St. Andrews in Scotland. The year before coming to Buffalo Dr. Brownie was at the University of Utah where he was a United States Public Health Service Research Fellow in Steroid Biochemistry. The 1974 Medical School graduating class presented Dr. Brownie with an award for "Insight and Dedication to Teaching." He has been an outstanding lecturer in medical biochemistry, general pathology, biochemical endocrinology and metabolism. He was also a course coordinator for physiological biochemistry and the medical-dental biochemistry course. Dr. Brownie has served on numerous departmental, medical school and University-wide committees. He has also participated as a speaker and panelist in many conferences, workshops and symposia.D SPRING, 1978 33 Dr. Gresham Dr. Brownie �Mr. Diedrick Mel Diedrick Freelancing and teaching occupies the time of Melford Diedrick, who is in semi-retirement at his Honeoye Lake home near Rochester, New York. He has been spending his weekends here since 1948. The medical illustrator joined the U/B faculty in 1935 as a part-time morgue diener and animal caretaker. "It was Dr. Kornel Terplan, professor of pathology, who gave me 'squatter's rights' in his lab at The Buffalo General Hospital," Diedrich said. It was in this lab that his career as a medical illustrator almost ended when he stuck his hand with a needle while sewing up a body. Dr. Terplan recognized the need for a medical illustrator and knew Mel had been trained at Johns Hopkins Medical School by Max Brodel, one of the great names in this field. Two years later, in 1937, when the photographer at The Buffalo General Hospital died, Diedrick was named assistant curator of the Pathology Museum at the Medical School. In this position he had an income, time to do some free-lance drawing, and make models. In 1945 Diedrick almost moved to Chicago to work for Dr. Max Thorek, a famous surgeon. But the Buffalo Medical Community matched the enticing offer. But it was 1947 before he had the faculty title, Director of Medical Illustration, bestowed on him by Dean Stockton Kimball. In 1953 Diedrick had his own department and studio on the Main Street Campus, adjacent to the anatomy department. Prior to that date he worked at the High Street Medical School Building, and in 1964 he moved to 2199 Main Street. When he retired in June he had three staff members- photographer, graphic artist, secretary - all very knowledgeable. There was no trained medical illustrator at the U/B Medical School that was founded in 1846 and this was a challenge to Diedrick and he made the most of it. He is a talented successful artist, who has considerable knowledge of biology, anatomy, histology and many other things. "I've learned my profession the hard way - through clinical observation, study and research. The first step is acquiring information - usually verbal communication with the physicianauthor. No one can make a good medical drawing without knowing his subject. Often I search the scientific literature of the last 10 or 20 years. Sometimes I spend several hours in a hospital viewing a procedure. Then I apply a scientific approach to my illustration. "Anything visual is a means of communication. No task is too small. A graceful letter is very demanding and contributes to the efficiency for the highest level of illustration," Diedrick said. Most of his illustrations are for the printed page periodicals, journals and books. On any given day one or more of the 1,000 Buffalo physicians might ask Diedrick to create a picture of a patched heart, show a prepyloric ulcer or illustrate the latest technique for pinning a fractured hip. Whatever the project, the artist has one objective, depict the subject clearly and truthfully. He works mostly with pencil for preliminary sketching, and wash or print ink for the finished rendering. But he also uses a camera. "Often a camera will show too much or too little. Drawings can eliminate the non-essential 34 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Opening into avex. of deferred. details and focus more dramatically on the main element. It is also difficult to show the differences in tissue with photography, but in a drawing this can be accomplished by contrasting colors and stylized surface characteristics. "My most satisfying accomplishment was the only book that I illustrated in its entirety, Vaginal Surgery, by Drs. David H. Nichols and Clyde L. Randall, local physicians," Diedrick said. He was also the principal illustrator of three widely used specialty books - "Atlas of Operative Teaching Anus Rectum and Colon" by Drs. Harry E. Bacon and Stuart T. Ross in 1954; "An Atlas of Surgical Exposures of the Extremities" by Drs. Banks and Laufman in 1953; and "An Atlas of Neurosurgical Techniques" by Dr. James Poppen in 1960. In the 1950s he drew the illustrations for the UB/WBEN modern medicine television series. His illustrations for "The Way to Better Health and a Longer Life" for the Buffalo Evening News magazine features written by Mildred D. Spencer, won first prize from the New York State Division, American Cancer Society. Society. Diedrick is an accomplished musician. He plays the violin, piano and electric organ. He was the founder and long-time president of the Cheektowaga Symphony Orchestra. Diedrick plays tennis, water skiis, sails and is handy at making things for the house. He is past president of the Association of Medical Illustrators and hosted the annual meeting in Buffalo in 1963. He has held several other offices in the association and is currently chairman of the amendments committee. In his quiet, honest, reliable way Diedrick will continue to preserve and carry on the ideals and traditions of the Brode! School of Medical Illustrators.D SPRING, 1978 35 �7 Faculty Retire Dr. Murphy members, who reached age 70 on or before the last day of August, have retired. Collectively they have served the University 261 years. They are Drs. Michael H. Barone, William G. Ford, Francis E. Kenny, James E. Long, Walter T. Murphy and Benjamin Obletz. An attorney, Leonard Finkelstein, lecturer in legal medicine, is also retiring. All are emeritus. Dr. Barone joined the faculty in 1948 as an assistant in otolaryngology and retired 29 years later as clinical assistant professor of otolaryngology. He received his M.D. from U/B in 1931 and interned at Buffalo Columbus Hospital and took his residency at the Buffalo Eye and Ear Hospital. His additional post graduate training was in facial and plastic surgery at Walter Reed Hospital. Since returning to Buffalo he has been associated with Deaconess, St. Francis and Columbus Hospitals. Dr. Barone is a past president of the American Society of Ophthalmologic and Otolaryngologic Allergy. His other professional memberships include the American College of Allergy, Pan Am Allergy Society, Pan American Association of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Broncho-Esophagology and American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology. He has taught, presented numerous papers and published many articles. He was a Major and commanding officer of the 27th Field Hospital in China during World War II. His son, Robert, a 1966 Medical School graduate, is acting chief, department of surgical oncology, VA Hospital, LaJolla, California. Dr. Murphy joined the faculty in 1951 as an associate in radiology and retired 26 years later a clinical professor of radiology. He is a 1930 U/B Medical School graduate. He took his internship and residency at St. Francis Hospital, New York City. In 1932-33 Dr. Murphy had a pathology fellowship in Vienna, Austria under Professor Carl Sternberg. He returned to Buffalo the following year as assistant on surgical radiation therapy service at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. In 1939 he became director of radiation therapy. In 1960 he was consultant to the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna. The following year he became consultant (and in 1963 chief) in radiation therapy at the Buffalo General Hospital, a position he held for 10 years. Although he has retired from private practice in Buffalo, he is active as a consultant in Florida (Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Medical School, Jackson Memorial Hospital). He lives in Florida seven months each year. Dr. Murphy is a Fellow, American College of Radiology, and a member of the International Society of Radiation Therapists. He has written two books on Radiation Therapy, authored or coauthored 34 scientific papers and eight chapters to other books. In 1972 he was a consultant in making sound movies on radiation therapy for the American Cancer Society, and in 1974 he was a consultant in preparation of the 25th edition of Doorland Medical Dictionary. The Buffalo Evening News named Dr. Murphy an outstanding citizen in 1960. He has been an active member of numerous national and international associations. He has given lectures and seminars in the United States and many countries in Europe, Asia and South America. SEvEN MEDICAL SCHOOL FACULTY 36 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Mr. Finkelstein received his LL.B. degree in 1929 from U/B. He joined the faculty in 1957 as an assistant in legal medicine and retired 20 years later as lecturer in legal medicine. Mr. Finkelstein was chief of the appellate bureau from 1947 to 1969. Dr. Ford joined the faculty in 1940 as assistant in medicine and retired 37 years later as clinical assistant professor of medicine. He is a 1933 U/B Medical School graduate. Dr. Ford served in the United States Army Medical Corps during World War II. Dr. Kenny is a 1931 Medical School graduate. He joined the faculty in 1936 as an assistant in pathology and bacteriology and retired 41 years later as clinical assistant professor of medicine. He was on military leave from 1943-45. He did his postgraduate work at the Buffalo General Hospital and the University of Frankfurt, Germany. Dr. Long joined the faculty in 1946 as an assistant in medicine and retired 31 years later a clinical assistant professor of medicine. He is a 1931 U/B Medical School graduate. Dr. Long was a Major in the United States Medical Corps during World War II. He has authored several articles for professional journals. Dr. Obletz joined the faculty in 1938 as an instructor in surgery and retired 39 years later a clinical professor of orthopedics. He received his M.D. in 1932 from U/B, and his master's degree from the University of Iowa in 1937. He is also a graduate of the U/B School of Pharmacy. Dr. Obletz was a Major in the United States Medical Corps during World War II. He has authored or co-authored 16 scientific articles for professional journals.D The E.J. Meyer Memorial Hospital has added its first general practitioner, Dr. Winford A. Quick, to its staff. Dr. Guy S. Alfano, hospital director, called the appointment of Dr. Quick a breakthrough in providing total medical services to patients at the hospital. "This will correct a situation that in the past allowed patients to be treated by their own general practitioners while confined to the hospital. This will allow us to provide medical services to the entire community." Dr. Alfano said, "in the new Grider Street facility our basic objective is to make the hospital available to a wider range of patients. There will be no exclusions because of class. In the past, it has been the middle class citizens who did not want to come to Meyer. We want a hospital where everyone will be comfortable in coming here." He said many top physicians in the nation received their training at Meyer and then left the hospital. Dr. Alfano noted that it was somewhat of a novelty to have a physician who was trained out of the city join Meyer's staff. Dr. Quick received his medical degree from Albany Medical College. He is also a graduate of the Deaconess Hospital's Family Practice residency program.D SPRING, 1978 37 Dr. Quick �Children's Hospital Appointments Dr. Lee Dr. Chong Dr. Topper Dr. Egan Six NEW APPOINTMENTS to the Children's Hospital staff have been announced by Dr. Elliot F. Ellis, professor and chairman of the department of pediatrics. Dr. Hsin Chang has been named research assistant professor in hematology. She comes to Buffalo from Columbia University where she was an instructor in pediatrics at the College of Physicians and Surgeons and assistant pediatrician at Babies Hospital. Dr. Chang received her Bachelor of Medicine from National Taiwan University in Taipei in 1969. During the next two years she did graduate research in the biochemistry department at Columbia University. She interned at the Long Island College Hospital, Brooklyn, and did her residency at Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn. In 1974-75 she had a fellowship in pediatric hematology-oncology at Babies Hospital. Dr. Tee-Ping Lee is research assistant professor of allergy/immunology. He comes to Buffalo from the University of Wisconsin where he was assistant scientist in the department of medicine the last five years. He received his bachelor's degree from Taiwan University in 1962; his master's degree in nutritional science from Cornell University in 1966; and his Ph.D. degree in biochemistry from the University of North Carolina in 1970. The next two years he was a post-doctorate fellow at Yale University. He has authored or co-authored several articles and abstracts. Dr. Edmund A. Egan II is associate professor and chief of the division of neonatology. He comes from the University of Florida College of Medicine in Gainesville where he has been since 1973. He was an associate professor and associate director of the pediatric pulmonary center, and director of the pediatric residency training program. Dr. Egan received his M.D. from Emory University, Atlanta, Ga. in 1967. He interned and did his residency at the University of Florida. From 1970-72 he was chief of neonatology, Madigan General Hospital, Fort Lewis, Washington. The following year Dr. Egan was an investigator in the Perinatal Research Laboratory, University College Hospital Medical School, London, England. He has participated in symposia in Argentina, France and England. He has authored numerous articles for professional journals and has been active in many regional and national professional associations. Dr. William H. Topper, who comes from Tripier Army Center in Hawaii, has been named assistant professor of pediatrics in the division of neonatology. He received his bachelor's degree in 1967 from Penn State University and his M.D. in 1971 from Jefferson Medical College. He interned and took his residency at Duke University Medical Center. Since 1974 Dr. Topper has also been clinical assistant professor at the University of Hawaii School of Medicine. He is a Major in the United States Army Medical Corps. Dr. Robert C. Welliver is a research assistant professor in the division of infectious disease and virology at Children's Hospital. He received both his bachelor's and M.D. degrees from the University of Florida in 1968 and 1972. He comes to Buffalo from the UCLA Hospital in Los Angeles where he took his internship and residency. 38 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Dr. Martin B. Wingate is the new chief of the division of maternal/fetal medicine at Children's Hospital and professor of gyn/ob. Since 1975 he has been at the Albany Medical Center of Union University where he was professor of pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology and chief, section of perinatology. He was also associate chairman, gyn/ob, and director of the ultrasound section, Albany Medical Center Hospital. Dr. Wingate was educated at the University of London where in 1948 he received his M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. The next two years he was a medical officer in the Royal Air Force. From 1950-1962 he held several appointments at the University of London. From 1963-66 he was a senior lecturer in gyn/ob at the University of Bristol. This was followed by faculty and hospital appointments at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Temple University, Thomas Jefferson University, and St. Christopher's, Philadelphia. He has been board certified in England, Canada and the United States, and has been invited to present 200 papers in these countries. Dr. Wingate has contributed chapters to seven textbooks, and published numerous articles for scientific journals.D Dr. Welliver Today's Student The medical student accepted by U/B today is more interested in a variety of areas in contrast with his counter part admitted 25 years ago, according to Dr. Harry Metcalf, director of medical admissions. "Today's medical student is more humanistic. We realize the physician we graduate must be technically well educated and have humanistic qualities to successfully treat patients." Dr. Metcalf noted that each successive year the new students have higher grade point averages in the sciences, and higher scores on the Medical College Admissions Tests. Last fall96 of the 135 entering students had at least a 3.4 or higher grade point average in science subjects despite the fact that nearly 25 percent of them had majored in areas other than the sciences during their undergraduate education. And 110 of the 135 scored greater than the 'standard' MCAT score - nearly double the number from the 1973 entering class. There were 4300 applications considered for the current first year class. About 800 were invited to the campus for personal interviews by two members of the admissions committee. The committee is composed of 24 active members including four medical students and faculty members who cut across various ethnic, racial and philosophical boundaries.D SPRING, 1978 39 Dr. Metcalf Dr. Wingate �Endowment Fund The Board of Trustees of the State University of New York have established an endowment fund named in memory of a former Buffalo pediatrician and his wife which will be used to enrich teaching programs at the School of Medicine. To be known as the DeWitt Halsey Sherman and Jessica Anthony Sherman Foundation, the endowment will be used primarily for the teaching of pediatrics, under the terms of Dr. Sherman's 1940 will. The endowment, valued at about $40,000, became available after the death last year of beneficiary to Dr. Sherman's estate. Earlier, part of Dr. Sherman's estate was transferred to the U/B Medical School upon the death of the benefactor's widow, Jessica, in 1955. Those funds were used in the construction of Sherman Hall on the U/B Main St. campus. Born in Buffalo in 1864, Dr. Sherman earned medical degrees from the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Buffalo medical schools in the 1890's. He was appointed professor of pediatrics at U/B in 1909, marking the first time pediatrics received recognition as a full unit of the U/B School of Medicine. Dr. Sherman was also active as an officer and editor for the American Pediatrics Association and he is remembered for his role in the expansion of Children's Hospital from 16 beds to a 250bed facility.O Dr. Shapiro Dr. Shapiro A 1968 Medical School graduate has joined the staff of the Health Subcommittee of the Committee on Human Resources in the United States Senate. The Subcommittee, under the Chairmanship of Senator Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.). plays a key role in drafting of federal health legislation. Dr. Stuart H. Shapiro has primary responsibility for legislation relating to health planning, cost containment, national health insurance, family planning, manpower policy, and mental health policy. Dr. Shapiro brings to the job the unique combination of skills in both health policy and clinical medicine having completed a residency in radiology at the Massachusetts General Hospital. He continues on the faculties of Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health, and Georgetown Medical School. Before joining the health Subcommittee, Dr. Shapiro was Deputy Commissioner of the Massachusetts State Department of Public Health. In 1973 Dr. Shapiro received his Master of Public Health degree from the Harvard School of Public Health.O 40 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Dr. Anderson still makes his rounds of hospital and hou se calls . Miss Sara Ne wman is ch eere d by his visit at the Bertram Cha ffee Hosp i tal in Springvi ll e. Dr. Anderson A 1934 Medical School graduate is still making house calls in Western New York. Dr. John V. Anderson works in and around Delevan and often drives 75 miles in bad weather. He has been doing this since 1936. The 73-year-old physician is called "Dr. John" by many of his patients. His friends say he has never refused to make a house call, day or night, in the four decades of general practice. Sometimes he gets a snow-plow escort from the State Police when he has to travel to towns like Lime Lake, Machias and Bliss. Dr. Anderson is the only doctor in the Delevan area, and is candid about the future of country doctors. "People like me are on the way out. Most doctors today want to be in groups - no house calls or night calls. Personally I like being independent and would not have it any other way. I love to contact people in their own homes." Dr. Anderson is also a banker in Delevan. He served as president of the Bank of Delevan from 1947 to 1962 and continues as bank director. He was also briefly mayor of the village between 1940 and 1942. His hobbies are music and sailing.D SPRING, 1978 41 �Humanism, Medical Ethics Margaret Werick, second year student and co-chairman of the seminars with Dr. Solkoff (right) and Steven Wilson, second year student. Two MEDICAL SCHOOL graduates talked about "death and dying" Drs. Katz, Dickman at a special seminar sponsored by the Medical School. Dr. Martin Brecher, M'72, presented the case of an 8-year-old boy with cancer, and Dr. Robert Dickman, M'68, presented the case of an 87-year-old man with cancer and heart disease. Mrs. Rita E. Caughill, associate professor of nursing at U/B, and a consumer, Anita Brayman, also participated on the panel. The boy had cancer when he was 16 months old. Initial treatment was successful, but his cancer recurred and he lost his hearing and became a quadriplegic. He now has contracted rapidly progressing pneumonia, and suffered respiratory arrest following admission to the hospital. While there is little hope he is mentally alert. His physicians and family must decide whether to place him in a respirator, which will sustain his life. He will probably have to remain on the respirator as long as he lives. What decisions should they make and what factors should they take into consideration? Medical and health science students were asked these questions and reviewed the two cases. Dr. Dickman told the students that "there are a variety of philosophical points of view regarding the concept of death and dying that you can take. And I think everyone has to think through those philosophies before dealing with life and death situations." Dr. Dickman stressed humanistic medicine. "Obviously, humanism in health care implies, humanism on both sides of the coin. Years spent as clinicians tend to 'dehumanize' medicine for some physicians because they see patients only as ailments or identify them by their hospital room numbers." The clinical assistant professor of social and preventive medicine said physicians should not allow their own emotions to 42 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �rule in helping patients and families make decisions when the patient's death is imminent, the doctors' emotions should not be left out completely. "When my grandfather died, I saw his doctor cry. I haven't seen a doctor cry since. Unfortunately that was 15 years ago," Dr. Dickman said. Mrs. Caughill said, "technology should not be allowed to take the place of care and compassion. Decisions about what measures should be taken to sustain life in critically-ill patients should be 'team decisions' involving patient, family physicians, nurse, clergymen and anyone the family wants included. It should not be a one-sided decision. The doctor is not shrinking his responsibility if he fails to make the decisions alone." Dr. Norman Solkoff, professor of psychology in the department of psychiatry, said there would be other seminars during the year on ethical and philosophical ramifications of medical issues. He and Dr. Dickman are co-chairmen of the Medical School's human values and medical ethics committee. In the case of the eight-year-old suffering recurrent cancer, the parents opted for the respirator because they felt there was still hope, explained Dr. Brecher. He is assistant research instructor at U/B and Roswell Park physician. Dr. Brecher noted the boy underwent surgery and radiation treatment five years prior to recurrence of cancer and was receiving chemotherapy when pneumonia struck. "Parents," Dr. Brecher noted, "must be the final arbiters in these cases, but they should have the trust of the patient's physician so they can make the appropriate decision." Anita Brayman, a woman who once had to decide whether to prolong treatment for an elderly parent, told those attending the seminar that she consulted only the physician and the clergy. "I wanted facts from the physician but did not want to be swayed by his feelings," she said. Ms. Brayman said she would not want amputation for the elderly patient, but would insist on the respirator for the youngster. "And I would pray over the decision," she added.D "All of my friends became better friends. I was a hero to them." This is what a 51-year-old Ohio contractor told medical students at the second medical ethics-humanism seminar. Bill Mullen had his larynx removed two years ago because of cancer. He spoke with the aid of a pneumatic device (one end in his mouth, the other pressed against a surgical opening at his throat). He praised his family and his physician in helping him through his fight against cancer which culminated in radical neck surgery and a laryngectomy. Dr. Donald Shedd gave his patient's case history and moderated the session. Dr. Shedd is professor of surgery at the Medical School and chief of head and neck surgery at the Roswell Park Memorial Institute. d- SPRING, 1978 43 Last year an ad-hoc studentfaculty committee on medical ethics was formed. In March U/B's chapter of the American Medical Student Association sponsored a symposium on "Humanistic Medicine." The symposium was organized by Irene Burns and Paul Paroski, fourth year students. In April there was a special seminar "Let Me Die," and in May there was a clinical case conference at the VA Hospital on "Death and Dying." In May Dean John Naughton named the Human Values and Medical Ethics Education Committee. Medical School faculty members are: Drs. Donald Becker, Norman Chassin, Stanley Levin, Robert O'Shea, Fred Snell and Russell Markello. Students are: Paul Paroski, Irene Burns, Mark Hagen, John DeBerry, Archimedes Thomas and Margaret Werick. Ms. Mila Aroskar from the School of Nursing, and two additional medical school faculty members, Drs. Peter Gessner and Leonard Katz, also joined the committee.D �Mr. Mullen, Drs. Jacobs, Shedd "My surgeon came to see me 30 straight days after surgery. My doctors told me what to expect and everything about talking. I got what I wanted. A partial laryngectomy the first time so I could continue to talk for one year," Mr. Mullen said. "My decision to have surgery was easy. I wanted to live because my wife, son and daughter mean so much to me." Mr. Mullen, a heavy smoker prior to diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma in 1974, underwent radiation treatments, and later had lymph nodes in the right side of his neck removed. He subsequently had the larynx removed with recurrence of his cancer and has recently been a patient at Roswell Park. "As a result of my surgery, I have become more concerned with helping others," said Mr. Mullen who voluntarily counsels patients, who like himself, have lost their "voicebox" because of life-saving surgery. Dr. Eleanor Jacobs said a major problem facing patients who lose a body part because of accident, illness or surgery is the time lag between the patient's adjustment of self-image to the altered physical reality. She is research associate professor of psychology in the department of psychiatry at the Medical School. "We see this same situation among formerly obese patients who, despite weight loss, continue to walk as if they were still obese and generally act as if they still carried a great deal of weight," she noted. Dr. Jacobs stressed the importance of the family 's emotional support of the patient who loses a body part in order to bring about reintegration of self to self-image. Also featured on the program was Dr. Norman Schaaf of Roswell Park and a professor of maxillofacial prosthesis restorative dentistry at U/B, who showed the audience various types of prostheses used for head and neck patients who have undergone radical surgery which has led to disfigurement. 44 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �"In maxillofacial prosthetics, many types of 'non-living' materials can be skillfully fashioned to cover permanent disfigurement of the head and neck and to conceal surgical openings left of necessity by the surgeon," Dr. Schaaf concluded.O Two medical alumni discussed the "patient's right to know" at the third medical ethics-humanism seminar. Dr. Bertram Partin, M'53, a surgeon for 20 years, noted "that you must be reasonable in telling a patient what might go wrong. But don't tell the patient so much that it will devastate him. All rules don't apply to all patients. These are 'judgment calls' that rest on the 'artful' approach of the physician." The clinical associate professor of surgery and acting head, division of colon and rectal surgery, noted that it is important to "know your patient. There is much that a conscientious physician can learn from a patient. Some patients want to know everything about their medical problems, while others prefer to know as little as possible." Dr. Partin defended the practice of permitting surgical residents to perform surgery with supervision. "How else can he learn? Residents teach me all the time. Maybe the resident is better than the attending physician." Dr. John Pifer, M'66, discussed four troublesome areas in communicating with patients-prescription drugs, diagnostic procedures, surgery and terminal illness. "There is a great disparity between what is done and what ought to be done; what is told patients and what is not. Only occasionally are patients told the side effects of drugs or why we prescribe the drug, or when the patient should begin to see an improvement in his condition. The assistant professor of medicine acknowledged that very often patients are not informed on diagnostic procedures. "We as physicians should tell them the consequences of doing the procedures or not doing them. Then we should ask the patient-what is your choice?" Dr. Pifer noted that there are twice as many hysterectomies and tonsillectomies performed in this country as there should be and perhaps many instances of unnecessary coronary artery surgery. "It is very difficult to tell people they have a terminal illness, but often a patient is more comfortable knowing he has a terminal illness. If there is a strong indication that the patient can't tolerate this information he should not be told. A patient should be told the side effects of chemotherapy." Dr. Pifer said one in 2,000 will have a heart attack following coronary arteriography and one in 10,000 will die as a result of having this diagnostic procedure. Louis H. Swartz, assistant professor of law, outlined briefly New York State's public health law and civil practice law and rules. "Informed consent cases are not likely to happen unled-SPRING, 1978 45 �something goes wrong. Use layman's language when talking to your patients and make a reasonable effort to get through to them. Tell them how much time they will lose from work." Mr. John Jefferies, Children's Hospital administrator, pointed out that hospitals get sued a lot because of poor communication between physicians and patients. "Give your patients a cost estimate. In litigation suits people reject both the hospital and physicians especially in cases of terminal illness. Often parents are too demanding of the hospital and the physician." A third year nursing student, Lynn Bugay, suggested that the patient should be a part of the health care team. "Most patients lack a general awareness of their 'Bill of Rights' which outlines what they have 'a right' to know." Approximately 15 minutes of the CBS special on Ghost Surgery was shown at the beginning of the seminar by Dr. Norman Solkoff, co-chairman of the Human Values and Medical Ethics Committee. The film detailed the fact that many patients are operated on by residents rather than their personal physician. The patients were led to believe that their personal physicians performed their surgery. MEDICAL SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AT RECORD HIGH: There are more students studying medicine in U.S. medical schools today than at any other time an Association of American Medical College's study shows. In September, 1977 there were 16,136 first-year students admitted to the Nation's 120 medical schools bringing the total enrollment for all four years to an all-time high of 60,039. Females composed 25.6 percent of the entering class and minority students composed 9 percent of the class. The percentage of minority students did not increase over last year but the total number did increase. The percentage remained the same because of the total increase in students.O Human experimentation, who shall survive, and the use of coercion and informed consent, genetics and bio-engineering were discussed in three seminars by two University of Virginia medical ethics experts. In a 90-minute session at the VA Hospital, Drs. Joseph Fletcher and Howard Brody agreed that human experimentation is not a signficant issue because of informed consent. "Often times there is a lot of manipulation even when informed consent is given by a patient, and this is troublesome. Experimentation on very young children, the mentally ill, military personnel and prisoners is also troublesome." Dr. Fletcher, a theologian, noted that we must consider our values and priorities. "Honest, competent and effective judgment is important. If there are unusual risks involved the investigator should be the first to undergo the experiment. Often it is not as simple as right or wrong or what is best. "Make your moral judgments on the moral rule - 'never harm a patient'," Dr. Fletcher said. "The beneficial consequences to the patient should be one of the guidelines." The university professor urged the continuation of peer review and close scrutiny of research. "We don't have the answers to many serious questions that basic science and clinical researchers are asking." Dr. Brody, author of Ethical Decisions in Medicine, asked whether informed consent should be flexible or absolute? "There are many social benefits that come from medical research. Is it worth ruining a person's life to help society?" Dr. Brody believes that research on prisoners is wrong and that there should be a complete moratorium on prison research. 46 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �More than 100 medical and health sciences students participated in a lively discussion on "Who Shall Survive" in a medical ethics seminar chaired by Dr. Howard Brody. The audience viewed a 10-minute segment of a Johns Hopkins Hospital film about a baby that was allowed to die 15 days after birth because of mongolism. The parents of the child made this decision. The pros and cons of at least 20 difficult questions were discussed. Dr. Brody noted that there were no clear-cut answers, but the students did clarify the issues. "It was a fuzzy case and there were many underlying ethical alternatives." A passive or active death was a major issue. The students were divided on the 15-day dehydration type death of the new baby. Some advocated the use of an overdose of drugs. "Why prolong the suffering when a more active way of dying could provide relief?" Dr. Brody pointed out that there were no legal guidelines for such a case. But what is morally right in such situations was thoroughly aired. Is the physician always compelled to save a life? Were there any other alternatives for the parents who made the decision? Perhaps the hospital, attending physicians, the nurses or the courts should have been more involved and objected? In such cases what is the burden to society and does this outweigh the burden of conscience? The conflict between what is merciful and what is right was discussed at length.D A health care team composed of a physician, nurse and a clergyman may be the model of the future, according to Dr. Granger Westberg. This combination has been working successfully in several Wholistic Health Care Clinics in Ohio, Illinois and Minnesota. They were developed with funding from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. Speaking at the fifth medical ethics seminar the University of Illinois clinical professor of community and preventive medicine listed four emotional causes of illness - grief, stress, life changes and loss of job or loved one. "More than half of the people who aren't feeling good today can trace their ailments to one of these causes. Some days 90 per cent of our population is emotionally upset. "Good medicine is practiced in these clinics and in addition we can take care of the patient's personal problems if he has any. We find that patients, who come to these clinics voluntarily, are more willing to talk in an informal setting with a physician, a nurse and a minister," Dr. Westberg said. These clinics are located in churches in rural areas and inner cities. Alternate sites for future clinics include a YMCA and a hospital outpatient clinic. "We have all kinds of nice looking doctors' offices all over the country. I want to put doctors in a different setting that can encourage people to talk about things which make people sick. d- SPRING, 1978 47 �setting where it's OK to talk about meditation, about praying, about God, about Christ, about guilt and about forgiveness." By including clergy and pastoral counselors in the health care team, Dr. Westberg has attempted to compensate for a way of thinking which dates back to the early Greek philosophers and carries through to modern medicine which separates the body and spirit. Dr. Westberg said medicine traditionally has not focused on both the physical and spiritual and that those physicians who have attempted to do so have been hampered by a lack of time and by their medical training. "They don't have the insight and they don't have the training," he noted, explaining the average physician is only trained to focus on physical ills. "One of our physicians is an ordained minister and he claims you can't be both a doctor and a minister," he added. Clergy, on the other hand, are trained to look beyond the merely physical and are a natural complement to the physician as part of the health care team. A Lutheran minister with several years experience as a hospital chaplain, Dr. Westberg bases his concern with the spirit on his experiences and those of other clergy and physicians. While Dr. Westberg equates spiritual with religion, he said religion does not enter into discussion, unless initiated by patients. He deliberately changed the spelling of holistic in the names of the centers to stress wholeness and avoid confusion with holiness. The educator/theologian noted that nurses are moving into the preventive medicine and teaching areas more and more. "They like it and are good at it," he said. Dr. Westberg suggests that parents, social workers, teachers and clergy be recruited to counsel people who are distraught because of stress, grief, life changes or losses. "We must find more people willing to help people, and we must concentrate our resources on health education and preventive medicine. We must be more humanistic in our approach to health care," he concluded.D Historical Society The Medical Historical Society of Western New York has two interesting dinner programs planned, according to Dr. Robert A. Baumler, M'52, president of the society. On April 9, Dr. Melvin Tucker, associate professor of history at U/B, will be the speaker. His topic: "The Physicians and Illnesses of Queen Elizabeth I." On June 11, Dr. John Hodson, clinical assistant professor of urology, will speak on "Rejuvenation, a Surgical Tonic." Both meetings are on Sunday evenings with cocktails at 6 p.m., dinner at 7 p.m. The meetings are at the Historical Museum on Elmwood Avenue. Dr. Baumler noted that students, faculty, practicing physicians and other interested people are invited to attend the meetings. The Medical Historical Society is an affiliate of the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Societies. The annual dues of $20.00 covers membership in both. Information on joining the society can be obtained by calling 873-9644 or writing to 25 Nottingham Court, Buffalo, 14216.0 48 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Regional Genetic Clinic "To provide first class genetic diagnostic and counseling services for the Western New York Community of some two million persons," is the main objective of the Regional Genetic Clinic based at Children's Hospital, stated Dr. Robin Bannerman. The magic key in opening the door towards eliminating birth defects is prevention. Through the Genetics Clinic, explains Program Director Bannerman, families can receive genetic counseling and be advised on chances of bearing a genetically defective child. Through services including cytogenetics, biochemical genetics, dermatoglyphies, clinical diagnosis and genetic counseling, prospective parents can receive concrete evidence of their chances of bearing a normal child, rather than settling for uninformed guessing and odds-making. Genetic counseling is a relatively new medical specialty, developed within the last 20 years. Most couples who seek genetic services are already parents of a child with birth defects, or are concerned that a family member's health problem may be hereditary and want to find out the chance of recurrence. Others may be members of families or ethnic groups in which a particular disorder occurs more frequently than in the general population. The Children's Hospital Genetic Clinic was initiated on a pilot basis in April, 1975 and consolidated under March of Dimes funding in 1976. During that time, over 500 patients were seen at the clinic. The geographic catchment area comprises seven counties of Western New York: Erie, Niagara, Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, Genesee, Wyoming, Allegany and to some extent counties in Pennsylvania bordering New York State. Children's Hospital Genetics Clinic now provides the main organizational focus for clinical genetics in this community. The $23,350 grant from the March of Dimes enables the clinic to not only provide genetic services to the Western New York population but also professional educational programs offering clinical genetics to trainees in various specialties, physicians and other health professionals in the community. Through funding of various research and service programs such as this, the Western New York Chapter intends to make a significant contribution towards improving the outcome of pregnancy and therefore, eventually the quality of life. D SPRING, 1978 49 Dr. Bannerman received his M.D. degree from Oxford University in England where he specialized in medical genetics . Presently, in addition to his responsibilities as Director of the Genetics Clinic, he is Professor of Pediatrics at SUNY at Buffalo, attending physician at Children's Hospital and Buffalo General Hospital, and consulting physician at E.J. Meyer Memorial Hospital, and Roswell Park Memorial Institute. Dr. Bannerman is also a member of the March of Dimes - Western New York Medical Advisory Committee. �Where is the food? Drs. Leonard Katz, Jack Richert, and Jeffrey Pitts, fourth year student. Dean John Naughton relaxes with the students. Gary Merrill, fourth year student, Dr. Alexander Brownie (with hat]. Tennis Tournament Sixty medical students and faculty participated in the third annual round-robin tennis tournament in September. Thomas Doolittle, a third year medical student, organized the tourney. Approximately 200 turned out to cheer their favorites. The seven high student scorers were Peter Silberstein, David Simpson, Jeffrey Horowitz, Wesley Blank, Stephen Benham, Vivian Fasula, and Richard Busch. The top faculty scorers were Drs. John Richert, assistant dean and registrar; Charles Andrews, clinical assistant instructor in medicine; Marcia Gamarra, clinical assistant professor of pathology; Mario Montes, clinical associate professor of pathology and dermatology; Gary I. Cohen, clinical assistant instructor of medicine; and Sateesh Satchidanand, clinical assistant instructor in pathology. D 50 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Three alumni have been elected officers of the Eighth District branch of the Medical Society of the State of New York. Dr. William C. Stein Jr., M'50, of Lockport, is the new president for the next two years. Dr. George E. Taylor, M'50, of Cuba, is the presidentelect, and Dr. Carmela S. Armenia, M'49, of Tonawanda, is the secretary. He is also a clinical associate professor of gyn/ob. Dr. Harvey J. Blanchet Jr., of Medina is the new treasurer.O Three alumni are the new officers of the Western New York Alumni of Phi Lambda Kappa, national medical fraternity. Dr. Franklin Zeplowitz, M'58, is the new president. Dr. Paul Davis, professor of medicine, is the vice president. Dr. Sara Sirkin, M'68, clinical instructor in ophthalmology, is secretary; and the treasurer is Dr. Douglas Sirkin, M'67, clinical assistant professor of radiology and nuclear medicine.O People Dr. McCauley Dr. Harry A. Sultz, professor and acting chairman, department of social and preventive medicine, is the principal author of a book dealing with nurse practitioners' impact on health care delivery. Dr. Judith A. Sullivan and her associates at the University of Rochester's School of Nursing co-author the book.O Dr. A. McGehee Harvey, professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins Medical School, gave the second annual John H. Talbott visiting professorship and lecture at The Buffalo General Hospital. Dr. Harvey discussed "100 years of Research on Myasthenia Gravis." The lecture series honors Dr. Talbott, former head of the hospital's department of medicine. He is now clinical professor of medicine at the University of Miami in Florida. Dr. Harvey attended morning report and made ward rounds at the Buffalo General. He gave a clinical conference at the VA Hospital, visited laboratories and talked with faculty and house staff. During his three days in Buffalo, Dr. Harvey participated in morning report and grand rounds at the E.J. Meyer Memorial Hospital and also visited the research building.O Dr. Elizabeth McCauley has been appointed coordinator of the psychoendocrinology clinic at Children's Hospital. She is a clinical assistant professor of psychology in the department of psychiatry and pediatrics.O Dr. John Wright, professor of pathology, is the new president of the Medical Faculty Council. Dr. Michael E. Cohen, M'61, clinical associate professor of pediatrics and neurology, is vice president, and Dr. Arlene Collins, assistant professor of microbiology, is secretary.O Raymond Koehler, a graduate student in the physiology department, won a $250 prize as a finalist in the first annual Graduate Student Research Awards presented by the Buffalo Chapter of Sigma Xi. The title of his study: "Influence of Arterial Hypoxia on Cardiac and Coronary Dynamics in the Conscious Dogs. "0 Dr. Solkoff Dr. Elmo L. Knight, clinical assistant professor of pediatrics and otolaryngology, is initiating a program at Children's Hospital that will lead in the discovery and understanding of communications disorders in children. Dr. Knight is also director of the hospital's Speech, Hearing and Language Clinic.O SPRING, 1978 Dr. Norman Solkoff is the new acting director of the department of child psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Children's Hospital. He is professor of psychology in the department of psychiatry.O 51 �The Classes The Classes of the 1920's Dr. Louis Finger, M'24, has been honored for 50 years of medical service from many professional organizations, as well as the University of Buffalo. He hopes for "third generation in medicine for four of eight grandchildren." Dr. Finger lives at 501 East 79th Street, New York City 10021. 0 Dr. John J. Bernhard, M'25, has retired. The Fellow of American College of Surgeons lives at 924 N. 33rd St., Allentown, Pennsylvania. 0 People Dr. John W. Boylan, professor of medicine and physiology, is the recipient of the National Kidney Foundation's Distinguished Service Award. Dr. Boylan, past chairman of the Foundation's national scientific advisory board, is chairman of the Inter-Society Planning Committee for Kidney Research, involving the Foundation and six other agencies. 0 Dr. John Siegel, professor of surgery, has been appointed to the New York State Board for Medicine by the Regents of SUNY. 0 The 4th Wahle Memorial Lectureship in Hematology was given by Dr. Wendell F. Rosse at the Buffalo General Hospital in January. Dr. Rosse is professor of immunology and medicine and chief of the immunohematology section at Duke University. He spoke on "Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria as a Myelodysplastic Disorder." He also visited the Roswell Park Memorial Institute and the E.J. Meyer Memorial Hospital where he conducted Grand Rounds and Hematology-Oncology Rounds. The Wahle Memorial Lectureship was established through an endowment fund bequeathed by Richard E. Wahle and Helen Johnson Wahle to the Medical School. 0 52 Dr. Milton A. Palmer, M'27, is now practicing part-time in his specialty of ophthalmology. He is a Life Member of many professional organizations including the Eye Bank Association of America. He was elected President of the Buffalo Eye Bank and Research Society, Inc. for the 21st consecutive year. Dr. Palmer lives at 18 Park Blvd., Lancaster, New York. 0 Four members of the 1927 class were honored at the 171st annual convention of the New York State Medical Society for 50 years of service in the medical profession. They are Doctors Joseph F. Kij Sr., Joseph C. Krystaf, Joseph F. Painton and Meyer H. Riwchun. 0 The Classes of the 1930's Dr. J. Edwin Alford, M'34, clinical associate professor of surgery (colon and rectal surgery), at the Medical School was recently elected dean of the Saturn Club, Buffalo. 0 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Dr. J. Rothery Haight, M'34, retired as director of the Gowanda Psychiatric Center, Helmuth, New York, in August. He and his wife expect to travel and visit their three sons and their families; each is currently serving in the Armed Forces. D Dr. Eustace Phillies, M'38, consulting hematologist at Sisters Hospital, was honored recently for his 30 years of service. Dr. Phillies said, "it is refreshing to see fine people from all over the world establish themselves at Sisters and the opportunity for me to work with them. This hospital has been growing and keeping pace with changes in the medical world." D Dr. Grosvenor W. Bissell, M'39, whose specialty is internal medicine and endocrinology, is clinical professor of medicine at Wayne State University, and professor, department of medicine, at Michigan State University. He recently published a book chapter entitled "Diagnosis of Hypoparathyroidism" in Current Diagnosis 5, 1977. D Dr. Ruth C. Burton, M'39, writes, "retired by Syracuse University (for having reached the dishonorable age of 65) where I was Director of Psychiatric Services in the Student Health Service. Have assumed position of Director of Psychiatric Services at CrouseIrving Memorial Hospital." Dr. Burton is a clinical assistant professor at Upstate Medical Center and an Adjunct Associate Professor, department of psychology at Syracuse University. D The Classes of the 1940's Dr. Robert N. Blodgett, M'41, has retired from general practice, but he is still on the staff of the Lakeside Memorial Hospital in Brockport and Park Ridge Hospital, Rochester. D Dr. Philip B. Wels, M'41, clinical professor of surgery, is a Fellow of the American College of Gastroenterology.D SPRING, 1978 Dr. Richard Ament, M'42, is listed in the 1978 edition of Who's Who in America. He has also been appointed to the following positions: vice chairman of the American Medical Association Section on Anesthesiology; Anesthesiology representative to the American Medical Association Interspecialty Advisory Board; American Medical Association representative to the Council on Medical Specialty Societies; and American Medical Association Section Representative to the Joint Nominating Committee of the American Board of Anesthesiology. Dr. Ament is a clinical professor of anesthesiology. D Dr. Evans Viral Infections of Humans, authored by Dr. Alfred S. Evans, M'43, has been selected as the best book on a medical subject for physicians by the American Medical Writers Association. Dr. Evans is professor of epidemiology, Yale University Medical School. He lives at 38 Dogwood Circle, Woodbridge, Conn. 06525. Dr. Evans is past president of the American Epidemiological Society and the Beaumont Medical Club. D Dr. Amos J. Minkel, Jr., M'43, Family Practice Board Member, has been working full time in the Emergency Department of St. Luke's Memorial Hospital Center, New Hartford, New York. D Dr. George L. Collins, Jr., M'48, was named as one of nine outstanding citizens of the Buffalo area for 1977 by The Buffalo Evening News. The clinical assistant professor of medicine at U/B and cancer research internist at Roswell Park Memorial Institute is president of the New York State Medical Society. He was cited especially for his work at resolving what he terms crises over the state's costly medicaid program and the malpractice insurance issue. Dr. Collins recently was named by Governor Carey to the council of SUNY /B. He is a director of Houdaille Industries and has been active in operations of the Buffalo Sabres as a member of the executive committee of the Niagara Frontier Hockey Corporation. D 53 �The Classes of the 1950's Dr. James C. Dunn, M'50 , has moved to Tucson, Arizona. He has been a clinical associate professor of anatomical sciences and clinical assistant professor of surgery at the Medical School. He also served on the admissions committee for several years. Dr. Dunn was a senior surgeon at Our Lady of Victory and Buffalo Mercy Hospitals. He practiced in Lackawanna and Orchard Park. Dr. Dunn is a Diplomate, American Board of Surgery and a Fellow, American College of Surgery. D Dr. Myra R. Zinke, M'50, has closed her private New Jersey office and is now associate professor of medical science, teaching physicians' assistants at AldersonBroaddus College in Philippi , West Virginia. D Dr. Sander H. Fogel, M'53, is assistant professor of clinical psychiatry at New York Medical College. He is also a consultant in child psychiatry to Mothers Manual Magazine. Dr. Fogel is president and chairman of the committee on public policy and chairman of the committee on continuing education, Psychiatric Society of Westchester County. Recently he presented papers at the World Federation of Mental Health in Vancouver and the World Congress of Psychiatry in Honolulu. He represented the American Psychiatric Association at the International Congress of Psychosomatic Medicine in Japan. He also lectured on family and group psychotherapy in Japan and Taipei. D Dr. Fogel Dr. Raab 54 Dr. Bertram A. Partin, M'53, clinical associate professor of surgery and head of the division of colon and rectal surgery has completed a two-year term on the Executive Council of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. He is chairman of the self assessment examination committee of this society. Dr. Partin is also chairman of the post graduate teaching course programs in colon and rectal surgery for the Annual Clinical Congresses of both the American College of Surgeons and The American Medical Association. He has recently been elected to membership on The American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery, the examining and certifying agency for this specialty. D Dr. Donald J. Murray, M'54, practices diagnostic radiology in Scottsdale, Arizona. He writes "I have had almost no contact with my classmates since graduation, except for the 1974 20-year reunion, which I enjoyed very much. I'm getting along OK, and I hope all my classmates are too!" Dr. Murray lives at 2341 North 57th Place. D Dr. Spencer 0. Raab, M'54, has been appointed professor of medicine and chief, division of hematology/oncology at the East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville. This is a new four-year school which accepted students for the first time last September. Dr. Raab is recruiting faculty for his new department. Dr. Raab (formerly at the University of Arkansas) is a member of the Southeast Cancer Study Group which has an active program in clinical research in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. His wife, Mary, is a physician. She is a 1968 graduate of the Medical College of Pennsylvania. They are collaborating on research projects concerning stem cells using the usual in vitro bone marrow and blood culture techniques. The Raabs have three children and live at 307 Windsor Rd., Greenville, N.C. 2,7834. D THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Dr. James R. Nunn, M'55, clinical assistant professor of family medicine at the Medical School, has been elected to the Board of Directors, Blue Shield Association (National Associations of Blue Shield Plans) and also elected Speaker, Congress of Delegates of the New York State Academy of Family Physicians. 0 Dr. Richard R. Gacek, M'56, is professor and chairman of the Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences at the SUNY Upstate Medical Center in Syracuse. 0 Dr. Warren E. Levinson, M'57, associate professor of microbiology, University of California, was the winner of a Kaiser Award, established by the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation for excellence in teaching. D Dr. Sherman Waldman, M'57, clinical assistant professor of pediatrics, has been elected to the national board of trustees of the Leukemia Society of America, Inc. He will serve with a team of volunteers from chapters throughout the country committed to furthering the search for control and cure of leukemia. 0 The Classes of the 1960's Dr. Robert P. Geraci, M'62, has been appointed chief of anesthesiology at The Genesee Hospital (Rochester, New York). Dr. Geraci spent two years in the Navy as a staff anesthesiologist at the U.S. Naval Hospital in Portsmouth, Virginia before joining the University of Rochester as an attending anesthesiologist. He is currently a clinical assistant professor of anesthesiology at the University of Rochester and the University of Pennsylvania and is a consultant in anesthesiology at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Canandaigua, New York. D SPRING, 1978 Dr. John L. Kiley, M'62, is practicing psychiatry (Adult and Child) in Rochester, New York. He is also a clinical assistant professor at the University of Rochester. 0 Dr. Melvin J. Steinhart, M'62, is associate professor of psychiatry and medicine at Albany Medical College of Union University. He is also Chief, Psychiatric Liaison-Consultation Service. Dr. Steinhart was the recipient of a NIMH Training Grant for Liaison Psychiatry. D Dr. Anthony C. Trippi, M'62, is an assistant professor of surgery (neurosurgery) at the University of Southern California. From 1969-1970, Dr. Trippi was stationed at the 71st Evacuation Hospital in Viet Nam. He was at Fitzsimons General Hospital, Chief of Neurosurgery Service, from 1970-1971. His latest paper "Dorsal Column Stimulation in Multiple Sclerosis-Preliminary Report" will be published shortly. Dr. Trippi lives at 900 Fallen Leaf Road, Arcadia, California 91006. D Dr. A.J. D'Allesandro, M'65, is Medical Director, Greater Bridgeport, Connecticut Regional Narcotics Program. He is also Senior Psychiatrist (assistant director of the Alcohol Program) Fairfield Hills Hospital, Newtown, Conn. The board-certified psychiatrist lives in Newtown (Box W). 06470. 0 Dr. Robert E. Jordon, M'65, is professor and chairman, division of dermatology, at the Medical College of Wisconsin [Milwaukee). He recently moved from Mayo Clinic to the above new position. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Investigative Dermatology, and on the board of directors of the Society for Investigative Dermatology. He is a member of the Central Society for Clinical Research. D Dr. Ira M. Feldman, M'66, was recently elected to Fellowship in the American College of Cardiology. Dr. Feldman is an assistant clinical professor of medicine at the University of Miami School of Medicine. He lives at 2071 NE 210 Street, North Miami Beach. 0 55 �Dr. Eugene M. Spiritus, M'66, specializes in pulmonary medicine and is also director of respiratory services at St. Joseph's Hospital in Orange, California. 0 Dr. John E. Spoor, M'66, is Director of Student Health Services, State University College at Oneonta, New York. His article "Rural Advanced EMT Training" was published in Emergency Medical Services, Vol. 6 #5, Sept/Oct 1977. 0 Dr. Michael I. Weintraub, M'66, was promoted to clinical associate professor of neurology at New York Medical College in June. He has written the current Monograph in Clinical Symposia, Hysteria: A Clinical Guide to Diagnosis. Dr. Weintraub has authored a textbook, A Clinician's Manual of Hysterical Conversion Reaction, that was published in 1977. He has also written 45 articles for other professional journals. 0 Dr. John Randall Anderson, M'67, is a family practitioner in Little Falls, New York. His address is 241 Burwell Street. 0 Dr. Albert W. Biglan, M'68, has started a private practice in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in the field of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus after completing a one year fellowship at the Indiana University Medical Center. Dr. Biglan is also a clinical instructor at the University of Pittsburgh. He lives at F Sylvan Road (15221). 0 Dr. John E. Shields, Jr., M'68, is in full time practice of gastroenterology and alcoholism. He lives at 310 West Neck Road, Huntington, New York 11743. 0 Dr. Sogba K. Bosu, M'69, of Seal Branch, California is associate director, Newborn Services, Long Beach Children's Memorial Medical Center and is on the clinical faculty at the University of California/Irvine School of Medicine. 0 56 The Classes of the 1970's Dr. Elliott Brender, M'70, writes that he will be doing a fellowship in Colon and Rectal Surgery at St. Marks Hospital in England. His home address at present is 540 Midvale Way, Mill Valley, California 94941. 0 Dr. Carl Ellison, M'70, is practicing pediatrics in Cincinnati, Ohio. His address is 3655 Stettinius Avenue, 45208. 0 Dr. Michael Lippman, M'70, has a full time hospital based position at the Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, in his subspecialty of pulmonary disease. He is also a clinical instructor at Temple University. Dr. Lippman is certified by ABIM. His article "Drug Induced Lung Disease" appeared in the November, 1977 issue of MED. CLIN. NA.O Dr. Sigmund S. Gould, M'71, completed two years as staff ophthalmologist at Portsmouth Naval Hospital, Virginia. In July, he opened an office for the practice of ophthalmology in Greensboro, North Carolina. His address is 1707 Milan Road. 0 Dr. Lawrence D. Lubow, M'71, is now practicing radiology at the Skokie Valley Community Hospital. He lives at 1321 Canann Court, Glenview, Illinois, 0 Two 1971 graduates, Drs. John M. Antkowiak and Martin Mango, have joined the Sisters Hospital medical staff. They both did their flOSt-graduate work in Buffalo hospitals. 0 Dr. Bennett G. Zier, M'71, has established permanent residence in San Francisco. He writes that he would "really enjoy h·e aring about my fellow colleagues." Dr. Zier's address is 59 Marne (94127). 0 Dr. John E. Knipp, M'72, is practicing internal medicine and gastroenterology at 61 East Main Street, Washingtonville, New York, 10992. 0 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �- Dr. James S. Marks, M'73, began working for the Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia in July, 1976. He has been involved in the investigation of Legionaire 's Disease, Guillain-Barre post Influenza Immunization and Measles . The pediatrician presented a paper on measles vaccine efficacy at the 26th Annual EIS Conference in April. Dr. and Mrs. Marks had a baby girl, Amy Lynn, born in May, 1976. They live at 7712 Burkey Drive, Reynoldsburg, Ohio 43068. D Dr. Paul A. Orens, M'73, family practitioner, is a clinical assistant in family practice at the Albany Medical College . He lives at 25 Linda Court, Delmar, New York. D Dr. Michael A. Sansome, M'73, has joined the Sisters Hospital medical staff. He is an ophthalmologist and took his post-graduate work at the E.J. Meyer Memorial Hospital. D Dr. Henry M . Bartkowski, M'76, is a neurosurgery resident at N.Y.U. Medical Center. His home address is 372 Edwards Terrace, Ridgefield, New Jersey 07657. 0 Dr . Larry Schlachter, M'76, is finishing a second year of general surgery and starting a residency in neurologic surgery at Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia on July 1st, 1978. D Dr. Ira L. Salam, M'77, is an intern in internal medicine at Metropolitan Hospital, New York City. He will be continuing his internal medicine residency at the University of Minnesota Hospital , Minneapolis, starting July 1, 1978. His address is 100 West 92nd Street-29F, New York City 10025. D In Memoriam Dr. Howard R. Goldstein, M'74, completed general surgery training at North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York. He is now a resident in urology at the Squier Urological Clinic, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, New York City. D Dr. Diane L. Matuszak, M'74, is a commissioned officer of the United States Public Health Service . She is the Director of the USPHS Buffalo Outpatient Clinic. Dr. Matuszak returned to Buffalo in July, 1977, after completing a Family Practice residency in Waco, Texas. Her home address is 3935 Autumnway Lane, Hamburg, New York 14075. D Dr. Erie Russell, M'74, is chief resident (1977-1978), department of radiology, Montefiore Hospital, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. He will be entering a fellowship in neuroradiology at New York University Hospital in July 1978. Dr. Russell was the recipient of the Annual Tausend Award for contributions in the field of diagnostic radiology for 1977. D SPRING, 1978 Dr. Stephan P. Salasny, 71, a practicing Buffalo obstetrician until he was disabled in 1952, died on December 28. He graduated from U/B School of Medicine in 1932 and completed his obstetric training at the school in 1935. He was on the staffs of Emergency, Sisters and Meyer Memorial Hospitals. D Dr. David Davidson, M'34, died April 15, 1977 of heart disease . The specialist in internal medicine was a resident of Miami Shores, Florida. D Dr. Robert D. Davis, M'51, Olean, New York urologist, died January 5 in Daytona Beach, Florida where he was vacationing. He was 55. Dr. Davis was chief of surgery at Olean General Hospital for 16 years. Dr. Davis was born in the Panama Canal Zone. He was a World War II Air Force veteran. He was a member of the American Urological Association and other professional societies and a charter member of the American Geriatric Society. D 57 �In Dr. Rufus R. Humphrey, Emeritus Professor of Anatomy, died on November 13, Memoriam 1977 following a heart attack in late September. Dr. Humphrey received his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1923 and shortly thereafter joined U/B's department of anatomy where he taught histology and embryology until he retired on July 1, 1957. Usually he was the first professor to lecture formally to first year medical students. After leaving Buffalo he joined the department of zoology at Indiana University as a Research Scholar. His most outstanding work was in the field of experimental embryology in the Mexican axolotl and Amblystoma. His work on problems related to sex reversal led to the discovery of new genes. Over the years he personally assisted needy medical and dental students financially. 0 Rufus R. Humphrey Memorial We believe that many of Dr. Humphrey's former students and colleagues would wish to participate in a permanent memorial to the teacher whose dedication, patience and sincerity influenced so many during his 34 years in the Department of Anatomy. A bronze memorial plaque placed in the lobby of Farber Hall, we feel, would be a fitting tribute, and a return to the tradition long practiced at the old school on High Street. Those old plaques have now been reinstalled in the Farber lobby and it is hoped this space will become a memorial ball for faculty, staff and students of the school. Donations in the form of checks made out to the Medical Faculty Fund should be sent to: John H. Warfel, Ph.D. SUNY! Buffalo Department of Anatomical Sciences 303 Farber Hall Buffalo, New York 14214 Funds in excess of that necessary to purchase the plaque will be added to the Ellis and Helena Humphrey Student Loan Fund which Dr. Humphrey established in memory of his parents in 1959. John H. Warfel, Ph.D. Robert L. Brown, M.D. 58 Dr. Annette T. Stenstrom M'24, died March 26, 1977 of heart disease in Holmes Beach, Florida. She was 82. She had been certified by the American Board of Radiology.O Dr. Carl C. Koester, M'20, died December 21st in Batavia, New York. He was 81. The ear, nose and throat specialist practiced in Genesee County for more than 50 years. He did his post graduate work at Harvard and the University of Michigan Medical School. Dr. Koester became chief of the nose and throat department at St. Jerome Hospital and was named chief of staff in 1951. He was a past president of the Buffalo Otolaryngological Society. At the request of the Board of Education in 1924 he helped organize the nose and throat services in Batavia schools. Dr. Koester was an active Kiwanian and served the organization in numerous local and state offices. He was a former president of the Genesee County Medical Society and served as consultant at the Veterans Administration Hospital and attending surgeon at the Buffalo Eye and Ear Infirmary. 0 Dr. Norman Haber, M'43, died December 5th in Millard Fillmore Hospital after a long illness. He lived in Williamsville. The 59year-old ear, nose and throat specialist was chief of the medical staff at DeGraff Memorial Hospital, North Tonawanda. Dr. Haber had a special interest in rhinoplasty, plastic surgery of the nose. He formerly was on the medical staffs of Buffalo General and Children's Hospital. Dr. Haber was a member of Alpha Omega Alpha medical honorary society and Phi Lamba Kappa medical fraternity. He did his internship and residency in surgery at Meyer Memorial Hospital. He was a captain in the U.S. Army Medical Corps during World War II, serving in the China-Burma-India Theater. Following military service, he completed his residency in otolaryngology at Children's and Buffalo General Hospitals. He went into private practice of otolaryngology and plastic reconstructive surgery in 1950. He was active in various community and professional organizations. 0 THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN �Dr. Herbert J. Ulrich, M'30, an internist, died October 17, 1977. His age was 71. He was on the Medical School faculty from 1935 to 1976 and was on the medical staff at the E.J. Meyer Memorial Hospital for 40 years. He was also attending physician at Millard Fillmore Hospital from 1938 to 1972. He was on the Emeritus staff of both hospitals and the Medical School. Dr. Ulrich was a Fellow of the American College of Physicians.D Dr. Robert J. Maichle, M'08, died October 19, 1977 at his home in Dansville, N.Y. at the age of 92. He interned at St. Mary's Hospital in Rochester and became a resident surgeon in 1909. He practiced in Cohocton from 19101926, before moving to Dansville. He continued to make house calls at the age of 91. Dr. Maichle was on the medical staff of Dansville Memorial Hospital where he was chief of staff from 1956-58. In 1964 the Dansville Chamber of Commerce named him "Man of the Year." He was active in several professional and civic organizatons and received several other honors for his dedicated service.D Dr. Raymond Blohm Jr., M'47, died in September. The 53-year-old Army Colonel was deputy commander and deputy for medical activities and medical education at Fitzsimmons Army Medical Center in Denver, Colorado. He was a former medical consultant to the Army Medical Command in Europe and chief of the department of medicine at Walter Reed Medical Center, Washington, D.C.D Bruce J. Baust, 43, administrator of Deaconess Hospital since 1970, died September 27 after a five-month illness. He was a graduate of the Syracuse University College of Business Administration. He also had a degree in hospital administration from Columbia University School of Public Health and Administrative Medicine.D Dr. George E. Leone, M'29, died April 30, 1977 in Southampton, New York. He was a Colonel in the United States Army.D SPRING, 1978 Dr. Evelyn E. Alpern, M'26, died October 26, 1977 after a long illness. Her age was 73. She was one of the nation's early child psychiatrists and was instrumental in training mental health workers of various disciplines in the field of child psychiatry. Dr. Alpern was executive director (1949-69) of the Child Guidance Clinic at Children's Hospital, and a consultant in out-patient and in-patient services at the hospital. A practicing psychiatrist for 38 years, Dr. Alpern was cited for distinguished service to the community by the Western New York District Branch, American Psychiatric Association, in 1969. Before coming to Buffalo she was director of the Providence, Rhode Island Child Guidance Clinic and taught psychiatry at the Brown University Medical School. She was associate clinical professor of pediatrics and child psychiatry at the Medical School. She was a Fellow, American Orthopsychiatric Association; American Psychiatric Association; and the American Academy of Child Psychiatry. Dr. Alpern was a past president of the Western New York District Branch, American Psychiatric Association. She was a contributing editor to the Journal of the American Psychiatric Association and to other scientific publications.D Dr. Herbert R . Reitz, M'36, died November 3, 1977 in his home in Venice, Florida after a long illness. He moved to Florida in 1971 after a long professional career in Buffalo. He served on the medical staffs of Buffalo General and Children's Hospitals. His graduate work was done at the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Reitz was assistant clinical professor of ophthalmology at the Medical School from 1942-1974. He was a World War II veteran. He was a Diplomate of the American Board of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons. He was also active in several other professional associations.O Dr. Frederick H. Petters, M'14, died April 12 in Cocoa Beach, Florida.D 59 In Memoriam �U/B ALUMNI ASSOCIATION 1978 Travel Program GREECE May 14- 22 Niagara Falls departure $689 (Trans International Airlines DC-8 stretch jet- Royal Olympic Hotel - continental breakfast daily - your choice of lunch or dinner daily). ORIENT July 31 - August 14 Buffalo departure* $1259 San Francisco departure $1144 Japan Airlines - 747 (355 seats). New Otani Hotel, Tokyo - 6 nights, Mirimar Hotel, Hong Kong - 4 nights, Kyoto International Hotel, Kyoto - 4 nights - American breakfast daily two dinners (optional meal plan available). *Commercial flight to San Francisco, Japan Airlines direct to Tokyo. OPTION: Continuing Education Program for Dental Alumni at Gifu College of Dentistry is $149.00 including transportation to Gifu and accommodations at the Gifu Grand Hotel. INNSBRUCK/ ST. MORITZ/ MUNICH October 11 - 26 Niagara Falls departure $746 (Capitol Airlines, DC-8 stretch jet- four nights Holiday Inn in Innsbruck, four nights Hotel Albana in St. Moritz, Arabellahaus in Munich - deluxe hotel option and dinearound meal option available). The General Alumni Board- PHYLLIS M. KELLY, B.A. '42, President; ERNEST J. KIEFER, B.S. '55, President-eJect; JOHN R. VONA, D.D.S. '61, Vice President for Activities; WILLIE R. EVANS, Ed.B. '60, Vice President for Administration; MICHAEL F. GUERCIO, A.S.C. '52, Vice President for Athletics; M. DOLORES DENMAN, J.D. '65, Vice President for Constituent Alumni; SUSAN D. CARREL, Ph.D. '76, Vice President for Continuing Education; CHARLES S. TIRONE, M.D. '63, Vice President for Development and.Membership; ROBERT E. LIPP, J.D. '68, Vice President for Legislative Relations; STEPHEN C. TOWNSEND, J.D. '74, Vice President for Young Alumni; JAMES J. O'BRIEN, J.D. '68, Treasurer; Past Presidents, GIRARD A. GUGINO, D.D.S. '61; GEORGE VOSKERCHIAN, B.A. '54; MORLEY C. TOWNSEND, J.D. '68; EDMOND J. GICEWICZ, M.D. '56; M. ROBERT KOREN, L.L.D. '44; WELLS E. KNIBLOE, J.D. '50. Medical Alumni Association Officers: DRS. MICHAEL A. SULLIVAN, M'53, President; W. YERBY JONES, M'24, Vice President; EDMOND J. GICEWICZ, M'56, Treasurer; JAMES F. PHILLIPS, M'47, Immediate Past President. Board Members- CARMELO S. ARMENIA, M'49; GEORGE W. FUGITT, M'45; ROBERT W. SCHULTZ, M'65; EUGENE SULLIVAN, M'63; CHARLES TANNER, M'43; LAWRENCE M. CARDEN, M'49, Program Committee Chairman; NORMAN CHASSIN, M'45, Exhibits Chairman; MILFORD C. MALONEY, M'53, Past President. �A Message from Michael A. Sullivan, M'53 President, Medical Alumni Association Dear Fellow Alumni, It is with great pleasure that I invite you to personally participate in the affairs of the Medical Alumni Organization. Your individual efforts specifically contribute to the success of your organization and I urge you to send in your dues as tangible evidence of your much needed and appreciated support. Dr. Sullivan ·------------------------------------------------------------First Class Permit No. 2210 Buffalo, N.Y. BUSINESS REPLY MAIL NO POSTAGE STAMP NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY- Buffalo Physician 28 Diefendorf Annex 3435 Main Street Buffalo, New York 14214 �THE BUFFALO PHYSICIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO 3435 MAIN STREET, BUFFALO, NEW YORK 14214 c ll 22 THE HAPPY MEDIUM Fill out this card; spread some happiness; spread some news; no postage needed. (Please print or type all entries.) Name - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Y e a r MD Received---Office A d d r e s s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Home A d d r e s s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - IfnotUB,MDreceivedfrom-------------------------------------InPrivatePractice: Yes ~ In Academic Medicine: Yes No ~ SpecialtY------------------------------ ~ No ~ Part Time 0 Full Time ~ School--------------------Title - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Other: Medical Society Memberships:-----------------------------------~ NEWS: Have you changed positions, published, been involved in civic activities, had honors bestowed, etc.?------- Please send copies of any publications, research or other original work. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Buffalo Physician Magazine Description An account of the resource <em>The Buffalo Physician</em> (formerly the <em>Buffalo Medical Review</em>) was published quarterly by the State University at New York at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and the Office of Publications. The magazine informed its alumni, friends and community about the school’s pivotal role in medical education, research and advanced patient care in our region. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-HSL008 Subject The topic of the resource State University of New York at Buffalo. School of Medicine--Periodicals Medical colleges--New York (State)--Buffalo--Periodicals Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. School of Medicine Robert L. Brown History of Medicine Collection Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Still Image Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Buffalo medical review Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalo Physician Magazine LIB-HSL008 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Buffalo physician, Spring 1978 Subject The topic of the resource State University of New York at Buffalo. School of Medicine -- Periodicals Medical colleges -- New York (State) -- Buffalo -- Periodicals Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo. School of Medicine Robert L. Brown History of Medicine Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978-Spring Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource State University of New York at Buffalo. School of Medicine Relation A related resource MicFilm LD701 .B42 M5 no.268-271, Buffalo physician and biomedical scientist Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource eng Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Still Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LIB-HSL008_1978-01-Spring Table Of Contents A list of subunits of the resource. Dean Naughton's Message Class Reunions Dr. Nolan/Gerontology Division History, Department of Medicine by Evan Calkins, M.D. Dr. Small Continuing Education A Physician Faces Disseminated Reticulum Cell Sarcoma in Himself (Part VI-E). Cancer: Its Effects on the Family of the Patient: Communication Between Physician and Patient's Family by Samuel Sanes, M.D. Health Problems Alumni Contributors, 1977 Dr. Knox Neonatal Medicine Neighborhood Health Care National Medical Fellowships 41st annual Spring Clinical Days New Department Chairmen Mel Diedrick Seven Faculty Retire Dr. Quick Children's Hospital Appointments Today's Student Endowment Fund/Dr. Shapiro Dr. Anderson Medical Ethics Historical Society Genetic Clinic Tennis Tournament People The Classes In Memoriam Alumni Tours Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Buffalo medical review Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2017-12-12 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Buffalo Physician Magazine LIB-HSL008 Is Version Of A related resource of which the described resource is a version, edition, or adaptation. Changes in version imply substantive changes in content rather than differences in format. v12n01 Extent The size or duration of the resource. 64 p. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. New York (State) -- Buffalo Is Format Of A related resource that is substantially the same as the described resource, but in another format. Journals and magazines (periodicals) Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Available for use. Source material in the public domain. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/b3e786548661ff8e4a2b1ac113964c16.JPG f9142513ed5321e8d2b2d805fd33fb27 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2871 Title A name given to the resource Tourists descending to Lalibela churches Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Erosion over several centuries has made footing down to the churches difficult - at least in 1973. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Lalibela (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/befae382d45fa0c861ab132548b21621.JPG 6f014b45f4e44910c08eafb39cc7a616 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2870 Title A name given to the resource Steps down to Lalibela churches Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource The village of Lalibela contains 11 churches that were dug into the local rock, mostly in the late 12th century. UNESCO named them a World Heritage Site in 1978. Lalibela is one of Ethiopia's holiest cities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Lalibela (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/49f16bc5acabf1308659a035a113eede.JPG 44e857ec5b7f00db2c7616b01f431f71 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2869 Title A name given to the resource Saint Stefanos Church Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/5bd4b6a69f9d0e68c046fed08d74ffe3.JPG b1bd78f951d75abad57ea07f9633de54 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2868 Title A name given to the resource Menelik II statue and St. George's Cathedral Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Description An account of the resource Menelik II (1844-1913; ruled as Emperor 1889-1913) ushered Ethiopia into the modern age, significantly expanding the Ethiopian empire in the process. He is shown riding a horse, honoring his defeat of Italian invaders in the crucial 1896 Battle of Adwa. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/e199a265754f9cfb25e09945d0854069.JPG d911b1b0932aef5fbb443e10efe8ec19 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2867 Title A name given to the resource Large Ethiopian rugs on display Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource These hand-woven rugs are noteworthy for their use of natural-color wool and traditional Ethiopian designs Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/56bfb2ce40fca31a27774759ec773dcf.JPG 8706643d514b79600ae72228dad511f8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2866 Title A name given to the resource Just-shorn sheeps' wool being prepared for processing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Ethiopian woven goods often use natural-color wool, such as that on these racks Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/1ae110a4bfa287f8f98ae1930dafdd18.JPG 3db7326818e8265801ef061f5e7aeac4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2865 Title A name given to the resource Ethiopian woman preparing market stall Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Early-morning shadows shine on the rural products this woman hopes to sell during the day Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Gondar (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/96c3dae209f9ebf2a5cd72fa77bf21fa.JPG 6eb6aa8462e4f402670a0e2088068252 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2864 Title A name given to the resource Donkeys carrying firewood Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Cooking is done largely with firewood in Ethiopia and in rural areas of almost all other African countries. Deforestation became so acute that Emperor Menelik II ordered that eucalyptus trees from Australia be imported and planted in 1895 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Gondar (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/954ae7abb7b6c6cf2e8b01a215d0ac37.JPG 065c3ab04fc2e5251e89d0b65b88e22e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2863 Title A name given to the resource Fasilides castle Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource The large structure in the background was built in the mid-17th century during the reign of Fasilides, emperor of Ethiopia from 1632 to 1667. Gondar was once the capital of the Ethiopian empire. In 2007, the entire city of Gondar had a population of 207,000, the overwhelming majority Christian. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Gondar (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/f5ab8562330152a78ba550f98f80d317.JPG 435c6152e3d277b025774b4da544e2f6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2862 Title A name given to the resource Border crossing arch, Ghana-Togo boundary Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-09 Description An account of the resource The gateway both featues the black star - a major symbol for African nationalism - and welcomes persons arriving from Togo. English is Ghana's official language French in Togo. Residents of the border often speak both of these tongues and a local language or two as well Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ghanaian Ghana-Togo border Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/9853b6bf9a3f172cf31d8be08a55f42c.JPG 74016c035305f6917b7e77d4e4779cdc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2861 Title A name given to the resource Fish section of open-air market Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-09 Description An account of the resource Fish caught that morning are ready for sale. 'Market mammies,' clad in traditional long skirts and machine-produced wax-block cloth, monopolize retail sales. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ghanaian Accra (Ghana) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/e54549d55c7c8e0305f747358c19b899.JPG 2da9ddf63e931af47bebb10d2c9bbd30 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2860 Title A name given to the resource Small- and larger-scale 'market mammies' Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-09 Description An account of the resource While the young vendor in the background has sold her products from the basket on her head by walking through the market, a longer-established 'market mammy' occupies a curb-side position and can sit during the day Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ghanaian Accra (Ghana) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/e241a6e8c084712ad5a78bfa7353a373.JPG a85efb008f621da61a2a5a5e27759f0b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2859 Title A name given to the resource Fruit and vegetable kiosks, Accra Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-09 Description An account of the resource Semi-tropical fruits and vegetables dominate this stand, including cassava (right), oranges (greenish in color yet still ripe), or pineapples Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ghanaian Accra (Ghana) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/fb35fe09b86956b115ca3d2009b01cc5.JPG b5ee13fc52149406a892e4b66abe56cc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2858 Title A name given to the resource Loading buses, Accra terminal Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-09 Description An account of the resource A well-organized transport system linked Accra to all parts of Ghana. 'Market mammies' and wholesalers often loaded large sacks of products on bus roofs. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ghanaian Accra (Ghana) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/175da5cce337771a0ddc1c5380e0aa1e.JPG bd1fd00d3c3387c9af3d48aedc1eeab3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2857 Title A name given to the resource Marketplace, central Accra Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-09 Description An account of the resource This picture is marked by contrast: modern apartment buildings vs. street-level individual venders woman in Western dress vs. 'market mammies' clad in much more conservative clothing Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ghanaian Accra (Ghana) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/d901cf9d846d5ed844ec40255859f094.JPG 025e9528200f032e00bcc37dd0510ce5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2856 Title A name given to the resource Political poster honoring country's independence Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-09 Description An account of the resource The Convention Peoples Party combined generalized opposition to colonial rule into a relatively coherent single party, led by Kwame Nkrumah (Prime Minister and/or President 1952-1966). The CPP appealed to nationalism, economic development, and Nkrumah's charisma for its appeal. The poster reads: "United we build a strong nation One Nation - One People - One Destiny Self-Reliance" Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ghanaian Accra (Ghana) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/28cef449cd393430ae2dc6d464445d22.JPG 148cc609ffc4ed403cc8bd10abcc6916 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2855 Title A name given to the resource Ghanaians celebrating soccer victory Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-09 Description An account of the resource The national team has just won a major win. Ghanaians take to the streets and cheer for it. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ghanaian Accra (Ghana) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/e01f0938216bc7b6f13ba1a56595522f.JPG 5ba7a82bc9c815e9aa3783d58ad6c5dd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2854 Title A name given to the resource Royal palm-lined avenue, University of Ghana Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-09 Description An account of the resource Although native to the Caribbean area, royal palms have been planted in other tropical areas, due to their striking height Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ghanaian University of Ghana Legon (Ghana) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/498a36579758264ae4bf7007d021b0bc.JPG 61bf9cae8bf3ccf9914f9188039e1845 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2853 Title A name given to the resource Wedding party, University of Ghana Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-09 Description An account of the resource The Western-style attire worn by members of the wedding party reflects the many centuries of contact between Ghana and western societies Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ghanaian/ Western University of Ghana Legon (Ghana) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/ea756d95164f8c917607aada4ff2b12c.JPG 0d0ee4fa117a938c2f64de007516b2f4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2852 Title A name given to the resource Cultivated areas from air, Ethiopia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Lush fields of teff and other crops demonstrate the fertility of Ethiopia's highland soil - if there's enough water. Note the large reservoir. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Rural Ethiopia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/a745026dbdba9306a1971ad63c53b546.JPG 4a44552ed9ffd7e6774051c1cf5ade08 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2851 Title A name given to the resource Cultivated areas from air, Ethiopia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Lush fields of teff and other crops demonstrate the fertility of Ethiopia's highland soil - if there's enough water. Note the large reservoir. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Rural Ethiopia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/a0c3fdaab4f60adf15c747adda8d5b67.JPG 59aa1ba69e63defe27fe75d7ee470043 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2850 Title A name given to the resource City hall, Addis Ababa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource This imposing building stands at the northern [highest] end of Churchill Avenue. It was built between 1961 and 1964, as a demonstration of Ethiopia's increasing modernization Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/921352600946b26b5a896a722a2d6e05.JPG 41f4fe1045b26cc4f19caaf9c565b188 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2849 Title A name given to the resource Artist painting roadside welcome poster Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Behind the artist are eucalyptus trees, which are increasingly common around Ethiopia. They were introduced from Australia around 1895 because of the deforestation around the new capital Addis Ababa, caused by the use of wood as fuel Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/6cbd7274dd00fb5f833fddb9fda5ae11.JPG ed42e0742f6e476d0e03b6f4c92213b7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2848 Title A name given to the resource Tiglachin Monument Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Description An account of the resource The Tiglachin monument (Amharic: ትግላችን, English: Our Struggle) is a memorial to Ethiopian and Cuban soldiers involved in the Ogaden War. It was built under Mengistu Haile Mariam on Churchill Avenue in Addis Ababa. (It is sometimes erroneously called the "Derg Monument", but the monument does not honor the Derg regime.) The monument is composed of various elements: a central statue, a 50 m tall pillar, two wall reliefs on the sides and two squares where the portraits of Cuban soldiers are visible. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiglachin_Monument) Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/7c8368cebf2a8f0c93c8d08ba3e95c78.JPG 2a7fc86f1923654d6aa7c4db02634adc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2847 Title A name given to the resource Old and new means of transport, central Addis Ababa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource On Churchill Avenue, a main thoroughfare of Addis Ababa, many different types of transport could be seen in late 1973: pedestrians a woman carrying a heavy load donkeys with their drivers and a public bus. Note the absence of private automobiles. Ethiopia was a very poor country then Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/bcc39f80888937d6b2962e4b618e73fd.JPG 95a6a4fab0a44c29cfd5c364abf2cb67 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2846 Title A name given to the resource St. George's Cathedral Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Religious pictures and other material of the Ethiopian Orthodox can readily be purchased outside the St. George's Cathedral. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/02ab57907206652306b07204c7ff2329.JPG aed825a5db51d0bb6721b2f452f4bf1e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2845 Title A name given to the resource Street venders, religious illustrations Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Inexpensive color lithographs of Christian topics can be purchased readily in Ethiopia. Christianity became the country's state-sponsored religion in 330CE, a half-century before Nicene Christianity became the state church of the Roman Empire with the Edict of Thessalonica in 380CE. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/b57b850e00c4c73fe8d82434b7095bc4.JPG 0c0af195b67b6b786f6ae822f2434fa1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2844 Title A name given to the resource Heroic statue of Emperor Menelik II Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Menelik II is one of the best-known rulers of Ethiopia, having reigned from 1889 to his death in 1913. He was celebrated for fending off Italian invaders in the 1896 Battle of Adowa and for expanding Ethiopian rule significantly to the south and east Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/217c7668aa73496fa26d02b4f944a1cc.JPG db09165d3f48a98d6dd04097bf06585a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2843 Title A name given to the resource Tourist-oriented items on sale, Ethiopian shop Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource This poupouri of metal objects, carvings, wall hanging and the like should attract potential purchasers of Ethiopian synbols Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/1bcba3a23e0cd7a604ba14f67622c337.JPG 15517ac0e28131c7673e7c595d5ef7c5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2842 Title A name given to the resource Solomonic myth in woven form Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource This hand-woven wall hanging combines the crucifixion and other Christian symbols with Saint George (lower right), the patron saint of Ethiopia Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/3617363f302eaa6d02bbacb98c6da16c.JPG 28b85a77a2c3c698004a4eaf359e5ad1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2841 Title A name given to the resource Urban houses, Addis Ababa Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Although these homes stand close to one of Addis' major hotels, they enjoyed few public services (at least when the picture was taken). Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/c443fbec9e718a15996d07bb82fac09c.JPG e938308a85c212a54119741a91af2c64 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2840 Title A name given to the resource Hand-woven Ethiopian rugs on sale Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource These rugs feature the imperial lion, linked to Emperor Haile Selassie and his ruling circle. Ironically, a few months after this picture was taken, the Emperor was deposed by the military and imperial symbols of this sort largely disappeared Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/c57c4a9c2107753b5ad6150cb62e835b.JPG 4f77b69133f23f57c8f29e580a497003 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2839 Title A name given to the resource Donkey grazing outside Africa Hall Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Africa Hall, headquarter of the African Union and the Economic Commission for Africa, has changed significantly since this image was taken in December 1973. Addis Ababa was far less urbanized at that point. Along with the Addis Ababa City Hall, Africa Hall was one of the two projects designed to demonstrate, in the words of Emperor Haile Selassie, “that it is possible to construct grand buildings here too [in Ethiopia], by erecting a couple of high-profile structures." Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/dbc85e4b87a34cd0e091062d680fe0d1.JPG 0bade3e2bf02a4f15c73da21acca1cc7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2838 Title A name given to the resource Blue Nile Falls Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource The Blue Nile rises in the Ethiopian highlands and flows mostly through deep gorges until merging with the White Nile at Khartoum. These falls are known as Tis Abay in Amharic, or, "great smoke". Water pours over the escarpment in four streams Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Near Bahir Dar and Lake Tana, western Ethiopia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/d32206d8798581fd5498d250645d773c.JPG bba5fd5f145d453ff7819117d6af7120 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2837 Title A name given to the resource Blue Nile Falls Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource The Blue Nile rises in the Ethiopian highlands and flows mostly through deep gorges until merging with the White Nile at Khartoum. These falls are known as Tis Abay in Amharic, or, "great smoke". Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Near Bahir Dar and Lake Tana, western Ethiopia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/e1a526ee34a4b7c539170808728a646f.JPG 9f6a81771f033fc543fd9abcf004d732 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2836 Title A name given to the resource Euphorbia in rural Ehtiopia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Although this plant looks like a cactus, it is actually a euphorbia. This species is native to Southern Africa. The genus has about 2,000 members, making it one of the largest genera of flowering plants. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Rural Ethiopia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/d4c5fcb82f2a93c1cdadad14bfd62833.JPG 86338f366ccc354929971dff7a3c5f33 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2835 Title A name given to the resource Old arched stone bridge, rural Ethiopia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource For most of Ethiopia's history, both ruling dynasties and local leaders were protected from invasion by natural barriers, e.g. rivers or mountain ridges. Bridges were relatively rare until the late 20th century. This one, near the falls of the Blue Nile, dates from 1626. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Rural Ethiopia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/4fb43bda6437b9b1297620695367b9f2.JPG 1f3e5bd7d4679b27e4647984ef2b0219 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2834 Title A name given to the resource 17th-century palace of Emperor Fasilides Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Emperor Fasilides reigned in Ethiopia 1632-1667. He is known for confiscating Jesuit-held lands and restoring the primacy of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Gondar (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/82d421daf0936cfd5ffae14501ef753e.JPG c4b0593925648808c9bab4b8e78c1de9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2833 Title A name given to the resource 17th-century palace of Emperor Fasilides Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Emperor Fasilides reigned in Ethiopia 1632-1667. He is known for confiscating Jesuit-lands and restoring the primacy of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Gondar (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/8708531b830499d03f84c13170dede53.JPG ef170a869d87e1324ad7be7a1c2bdd03 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2832 Title A name given to the resource 17th-century palace of Emperor Fasilides Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Emperor Fasilides reigned in Ethiopia 1632-1667. He is known for confiscating Jesuit-lands and restoring the primacy of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Gondar (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/d61b6a27ad8314137b0bf22d83bd367a.JPG 35a1a0d7a83984c2803c04d000499c79 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2831 Title A name given to the resource Farmer gathering teff, rural Ethiopia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Teff, an annual cereal grain, forms the basis for injera, a staple of Ethiopian diets. Teff is high in dietary fiber and iron and provides protein and calcium. It is similar to millet and quinoa in cooking, but the seed is much smaller and cooks faster, thus using less fuel. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Lalibela (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/2199a99a63f7f9d2e273596e36695070.JPG 3e6c656f2c5a8169725e3177740914c9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2830 Title A name given to the resource Cattle grazing, Ethiopia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Ethiopian boys tend to these cattle as they graze in rural Ethiopia Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Lalibela (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/fabfecfbb3cfec2404850739aa3e4aba.JPG 67025f8b3b0cdc87cc4d0567583ba18b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2829 Title A name given to the resource Rural homes grouped into compound Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Throughout most of rural sub-Saharan Africa, family homes contain multiple dwellings. They are surrounded by a fence of some sort to keep animals penned at night Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Lalibela (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/f39792dc28a20a0674b4550b708b2ba3.JPG 563bdb3775c17edca477e4e2519df77c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2828 Title A name given to the resource Members of rural family by their home ['tukul'] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Given the low incomes in rural areas, families build their homes out of low- or no-cost local materials Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Lalibela (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/28b9985bdcbcd88cd354e0e76f6db9bd.JPG 433f436df1fd9363d8be0a59a61f8d38 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2827 Title A name given to the resource Aerial view, Ethiopian highlands Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Communications around Ethiopia are difficult, owing to the deep canyons cutting through the highlands. The high central plateau varies from 1,290 to 3,000 m (4,232 to 9,843 ft) above sea level. Ethiopia's lowest point is the Afar Depression, in the Afar Region −125 m (−410 ft). Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Flying above Ethiopian highlands Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/3f3d821438a9470531b76b3909aa6a1a.JPG 50a3be971beffa673f7cf8003a7b3bb2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2826 Title A name given to the resource Aerial view, Ethiopian highlands Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Steep ridges separate settled areas in Ethiopia. Note how trees have been cut down for agriculture or firewood Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Flying above Ethiopian highlands Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/128c88c97aa43d251dd8e8e0eecc8b54.JPG dee265ed0c5915a8f58e427fccd2b79e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2825 Title A name given to the resource Ethiopian girls carrying water Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Piped, treated water isn't available in the overwhelming majority of Ethiopia. These girls are taking water from the nearest pond or stream to their homes. Men and boys don't carry out such work. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Lalibela (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/2d82f669b67fa60785ec0005e22a6a5d.JPG 7105e42f6ec3ddd40684a0ce04f20611 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2824 Title A name given to the resource Ethiopian rural market Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Traders of all ages gather at the market. Although cold in the early morning, temperatures will rise hence the roofs and shawls Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Lalibela (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/2ffbcbf54b07ed9ed52536cb9ebab15b.JPG 568eb31126c867c4d9d3045f27b8bc55 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2823 Title A name given to the resource Ethiopian villagers walking to market Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource These Ethiopians trade food and goods at an open-air market. Don't be fooled: the village in the background was relatively prosperous for the area and era, as witness the metal roofs Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Lalibela (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/406e43afacd974b53378026fcfbca511.JPG b70c9e31c63d285a9d5373d65200297d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2822 Title A name given to the resource Rural women carrying firewood Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource Cooking, heating water and the like are done with firewood gathered from the countryside. Women invariably bear the duty of gathering it Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Lalibela (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/a122c767eb6db4eae17bc36155488a03.JPG dbe5c5ba36577db977249d3dfba3696a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2821 Title A name given to the resource Rural women selling carved handicrafts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-12 Description An account of the resource When this picture was taken, Ethiopia was suffering from severe drought and famine. This woman is trying to sell mass-produced figurines near a rural airport Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Ethiopian Lalibela (Ethiopia) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection psc001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/54840ba9a733b7386bfacb3e5910c384.JPG 7e4e9df5f818606bcc4bd49b85a5f831 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2820 Title A name given to the resource Looking down at Rio Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Corcovado provides a great view! Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/7c968f9342f9d75c95f97d6ea65a6743.JPG 72f94e365eed0aa65e33dc3358fe16bb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2819 Title A name given to the resource Rio bay and Santos Dumont airport Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource The small airport, dating from 1938, is named for a famed aviation pioneer Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/483dbadf1e490a1b6edce015e1b6fd75.JPG 6f7c4db1c1fce29e1b3effa436c45343 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2818 Title A name given to the resource Antique trolley cars, Corcovado Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource These open-sided tram cars date from the mid-20th century Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/e35fae68d38098ef3e7d572553a68b7c.JPG cbe64e2f61537b433fa65af9ae716f61 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2817 Title A name given to the resource Engineer, Corcovado tram Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource To reach the top of 'Hunchback' mountain, the easiest way by far is via the rack-and-pinion tram car. Extending 2.4 miles, it was opened in 1884, and later became the first Brazilian electrified train Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/eda8227ddeec85b103bda00cd19e862c.JPG 95f22ebd111fff6bbaf4a10a37c92564 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2816 Title A name given to the resource Tram cars passing, Corcovado Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource To reach the top of 'Hunchback' mountain, the easiest way by far is via the rack-and-pinion tram car. Extending 2.4 miles, it was opened in 1884, and subsequently became the first Brazilian means of transportation to be electrified Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/07dc54ab1907b6f6a2adff852b197ddd.JPG 684e2ef43b6572b7c0146452bd06d038 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2815 Title A name given to the resource Christ the Redeemer statue atop Corcovado mountain, Rio Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Constructed between 1922 and 1931, this 100' high statue has become both a symbol of Christianity across the world and a cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil. It can be seen from practically every part of the city, day and night Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/790c2968ad6639add2f9f0e2e690e49a.JPG e0c5d6be02a6629e15b4a4eb1f844b84 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2814 Title A name given to the resource Rio from top of mountain Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Rio's majestic setting and downtown skyscrapers stand out in this photo. The scruffy favelas are far harder to see Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/94f5f93e977a6a79463252c00e15c6ec.JPG 5a7f4bb99a6f52bdc096a21d251fd42a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2813 Title A name given to the resource Favela in urban Brazil Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Favelas (slums) surround nearly every city in Brazil. They benefit from few if any urban amenities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/defa4929837764953f0a2bc42328b888.JPG d02965336c077f16442c8138625233f7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2812 Title A name given to the resource Favela in urban Brazil Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Favelas (slums) surround nearly every city in Brazil. They benefit from few if any urban amenities. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/e3b02300b6b01d83d8d4f923bbc3a61c.JPG 5669cd7a8a7d6e0b9ea76f04d7826538 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2811 Title A name given to the resource Shrine to Virgin Mary, rural Brazil Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Brazil contains more Catholics than any country in the world, with 130 million people, or 64.6% of the Brazilian population, self-declared Catholics (2010 census). Grottoes of this sort are widely distributed through the country. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Catholic Brazil Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/67645cbf066f7f6cc890b68817e3920d.JPG 7accc27dafbf04da7ebe53fa6fc5582c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2810 Title A name given to the resource Trail to Iguazu falls Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Only the roar of the falls indicates the proximity of this immense cascade Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Paraná (Brazil : State) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/0eaf5836fbb1bf4fe5f79682e21049ee.JPG 0447c22a129ef9a9b228c744bf669b3b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2809 Title A name given to the resource Iguazu falls from rim Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource No less than 275 islands split Iguazu falls. It has the sixth-greatest average annual flow of any waterfall in the world, following number five Niagara Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Paraná (Brazil : State) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/e90cb933d30f024d1c98ecd103c20125.JPG 029382ff54acafd28498a7bcaec4f06f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2808 Title A name given to the resource Rainbow across Iguazu falls Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource The torrent shown here shows only a fraction of the Iguazu River's volume. At times of heavy rains, no rock can be seen between the sections Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Paraná (Brazil : State) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/f875c60c2747553568193cb764b47d66.JPG cb44f8b6b6d5c0a921dbe76d55c8dca2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2807 Title A name given to the resource Iguazu falls Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Lying on the border between Argentina and Brazil, the falls on Iguazu River constitute the largest waterfalls system in the world. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Paraná (Brazil : State) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/ccce463a924f1c9e686bc5469ea03b07.JPG 846a371ab6a5ad86d48d0900223539ce Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2806 Title A name given to the resource Indigenous women weaving Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource The number of indigeous groups and their populations are disputed. However, the total seems to be 240 tribes (~900,000 people), or 0.4% of Brazil's population. The overwhelming majority live in the Amazon region. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian, indigenous culture Brasília (Distrito Federal, Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/37c24833910c5fcbeafbf7b907e3eefc.JPG 152b0b9068ca41d6567a0492668c5fc2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2805 Title A name given to the resource Sertao scrub in central Brazil Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Low vegegation of this sort marks much of central Brazil, where rainfall is limited and soil fertility low. Sertao can be translated as scrubland. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Brazil Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/3215d66bdeb6aa93e6dc012935fcbbc8.JPG 4347477fc93cbb8910e49d30c30a370d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2803 Title A name given to the resource Apartment buildings, Brasilia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Apartments in Braslia are grouped around automobile-free superblocks, maximizing recreation and quiet space. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Brasília (Distrito Federal, Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/e86f8f0a903e7af13693a573668fef7a.JPG f81738b2da87aa107c5fb13f7d520e09 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2802 Title A name given to the resource Hovering angel, Brasilia cathedral Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Three angels hover over priests and congregants at the cathedral. It was designed by the famed Brazlian architect Oscar Niemeyer, and opened in mid-1970. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Brasília (Distrito Federal, Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/8bcc8eb335c5169ee99ea07d2f54c164.JPG b06149b63acb3ddc1706074a56750a2e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2801 Title A name given to the resource Main stained glass window, Brasilia cathedral Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Worshippers are completely surrounded by this glass inside the cathedral. It's concrete-framed hyperboloid structure, appears with its glass roof to be reaching up, open, to heaven Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Brasília (Distrito Federal, Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/d18ae4de4a71c28e5546c8f6d2793496.JPG ad7a51e3d8b9277031d5220f2d4fa256 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2800 Title A name given to the resource Governmental office buildings, Brasilia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Matching pairs of glass-sided buildings house federal offices. Given the region's heat - the daily average is 73 in January - heavy air-conditioning costs result Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Brasília (Distrito Federal, Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/df7a644b3e1891da8cf18e7feb512807.JPG 3a805c66dc7622a45ff432796057aacf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2799 Title A name given to the resource Aerial view of Brasilia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Located near the geographic center of Brazil, Brasilia was carved out of the arid sertao (back country) of the country. Its construction started in the late 1960s, and was intended to symbolize Brazil's change of focus from an export- and Europe-orientation to internal development Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Brasília (Distrito Federal, Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/ce4477ab4336874871eb07faa011ec72.JPG 8a1b2ab2e8410cb32d0cf0f884e095d5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2798 Title A name given to the resource Palm trees on beach near Salvador, NE Brazil Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource The city of Salvador looms in the background Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Salvador (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/d8f792f17e4b7efd5d05f92f9cdb435d.JPG 3eb3a9cc8c4347b90edfb2353922ffe2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2797 Title A name given to the resource Boys diving into South Atlantic, NE Brazil Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource With its long ocean front, Salvador offers many places for public swimming - although many of them have no lifeguards or safety protection Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Salvador (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/5f8def4221a32d816237705b26189421.JPG d667284890f5829e19847e7326a5f8db Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2796 Title A name given to the resource Elevator between upper and lower towns, NE Brazil Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Salvador's upper town stands more than 275' above the lower town. This elevator, built in 1873, connects the two parts. The wealthier sections of the city are located on the higher ground. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Salvador (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/45b1038c1d237a2506249a1d00eb7dda.JPG fa1714b296457f23c16e53f40c9f0399 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2795 Title A name given to the resource Church of Nosso Senhor do Bonfim Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource The wealth gained by the Roman Catholic church led to lovely structures like this. Bahia gained its wealth early in Portugal's occupation of Brazil from the sugar trade Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Salvador (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/668db663c1924fa74bcb50201f00b67a.JPG e202ad5711f93158b12e1accfdb500ad Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2794 Title A name given to the resource Priest conducting mass in the São Francisco Church and Convent Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource The wealth gained by the Roman Catholic church led to lovely structures like this, often heavily decorated with gold Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Salvador (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/2ef2d1aca1782127ef8e70334d85ec37.JPG 62663532c968120b7dc2ce9dd1ff268a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2793 Title A name given to the resource Replicas of human parts inside Bahia church Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Should a person with a serious illness be cured, their family may well place a replica of the healed limb or organ inside this church. The complex mingling of Roman Catholicism with other beliefs in healing take shape here Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Salvador (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/6eff0ae865aa256a7c6aa4f4c5148354.JPG ccf0a6645110893ceb8ad3fa854ffe74 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2792 Title A name given to the resource Open-air leather goods shop Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Small-scale entrepreneurs take their goods to busy streets, especially ones with numerous tourists Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Salvador (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/239747af03fe91c9623b63102020f39a.JPG 430755d0cb88af38defccf96dd630578 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2791 Title A name given to the resource Shaded interior walkway Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Because of its high summer heat and humidity, cloistered walkways were common features in this part of Brazil. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Salvador (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/124aac85ec1f8c00e3bc0f52a8c85d91.JPG 0c17f55fc2aa5403981be7bd1c7d41d4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2789 Title A name given to the resource Boys practising capoeira amid collapsing buildings Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Streets serve as playgrounds, for soccer, jump rope, or even capoeira. However, the city's economic problems is suggested by the prop for the building. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Salvador (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/6cb333d8f93f799d14d7ef9033d0307a.JPG 50cb0ecaeec7d340094c29b4d84aff8e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2788 Title A name given to the resource Children playing in the street of Salvador Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Bahia, in Brazil's northest, became the country's first capital in 1539. Enriched by slave labor, sugar exports and the like, city leaders (religious and secular) built lovely structures. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Salvador (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/9ba019967f0eb549a311d84bd8667e01.JPG 606b60947f1f8dc95933707b09a1faca Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2787 Title A name given to the resource Youth, middle age and death - all in one picture Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Coffins stand against the wall of this coffin-maker's stop. The boy and parrot give no attention to the fact of death. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Salvador (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/1a03651af0f7bb81a7f4b541fd6bec8f.JPG b628728542b26b868ae829ed97598e27 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2786 Title A name given to the resource Decorated car, Brazilian style Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource These dolls symbolize a happy event in the family, most likely a wedding or young woman's birthday celebration. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Salvador (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/529311c12e4751d207ba81733e712b56.JPG 6ad294c0f67dba7719eb28a88ccd0d51 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2785 Title A name given to the resource Bandeirantes' recreating Brazilian history Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Bandeirantes', drawing their title from the Portuguese word for flag, extended Brazil far inland, starting in the 17th century. They made Brazil almost as large as the rest of South America combined. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Salvador (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/5c9b3c8aec23fa26a7806d268ed34906.JPG 4abe378ebe5f461a415edeb8e8dbab96 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2784 Title A name given to the resource Samba dancer in elaborate dress Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Brazilians enjoy dressing for special occasions, particularly at Mardi Gras. Vivid colors and the rhythms to which this woman is dancing indicate the African origins of much of Bahia's populace Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Salvador (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/a867aab6ef28e205a3e48211d3372857.JPG 6d6215658b123fdcfceb3401167ff46e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2783 Title A name given to the resource Capoeira martial arts demonstrators Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Capoeira developed among slaves brought to Brazil from Angola in the 16th century. It combines dance, acrobatics and music. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Salvador (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/464a9b879735dd762a5d5d9adb39a2ce.JPG fde8a83a7a02df75070547b2b2acf03a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2780 Title A name given to the resource Hat vendor, Rio beach Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource The large beaches of Rio teem with volleyball players, sun bathers, business people informally negotiating, and families - especially on weekends. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/ec360645557562a8ef792d98122ae54d.JPG 9fedd4799ed02b531f4b19f8afb549cc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2779 Title A name given to the resource Open-air vegetable shop Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Vendors show their melons are ripe by slicing them for potential patrons. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/2c445f4bd9603282a572ff11d099d771.JPG 1bea2188f342458f84e6829366213309 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2778 Title A name given to the resource Sidewalk needing repair Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource This carefully-constructed stone sidewalk has clearly suffered from lack of maintainence, although it is less than two blocks from the Copacabana beach, one of Rio's most fashionable areas. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/2eabcca51151a928ce8a17a0ca654ea3.JPG aa844fbe41d21763c5b743f9d3a8ff23 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2777 Title A name given to the resource Political posters on official statue Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource Americans are often surprised by political posters on monuments in other countries. Brazil at this time - 1982 - was cautiously emerging from a period of military dictatorship. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/b86ad5405098b7d3ad2e15c5d9aa85cf.JPG 00946539906d6a7acc0e590bf5921569 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2776 Title A name given to the resource Brazilian-style political organizing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource The Democratic Workers Party (PDT)'s informal campaign tent contrasts with the splendor of the late 19th-century Municipal Theater. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/3060887f9cf62bb8a6f047417fdc5299.JPG f94880311247a7dabcee71168a84a474 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2775 Title A name given to the resource Young swimmer on Rio beach Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-08 Description An account of the resource This boy splashes in the bay, undeterred by potential health risks in the water and the majesty of Sugar Loaf and Corcovado ('Hunchback) mountains in the background. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Brazilian Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/56345f1314d8391b7e19677a8ff8d305.JPG 488abcb703028f82da897d0a3a282dbb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2774 Title A name given to the resource Earthen wall around multi-structure traditional dwelling Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975-03 Description An account of the resource This wall encloses several separate buildings, likely including one for each wife and her children, a common cooking area, and perhaps a pen for livestock Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Central Nigeria Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/5a53f5e7e0ba127a3018defbad3498aa.JPG 654dc16fa7fe278f38fd4c5640cca1b2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2773 Title A name given to the resource Traditional-style tropical African home converted into shop Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975-03 Description An account of the resource The artistan who lives here combines his studio with display space Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Central Nigeria Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/3f4d1ee555fb206802ddc37f194839b7.JPG 15c9606d71b65a1b49caf436df4bf980 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2772 Title A name given to the resource Traditional African homes Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975-03 Description An account of the resource Only natural materials were used to construct these homes: thatch earthen walls Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Central Nigeria Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/d67f00b5064b3f43cdef19c2c70d6334.JPG d187a8526a09c526ef252f47b27801c2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2771 Title A name given to the resource Nigerian men preparing wood for fires Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975-03 Description An account of the resource Muslim men in northern Nigeria customarily wear fez-like hats of this sort Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Kano (Nigeria) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).  https://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/files/original/51ada8f95f19356094335941882d20ed.JPG f1ae1f5da415421b36de91368715dd3c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welch-Ludwig Collection Description An account of the resource The images in this collection come from 35 mm. Kodachrome slides or .jpg pictures taken by Claude Welch, SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Political Science. He started his teaching career in 1964, directly after completing his doctoral work at Oxford. The images reflect a wide span of his interests and continents, with particular strength in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, India and China. The addition of metadata to this collection is an ongoing project. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context PC001 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context psc001_psc2770 Title A name given to the resource Dying vats outside Kano Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975-03 Description An account of the resource The owner of the dye pits (background) explains the indigo dying process to an American tourist Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Kano (Nigeria) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Welch, Claude Emerson Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/jpeg Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Welch-Ludwig Collection PSC001 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available State University of New York at Buffalo Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a>. This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).